LS07 SHEAR FORCE INFLUENCE LINE 1.

0 INTRODUCTION Influence lines have important application for the design of structures that resist large live loads. An influence line represents either the variation of the reaction, shear, moment, or deflection at a specific point in a member as a concentrated force moves over the member. Once this line constructed, one can tell at glance where the moving load should be place on the structures so that it creates the greatest influence at the specified point. Furthermore, the magnitude of the associated reaction, shear, moment or deflection at the point can be calculated from the ordinates of the influence-line diagram. An influence line shows the variation of an external or internal force as a unit load travels across the length of the structure. For a beam-type bridge structure, the internal force may be either a transverse shear force or bending moment acting at some discrete location along the length of the bridge. Influence lines for truss bridges are commonly used to show the magnitude of the axial force acting in a truss member as a unit load travels across the panel points of the bottom chord. Furthermore, influence lines for the reaction forces at external support locations are employed in all bridge types to determine the amount of load transferred to the bridge bearings. The two common methods for constructing an influence line are through consideration of e uilibrium or by applying the concept of virtual wor! "i.e., the #$ller- %reslau &rinciple'.

2.0

PRINCIPLE The principle line for bending moment at a section is the graph curves representing the variation of bending moment at a section of a various positions of the load of the span on the beam. The sign convension followed, is shown in the figure (.

)onsider a simply supported beam of span *+, as shown in figure ( and -. It is re uired to draw influence line for bending moment at *), at a distance *a, from the left support. .hen the load *., is toward left of section *),, at a distance *x, from left support *A, /0x0a The shear force at ), 1c 2 1a 3 . # 2 45b " + 3 a ' 2 " + 3 a' 66666..78 uation (9

")onsidering right side of section c' .hen the load *., is towards right of section *:, at a distance *x, from the left support *A, /0x0a

The bending moment at *:, "considering left side of section )' # 2 45a ; a #24 66666..78 uation -9

3.0

OBJECTIVES: (' To determine the shear force influence line when the beam is sub<ected to a load moving from left to right. -' To plot the shear force influence line when the beam is sub<ected to a point load moving from left to right.

4.0

APPARATUS >ample of beam The support

+oads

%eam with cut section

Indicator

load hanger

5.0

PROCEDURES

The load cell is connected to the digital indicator.

The indicator is switched on. The indicator,s reading must be switch on (/ minutes before ta!ing readings for stability of readings.

The two simple supports is fixed to the aluminium base at a distance e ual to the span of the beam to be tested. The support is screwed tightly to the base.

The load hanger is hanged at the @/ mm from the left support.

The indicator reading is noted. If it is not Aero, the tare button on the indicator is pressed.

A load is placed on the load hanger

The indicator reading is recorded. This represent the shear force at cut section.

The load is removed from the hanger. The load hanger is moved -// mm from the left support and step B-(( is repeated. The distance is increase each time by @/ mm.

>teps B-(( repeated until the load which is end %.

6.0

RESULTS Cas 1:

+( .(

5A %eam span :istance of the shear section from the left support .( TableE case (. D!s"a#$ %&'( ) %" s*++'&" ,(((// -// F// G// C//

5% 2 (///mm 2 =C/mm 2 -D

S. a& F'&$ a" /0/ E/+ &!( #"a) 1 R2 ,NT. '&3 ,N- /.( - /.- /.( - /.? /.G /.G /.? /.? /./.-

Cas 2: +( .( a x .-

5A %eam span :istance of the shear section from the left support .( .a 2 -/mm TableE case -. D!s"a#$ %&'( ) %" s*++'&" ,(((// -// F// G// C//

5% 2 (///mm 2 =C//mm 2 -D 2 ?D

S. a& F'&$ a" /0/ E/+ &!( #"a) 1 R2 ,NT. '&3 ,N-/.? -/.FG -/.F -(.-G -.= -.=(.(.(/.@ /.@-

Cas 3:

+( .(

a .-

b x .=

5A

5%

%eam span :istance of the shear section from the left support .( ..= a 2 b 2 -/mm

2 (///mm 2 =C/mm 22 ?D 2 -D

TableE case =. :istance from left support "mm' (// -// F// G// C// >hear Force at x-x 8xperimental 2 5b "D' Theory "D' -/.@ -(.(F -(.( -(.BF =.( =./? (.? (.?? /.B /.F?

7.0

CALCULATIONS Cas 1 : &( (//mm

=C/mm

F(/mm

bH+ 2 /.F(

4 i aH+2-/.=C

+oad, &( 2 -!D At +( 2 (//mm iH(// 2 -/.=CH=C/ i 2 -/.( 1c 2 - /.( x -D 2 - /.- D At +- 2 -//mm iH-// 2 -/.=CH=C/ i 2 -/.1c 2 - /.- x -D 2 - /.? D At +=2 F//mm iH?// 2 /.F(HF(/ i 2 /.? 1c 2 /.? x -D 2 /.G D At +( 2 G//mm iH-// 2 /.F(HF(/ i 2 /.1c 2 /.- x -D 2 /.? D C

At +( 2 C//mm iH(// 2 /.F(HF(/ i 2 /.( 1c 2/.( x -D 2 /.- D Cas 2 : &( & (//mm -/mm

=C/mm

F(/mm

bH+ 2 /.F(

< aH+2-/.=C

+oad, &( 2 -!D At +( 2 (//mm

&- 2 ? !D

<H(-/ 2 -/.=CH=C/ < 2 -/.(1< 2 - /.(- x ? 2 - /.?G D 1c 2 -/.?G 3 /.- 2 -/.FG D At +- 2 -//mm <H--/ 2 -/.=CH=C/ < 2 -/.-1< 2 - /.-- x ? 2 - /.GG D 1c 2 -/.G 3 /.? 2 -(.-G D At +=2 F//mm <H=G/ 2 /.F(HF(/ < 2 /.=G (/

1< 2 /.=G x ? 2 (.@- D 1c 2 /.G 3 (.@- 2 -.=- D At +? 2 G//mm <H(G/ 2 /.F(HF(/ < 2 /.(G 1< 2 /.(G x ? 2 /.B-D 1c 2 /.B-4/.? 2 (.(-D At +@ 2 C//mm <HG/ 2 /.F(HF(/ < 2 /./G 1< 2 /./G x ? 2 /.=-D 1c 2 /.=-4/.- 2 /.@-D Cas 3 : &( & (//mm-/mm-/mm

=C/mm

F(/mm bH+ 2 /.F(

<

aH+2-/.=C

((

+oad, &( 2 -!D At +( 2 (//mm

&- 2 ? !D

&= 2 - !D

!H(?/ 2 -/.=CH=C/ ! 2 -/.(? 1! 2 - /.(? x - 2 - /.-G D 1c 2 -/.-G 3 /.FG2 -/.CF D At +- 2 -//mm !H-?/ 2 -/.=CH=C/ ! 2 -/.-? 1! 2 - /.-? x - 2 - /.?G D 1c 2 -/.?G 3 (.-G2 -(.BF D At +=2 F//mm !H=F/ 2 /.F(HF(/ ! 2 /.=F 1! 2 /.=F x - 2 /.B- D 1c 2 /.B-4-.=- 2 =./? D At +? 2 G//mm !H(F/ 2 /.F(HF(/ ! 2 /.(F 1! 2 /.(F x - 2 /.=- D 1c 2 /.=-4(.(- 2 (.?? D At +@ 2 C//mm !HF/ 2 /.F(HF(/ ! 2 /./F 1! 2 /./F x - 2 /.(- D 1c 2 /.(-4/.@- 2 /.F? D

(-

4.0

DISCUSSION AND ANAL5SIS 5efer to the graph of +oad vs. >hear force.

In this experiment, we used the load 100g, 200g, 600g, 800g, and 900g . From this experiment, the value for the experimental and theoretical are decrease first and then increase after the cut section. he value for the experimental and theoretical value is nearl! same. he value is depend on the location of the load. Its shows that the location is one of the causes for the differences "etween the value. #e should $now that, influence lines can "e used to calculate the shear force at the cut section.

The calculation of percentage of errorE &ercentage of error 2 TableE case (. Theory 3 8xperiment Theory I (//J

D!s"a#$ %&'( ) %" s*++'&" ,(((// -// F// G// C// TableE case -. D!s"a#$ %&'( ) %" s*++'&" ,(((// -// F// G// C//

S. a& F'&$ a" /0/ E/+ &!( #"a) 1 R2 T. '&3 ,N,N- /.( - /.- /.( - /.? /.G /.G /.? /.? /./.-

P &$ #"a6 s '% E&&'&7 8 @/./ B@./ /./ /./ /./

S. a& F'&$ a" /0/ E/+ &!( #"a) 1 R2 T. '&3 ,N,N-/.? -/.FG -/.F -(.-G -.= -.=(.(.(/.@ /.@(=

P &$ #"a6 s '% E&&'&7 8 ?(.(G @=.(= /.GF B.(? =.G@

TableE case =. :istance from left support "mm' (// -// F// G// C// >hear Force at x-x 8xperimental 2 5b Theory "D' "D' -/.@ -(.(F -(.( -(.BF =.( =./? (.? (.?? /.B /.F? P &$ #"a6 s '% E&&'&7 8 @F.GC =B.@/ (.CB -.BG C.=G

From the calculation of error in this experiment, it shows that the error at the distance of (//mm and -//mm is high which is more than @/J. %ut for the distances of F//mm, G//mm and C//mm, the percentages of error are small. This experimental results are sometimes different from theoretical results are due to human error and instrument sensitivit! as the reading of the instrument $eep changing when we conducted the experiment

From the result that we get, there are s'(

&&'&s that ma!e our result not accurate

and contribute the error between the experiment and theory. i. :igital indicator is not too accurate Although the value of experiment uite near with the value of theory a there are still have error. The digital indicator is not too accurate. The digital indicator is too sensitive .hen we ta!ing the reading, the screen show that the reading not in static. That mean the digital indicator is too sensitive with the wind and the surrounding movement. The load hanger is sha!ing .hen we ta!ing the reading, we put the load to the hanger. .hen the load is putting to the hanger, the hanger is sha!ing and the reading of digital indicator is change. >o it effect the reading. &arallax errorE 5eading the ruler scale The ruler scale is in centimeter "cm'. >o, when the reading process, we can,t get the accurate value, because the scale are not suitable for our eye to read with accurately The beam is sensitive (?

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

.hen we do the experiment, the beam is moving when we try to put the load. .hen we want to change the holder of hanger to right side, the beam is not in the original position yet. 9.0 CONCLUSION

.hile doing this experiment, we get the value of the theoretical is exactly the same from the experiment value. Kence, the ob<ective of this experiment is proven. >o, we !now that our experiment was archived the ob<ective. After the experiment, we have learned how to determine the shear force influence line when the beam is sub<ected to a load moving from left to right. .e also learn how to plot the shear force influence line when the beam is sub<ected to a point load moving from left to right.

(@

LS04 BENDIN: ;O;ENT INFLUENCE LINE 1.0 INTRODUCTION

The definition of bending moment which is the internal load generated within a bending element whenever a pure moment is reacted, or a shear load is transferred by beam action from the point of application to distant points of reaction. An influence line for a given function, such as a reaction, axial force, shear force, or bending moment, is a graph that shows the variation of that function at any given point on a structure due to the application of a unit load at any point on the structure. An influence line for a function differs from a shear, axial, or bending moment diagram. Influence lines can be generated by independently applying a unit load at several points on a structure and determining the value of the function due to this load such as shear, axial, and moment at the desired location. I#%)* #$ )!# s play an important part in the design of bridges, industrial crane rails, conveyor belts, and other structures where loads move across their span. An influence line represents the variation of the reaction, shear, moment, or deflection at a specific point in a member as a concentrated force moves over the member. Once this line is constructed, one can tell at a glance where the moving load should be placed on a structure so that it creates the greatest influence at the specified point. Furthermore, the magnitude of the associated reaction, shear, moment, or deflection at the point can than be calculated from the ordinates of the influence line diagram.

(F

2.0

PRINCIPLES The principle line for bending moment at a section is the graph curves representing the variation of bending moment at a section of a various positions of the load of the span on the beam. The sign convension followed, is shown in the figure (.

)onsider a simply supported beam of span *+, as shown in figure ( and -. It is re uired to draw influence line for bending moment at *), at a distance *a, from the left support. .hen the load *., is toward left of section *),, at a distance *x, from left support *A, /0x0a The shear force at ), 1c 2 1a 3 . # 2 45b " + 3 a ' 2 " + 3 a' 66666..78 uation (9

(B

")onsidering right side of section c' .hen the load *., is towards right of section *:, at a distance *x, from the left support *A, /0x0a

The bending moment at *:, "considering left side of section )' # 2 45a ; a #24 66666..78 uation -9

3.0

OBJECTIVE (' To determine the bending moment influence line when the beam is sub<ected to a load moving from left to right -' To determine the value of the function to this load of influence line. =' To calculate values for each function are then plotted where the load was applied and then connected together to generate the influence line for the function.

(G

4.0

APPARATUS >ample of beam The support

+oads

%eam with cut section

Indicator

load hanger

(C

@./

PROCEDURE

The load cell is connected to the digital indicator.

The indicator is switched on. The indicator,s reading must be switch on (/ minutes before ta!ing readings for stability of readings.

The two simple supports is fixed to the aluminium base at a distance e ual to the span of the beam to be tested. The support is screwed tightly to the base.

The load hanger is hanged at the @/ mm from the left support.

The indicator reading is noted. If it is not Aero, the tare button on the indicator is pressed.

A load is placed on the load hanger

The indicator reading is recorded. This represent the shear force at cut section.

The load is removed from the hanger. The load hanger is moved -// mm from the left support and step B-(( is repeated. The distance is increase each time by @/ mm.

-/

>teps B-(( repeated until the load which is end %.

F./ F.(

RESULT )A>8 (

+( .(

5A %eam span :istance of the shear section from the left support .( :istance of load cell from the beam cross section TableE case ( D!s"a#$ %&'( ) %" s*++'&" ,(((// -// F// G// C// F.)A>8 -

5% 2 (/// mm 2 =C/ mm 2-D 2 (B@mm

B #<!#6 ;'( #" a" /0/ E/+ &!( #"a) 1 , F=175T. '&3 ,N((/.F x (B@ 2 (/@ (-(.? x (B@ 2 -?@ -?? (.G x (B@ 2 =(@ =(/.C x (B@ 2 (@B.@ (@F /.? x (B@ 2 B/ BG

-(

%e +( .( a .x

5A am span :istance of the shear section from the left support .( .( :istance of load cell from the beam cross section TableE case D!s"a#$ %&'( ) %" s*++'&" ,(((// -// F// G// C@/ F.= )A>8 = +( .( a .b .=

5% 2 (/// mm 2 =C/ mm 2-D 2?D 2 (B@mm

B #<!#6 ;'( #" a" /0/ E/+ &!( #"a) 1 , F=175T. '&3 ,N((-.@ x (B@ 2 ?=B.@ ?(?.G ?.F x (B@ 2 G/@ BG/.G @.= x (B@ 2 C-B.@ C/?.G -.@ x (B@ 2 ?=B.@ ?=F.G (.- x (B@ 2 -(/ -/-.G

5A %eam span :istance of the shear section from the left support .( ..= :istance of load cell from the beam cross section

5% 2 (/// mm 2 =C/ mm 2-D 2?D 2-D 2 (B@ mm

--

TableE case =. D!s"a#$ %&'( ) %" s*++'&" ,(((// -// F// G// C// B #<!#6 ;'( #" a" /0/ E/+ &!( #"a) 1 , F=175T. '&3 ,N((=.@ x (B@ 2 F(-.@ @G@.F F.? x (B@ 2 ((-/ (/B=.F B./ x (B@ 2 (--@ ((G@.F =.( x (B@ 2 @?-.@ @F(.F (.@ x (B@ 2 -F-.@ -?C.F

7.0

CALCULATION F'& $as 1: &( (//mm =C/mm C F(/mm

> a2?L 1 390 / 610 ? 1000 1 237.9 +oad, &( 2 -!D At +( 2 (//mm H(// 2 -=B.CH=C/ -=

2 F( #c 2 F( x -D 2 (-- Dm At +- 2 -// H-// 2 -=B.CH=C/ 2 (-#c 2 (-- x - 2 -?? Dm At += 2 F// H?// 2 -=B.CHF(/ 2 (@F #c 2 (@F x - 2 =(- Dm

At +? 2 G// H-// 2 -=B.CHF(/ 2 BG #c 2 BG x - 2(@F Dm At +? 2 G// H(// 2 -=B.CHF(/ 2 =C #c 2 =C x - 2 BG Dm F'& $as 2: &( &(//mm -/mm

=C/mm

F(/mm

> -?

&

+oad, &( 2 -!D At +( 2 (//mm

&- 2 ?!D

rH(-/ 2 -=B.CH=C/ r 2 B=.#r 2 B=.- x ?D 2 -C-.GDm #c 2-C-.G4(-- 2?(?.G Dm At +- 2 -// rH--/ 2 -=B.CH=C/ r 2 (=?.#r 2 (=?.-x ?D 2 @=F.GDm #c 2@=F.G4(-- 2 -?? 2 BG/.G Dm At += 2 F// rH=G/ 2 -=B.CHF(/ r 2 (?G.#r 2 (?G.- x ?D 2 @C-.GDm #c 2@C-.G4=(- 2C/?.G Dm At +? 2 G// rH(G/ 2 -=B.CHF(/ r 2 B/.#r 2 B/.- x ?D 2 -G/.GDm #c 2-G/.G4(@F 2?=F.G Dm At +@ 2 C// rHG/ 2 -=B.CHF(/ r 2 =(.#r 2 =(.- x ?D 2 (-?.GDm -@

#c 2(-?.G4BG 2-/-.G Dm

F'& $as 3: &( &- &= (//mm -/mm-/mm =C/mm F(/mm

> & s

+oad, &( 2 -!D At +( 2 (//mm

&- 2 ?!D

&= 2 - !D

sH(?/ 2 -=B.CH=C/ s 2 G@.? #s 2 G@.? x -D 2 (B/.GDm #c 2(B/.G4?(?.G 2@G@.F Dm -F

At +- 2 -// sH-?/ 2 -=B.CH=C/ s 2 (?F.? #s 2 (?F.? x -D 2 -C-.GDm #c 2-C-.G4BG/.G 2(/B=.F Dm At += 2 F// sH=F/ 2 -=B.CHF(/ s 2 (?/.? #s 2 (?/.? x -D 2 -G/.GDm #c 2-G/.G4C/?.G 2((G@.F Dm

At +? 2 G// sH(F/ 2 -=B.CHF(/ s 2 F-.? #s 2 F-.? x -D 2 (-?.GDm #c 2(-?.G4?=F.G 2@F(.F Dm At +@ 2 C// sHF/ 2 -=B.CHF(/ s 2 -=.? #s 2 -=.? x -D 2 ?F.GDm #c 2?F.G4-/-.G 2-?C.F Dm

-B

-G

4.0

DISCUSSSION AND ANAL5SIS 5efer to the graph of +oad vs. %ending #oment

&( &- &= (//mm-/mm-/mm =C/mm ) F(/mm

S. a& %' &$ <!a6&a( 0 !1 A 1 B1

B #<!#6 ('( #" <!a6&a( @ >1 &1 s1

-C

The accuracyE The calculation of percentage of errorE &ercentage of error 2 TableE case ( D!s"a#$ %&'( ) %" s*++'&" ,(((// -// F// G// C// TableE case D!s"a#$ %&'( ) %" s*++'&" ,(((// -// F// G// C@/ TableE case =. D!s"a#$ %&'( ) %" s*++'&" ,(((// -// F// G// C// B #<!#6 ;'( #" a" /0/ E/+ &!( #"a) 1 T. '&3 ,N((, F=175=.@ x (B@ 2 F(-.@ @G@.F F.? x (B@ 2 ((-/ (/B=.F B./ x (B@ 2 (--@ ((G@.F =.( x (B@ 2 @?-.@ @F(.F (.@ x (B@ 2 -F-.@ -?C.F P &$ #"a6 '% E&&'&7 8 ?.@C ?.==.==.?/ @.(B B #<!#6 ;'( #" a" /0/ E/+ &!( #"a) 1 T. '&3 ,N((, F=175-.@ x (B@ 2 ?=B.@ ?(?.G ?.F x (B@ 2 G/@ BG/.G @.= x (B@ 2 C-B.@ C/?.G -.@ x (B@ 2 ?=B.@ ?=F.G (.- x (B@ 2 -(/ -/-.G P &$ #"a6 '% E&&'&7 8 @.?B =.(/ -.@( /.(F =.@@ B #<!#6 ;'( #" a" /0/ E/+ &!( #"a) 1 T. '&3 ,N((, F=175/.F x (B@ 2 (/@ (-(.? x (B@ 2 -?@ -?? (.G x (B@ 2 =(@ =(/.C x (B@ 2 (@B.@ (@F /.? x (B@ 2 B/ BG P &$ #"a6 '% E&&'&7 8 (=.C= /.?( /.CF /.CF (/.-F Theory 3 8xperiment Theory I (//J

The percentages of the error is small or less than half. It shows here that the accuraccy of the experiment is high. >o, we conclude that this experiment is success because the experimental and theoritical value are nearly same.

=/

>ometimes, the value of theoritical is too much difference. This is maybe because of the error that occur during the experiment. There are s'( &&'&s that ma!e result not accurate and contribute the error between the experiment and theory. a. :igital indicator is not too accurate Although the value of experiment uite near with the value of theory a there are still have error. The digital indicator is not too accurate. b. The digital indicator is too sensitive .hen we ta!ing the reading, the screen show that the reading not in static. That mean the digital indicator is too sensitive with the wind and the surrounding movement. c. The load hanger is sha!ing .hen we ta!ing the reading, we put the load to the hanger. .hen the load is putting to the hanger, the hanger is sha!ing and the reading of digital indicator is change. >o it effect the reading. d. &arallax errorE 5eading the ruler scale The ruler scale is in centimeter "cm'. >o, when the reading process, we can,t get the accurate value, because the scale are not suitable for our eye to read with accurately e. The beam is sensitive .hen we do the experiment, the beam is moving when we try to put the load. .hen we want to change the holder of hanger to right side, the beam is not in the original position yet.

The ways to overcomes his problemE a. )hec! the apparatus condition whether it good or not. b. .hile putting the load at the hanger, we must put it slowly so that it won,t sha!e and affect the reading c. .hen we ta!e the reading, we had to wait until the digital indicator constant and the reading not move anymore. d. .e also must wait until the reading shown by the indicator is totally constant before record it.

9.0

CONCLUSION =(

From our discussion, the influence line concept and its application is to specific structural systems reached a certain conclusion at the end of the establishment phrase of structural theory . Kowever , the general influences lines theory actually belongs to the classical phase of structural theory. the result and the theory of left support, middle support and right support. This is may be because of experimental error done during the experiment session. The errors can be the condition during experiment, wind or error in handling the e uipments during the experiment.

(/./

REFERENCES =-

(' httpEHHcomposite.about.comHlibraryHglossaryHbHbldef-bF/?.htm -' httpEHHen.wi!ipedia.orgHwi!iHInfluenceLline =' httpEHHwww.engr.u!y.edu ?' www.bending and shearHhtm @' www.bendingHinfluenceline.com F' >tructural analysis- 5) Kibbeler..sixth edition

11.0

APPENDICES ==

=?