Study of behaviour of reinforced concrete deep beam under two

points loading and the effect of shear reinforcement

Md M Sazzad*, Bangladesh Institute of Technology, Bangladesh
M M Younus Ali, Bangladesh Institute of Technology Bangladesh
S M Nizamud-Ooulah, Bangladesh Institute of Technology Bangladesh

27th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE & STRUCTURES: 29 - 30 August 2002,
Singapore

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27
th
Conference on OURWORLDIN CONCRETE&STRUCTURES: 29- 30August2002, Singapore
Study of behaviour of reinforced concrete deep beam under
two points loading and the effect of shear reinforcement
MdMSazzad, Bangladesh InstituteofTechnology, Bangladesh
M MYounusAli, Bangladesh InstituteofTechnologyBangladesh
SMNizamud-Ooulah,Bangladesh InstituteofTechnologyBangladesh
Abstract
Many ofthe complex behaviors ofreinforced cement concrete under shear and
flexure are yet to be identified to employ this material advantageously and
economically. The progress in the understanding and quantitative assessmentof
the behavior of member subjected to flexure and shear has been less
spectacular. The fundamental nature of shear and diagonal tension strength is
not yet clearly understood. So, further basic research should be encountered to
determine the mechanism, which results in shear failure of reinforced concrete
members. The paper presentsthe studyofbehaviorofreinforced concretedeep
beam under two-points loading and the effect of shear reinforcement. The
influence ofvariation ofweb reinforcement spacing (both vertical and horizontal)
on the shear strength of deep R.C. beam is investigated. The general trend in
crack pattern, the load deflection characteristics and the mode offailure ofdeep
R.C. beam under two-points loading are also investigated. Through the
investigation, it is observed that under two-points loading system, diagonal
cracks are usually the first cracks to be observed in the clear span ofthe deep
beam. Diagonal cracks develop first in relatively deeper beams and flexural
cracks develop first in shallower beam. The principal mode of failure in deep
beams having adequate reinforcement is diagonal tension cracking. Different
web reinforcement arrangements have no appreciable effecton the formation of
initialdiagonal cracks in deep beam.
Key Words: Deep Beams, Cracking Load, Crack Pattern, Shear strength, Ultimate Load, Two
PointLoading.
1. Introduction
Deep beam can be defined as a beam having a ratio of span to depth of about 5 or less, or
having a shear span less than about twice the depth and which are loaded at the top or
compression face only (ACI-1989). They are encountered in multistory buildings to provide
column offsets, in foundation walls, walls of rectangular tanks and bins, floor diaphragms and
shear walls. Because of their properties deep beam are likely to have strength controlled by
359
shear. On the other hand, their strength is likely to be significantly greater than predicted by the
usual equations, because of a special capacity to redistribute internal forces before failure and to
develop mechanisms of force transfer qUite different from beams of common proportions (Winter
and Nilson-1989).
2. Mechanism of Shear Resistance in Reinforced Concrete Beams with Web
Reinforcement
The inclusion of web reinforcement such as stirrup does not altogether change the fundamental
mechanism of shear resistance. The stirrups rather act as the tie bars for the concrete
cantilevers. The web reinforcement came into play either their role of transmitting the shear force
only after the cracks have developed in the concrete beams. The web reinforcement adds
strength to the shear mechanism by improving the condition of dowel action, suppresses initial
tensile stresses in concrete cantilever by means of the diagonal compressive force, limits the
crack openings and there by preserves the shear transfer by aggregate inter lock. In addition it
carries the extra shear force (Vs) by truss mechanism.
3. Interaction of Flexure And Shear
Normally it has been observed that shear force does not affect significantly the development of
flexure capacity of reinforced concrete beams with adequate web reinforcement. After the
formation of a diagonal crack the internal tension in the flexure steel at a section away from it.
Thus an intimate relation exists between flexure, shear, bond and anchorage in the shear span of
a beam in which large shear forces are to be transmitted across a section at the ultimate moment,
the distribution of the flexure strains in concrete and steel can be effected. In simply supported or
continuous deep beams, where the external loads and reactions are applied to the top or bottom
compression face of the beam, the mode of shear transfer after the formation of diagonal cracks
is mainly arch action, shear forces in such beams can be so dominated that they govern the
strength by inhibiting the development of full flexure capacity.
4. Laboratory Investigation
To attain the required goal, the following laboratory investigations were performed:
4.1 Fabrication and Casting of Test Beams
To cast the beams, Portland cement, Domar sand (FM=2.63), Brick khoa (0.75 in. down graded,
FM=6.92) were used. The water-cement ratio of concrete was 0.55 and the concrete mix ratio
was: Cement: Sand: Brick aggregate = 1:2:4(by weight). The physical properties of M.S. bar are
given in the table-1 .
Table 1. The Physical Properties of Reinforcements Used in the Beams
A % Inch Nominal Diameter M.S. Bar
Specimen
No.
Actual
Diameter
(inch)
Actual Area
(in
2
)
Yield Strength
(psi)
Ultimate
Strength (psi)
01 0.7322 0.420 50531 72187
02 0.7480 0.439 51133 73047
03 0.7640 0.458 50946 72780
Average 0.7480 0.439 50870 72671
360
B. 114 Inch Nominal Diameter M 5 Bar
Specimen
No.
Actual
Diameter
(inch)
Actual Area
(in
2
)
Yield Strength
(psi)
Ultimate
Strength (psi)
01 0.2598 0.0530 58113 83019
02 0.2637 0.0546 60256 86080
03 0.2598 0.0530 58113 83019
Average 0.2611 0.0535 58827 84040
The total of six rectangular deep beams in two series were designed to fall in shear. Nominal
cross section of the first series of beams were 6 inch x 12 inch and that for second series is 6
inch x18 inch. Span/depth ratio ofthe beam offirstserieswas 2.5 and thatforsecond serieswas
1. The total length ofthe beam was kept 36 inch for the first series and 27 inch for the second
series. In all the beams, the longitudinal tension reinforcement was provided by two % inch
diameter mild steel bars. Two ~ in. thick and 3 inch x 6 inch mild steel plates were welded to
either end ofthe tension bars to prevent any premature bond failure. The centroid ofthe tension
steel was maintained at 1.5 inch from the bottom face of the beams. Arrangement and the
amountofweb steelwere the variables in each oftestbeams.The beamsweredesignedwith the
tension to achieve either diagonal tension or shear compression failure. To accomplish this, the
following procedureswereadopted.
1. Steel ratio was kept well below the balanced condition to check against failure by
crushing ofconcrete.
2. Adequate tension reinforcementwas provided to guard againstflexure tension failure
priorto shearfailure.
3. Anchor plates were provided to prevent any premature bond failure of the tension
steel.
Design calculations were based on the ACI 318-77 code provisions.Six beamswere fabricated.
Wooden moulds were used to cast the test beams. Six standard size concrete cylinders were
cast along with thetest beam from the some batch of concrete as used in beams.
% inch diameter mild steel bars bent in the form ofclosed rectangles were used as vertical web
reinforcement. 3/4-inch clear concrete cover was provided at the top and bottom of the beam.
The clear coveron two sides ofthe beam is %inch. Horizontal web reinforcements were also %
inch diameter bars placed inside the vertical ones and tied to it by G.I. wires at everyjunction. In
addition to the nominal web reinforcements a number of vertical and horizontal bars are placed
near the supports ofthe beams to prevent bearing failure of concrete over supports. Details of
reinforcementarrangementofbeamsareshown in thefollowing figures.
/oadingpoint":.
Liftinghooks
~
I I
I I
I
I
"
I I
I I
"
27 "
'll
1!.5"
V. 5"
135"
r.....--t_--'1/4"q>@3"
c/c
~ H - - - + - - 6-114"q>
4 5"
~
I ~
2-3 /4"q>
Fig 1. Reinforcement Arrangement of Beam A1
361
ifting hooks
I I
I I
1
"
1II1II 4.5
point'-".

I I !
I I

27 "

5"
1I4"<p @3"
14---"l'-- c/ c
4- 1/4"<p
2-3/4"<p
Fig 2. Reinforcement Arrangement of Beam A2
1
"

27 " I'"
Lifting hooks
"ll
V
4"<p @3"
c/c
6-1/4"<p
2-3/4"<p
Fig 3. Reinforcement Arrangement of Beam A3
I I
I I
1
I I
9"

t.. ........ I.
9"

18"
Lifting hooks
"ll
V
j
3"
15"
1
5
"
15"
14--....:...j.:...-2114"<p@3"
c/c
6- II4"<p
2-3/4"<p
Fig 4. Reinforcement Arrangement of Beam 61
Lifting hooks
1

V
"ll
4"
1/4"<p @4.5"
1
4"
4"
4"
c/c
y 8- 114"<p
2-3/4"<p
9'
,
9"
18 "

1II1II
Fig 5. Reinforcement Arrangement of Beam 62
362
Lifting hooks
,
3 "
,...
9 "
,...
po int",
3 "

18 "
,0IIII
9"
,/

15"
1
5
"
15"
cp @ 3"
c/c
,r.,.+-t---+-- 6 - 114"cp
2-3/4"cp
6"
Fig 6. Reinforcement Arrangement of Beam B3
On completion of the reinforcement assembly, the beams were cast control cylinder specimens
were also cast. The beams were striped of the moulds after about 48 hours of casting. Two
extended stirrups were provided near the ends of each beam and these were used as lifting
hooks. The beam specimens and the control cylinders were then cured for 28 days by wrapping
the beams with moist gunny bags. The beams were then air dried for the next three days.
4.2 Testing of the Beams to Investigate the Relevant Behaviors
Six test beams were investigated in two series having span/depth (LID) ratio equal to 2.5 for the
first series and LlD=1 for the second series.
4.3 Test Set Up
Each beam was tested under two- points concentrated load by 400 kips capacity universal testing
machine (hydraulic type) . The load was applied on the top surface through a 1.5 in. thick and 6 in.
long steel plate and the reactions were supported by two 1 in. thick and 3 in. long steel plates
placed at the bottom of the beams. One of the reaction plate rested on a steel block and itself
placed on the anvil of the testing machine. The other reaction plate was placed over a steel block
supported by 5/8-in. diameter steel rollers. I-joists with rollers and rubber pads were employed as
load transfer devices for two series of beams. The support lines were clearly marked on both
sides of the beams. The loading blocks were also marked on both sides at their centers. A
deflectometer graduated in 0.001 in. division was used to measure the mid span deflections of test
beams at each load increment. The beam was then loaded and deflection readings were taken at
regular interval of load increment. Test beams were white washed to facilitate visual observation
of the propagation of cracks on the surface of beam . Cracks were deeply marked with a soft
pencil upon their formation on the beam surface and the load intenSity at which it was formed was
noted besides the crack. One of the cylinders cast along with each of the test beam was tested
under axial compression to determine the ultimate compressive strength of concrete and the
other was tested under diametrical compression to find the split cylinder tensile strength.
5. Test Result
A total of six deep reinforced concrete beams have been tested under static two point
concentrated loading system. The special interest of the investigation is to study the effect of
different web reinforcement arrangement on the ultimate shear strength of brick aggregate
concrete beams under two series and as a whole the overall behavior of deep beams under two
point concentrated loading. The specific observation of interest during the test has been recorded
and is being presented in this chapter.
The critical load at tension cracking , the load at flexure cracking, the ultimate load and deflections
under different load intensities are noted in a systematic manner during the test. For an easy
363
grasp of the overall performance of the beams, the test results are presented here in a tabular
form. a general description of the contents of the different tables containing various test data
seems necessary and is furnished below. In table 3, the typical beam properties of all the beams
have been provided. This includes the actual overall depth, beam width, span to effective depth
ratio, web steel ratio (both for vertical and horizontal web steel), cylinder crushing strength and
split cylinder strength. The different steel ratios are computed on the basis of actual area of steel
provided and mean of the measured width and effective depth after casting. Some of the basic
properties of brick aggregate concrete like, compressive strength , split cylinder strength and the
relation between them is given by Brazilian ratio and the unit weight of harden concrete is
computed by dividing the weight of standard cylinder by its volume. Average of three such values
is presented here. The critical load (Per) at diagonal tension cracking, the load (P
f
) at the initiation
of flexure crack, and the ultimate load (Pu) are listed in table 6. The ratio of flexure cracking load
to ultimate load and the diagonal cracking load to ultimate load is computed for all the beams and
are presented in this table.
Table 2. Sectional Area of Provided Tensile Steel in the Test Beam
Beam
mark
Diameter (inch) Area of bar (inch<) Total sectional area of
tension steel, As (inch2) Bar (1) Bar (2) Bar (1) Bar (2)
A1 0.7752 0.7742 0.472 0.471 0.943
A2 0.7626 0.7640 0.457 0.458 0.915
A3 0.7892 0.7862 0.489 0.485 0.974
B1 0.7762 0.7750 0.473 0.472 0.945
B2 0.7772 0.7760 0.474 0.473 0.947
B3 0.7690 0.7680 0.464 0.463 0.927
Table 3. The Typical Beam Properties of All the Beams.
First series: Nominal LID = 2.5
Beam
mark
Measured
overall depth,
D (in)
Beam
width (in)
Span
length
(in)
Nominal LID LID
A1 12 6.10 30 2.5 2.857
A2 12 6.25 30 2.5 2.857
A3 12 6.30 30 2.5 2.857
Second series: Nominal LlD=1
B1 18 6.2 18 1 1.091
B2 18 6.10 18 1 1.091
B3 18 6.25 18 1 1.091
Table 4. Some Properties of Concrete of the Test Beam.
First series : Nominal LID = 2.5
Beam
mark
Tension
steel ratio,
As/bd
Web steel ratio Cylinder crushing
strength (psi)
Split cylinder
strength
(psi)
Vertical,
Pv=Av/bd
Horizontal,
Ph=Avh/bd
A1 0.01472 0.0058 0.0041 3258 320
A2 0.01394 0.00582 0.0040 3260 325
A3 0.01472 0.00530 0.00373 3270 330
Second series: Nominal LlD=1
B1 0.00924 0.00323 0.00323 3340 320
B2 0.00941 0.00390 0.00410 3340 325
B3 0.00899 0.00762 0.00356 3350 330
364
Table 5. Some Properties of Concrete of the Test Beam
First series
Beam
Mark
Concrete
crushing
strength, f' e
.yf' e
Split cylinder
strength, f'sp
Brazilian ratio
F'sp= f'sp/ .yf'e
Unit weight, pet
A1 3258 57.08 320 5.60 128.34
A2 3260 57.10 332 5.70 128.60
A3 3270 57 .18 330 5.77 127.32
Second series
B1 3340 57.79 320 5.33 134.6
B2 3340 57.79 325 5.62 133.9
B3 3350 57 .88 330 5.70 132.5
Table 6. Observed Cracking and Ultimate Loads of the Test Beams
First series
Beam
mark
Concrete
strength,
f' c (psi)
Flexure
cracking load,
P
r
(kips)
Diagonal
cracking load,
Per (kips)
Ultimate
load, P
u
(kips)
Ratio
PrtP
u
Ratio
Pe/Pu
A1 3258 65 70 105 0.62 0.67
A2 3260 75 80 103 0.73 0.77
A3 3270 70 75 95 0.73 0.78
Mean 0.69 0.74
C 9.22 8.22
Second series
B1 3340 110 100 150 0.73 0.67
B2 3340 120 110 160 0.75 0.69
B3 3350 127 127 185 0.68 0.69
Mean 0.72 0.68
C 5 1.8
..
C = Co-effiCient of variation in percent
6. Load Deflection Characteristics
While testing the deep beams, the corresponding deflections of the beams were computed and it
was found that the actual observed deflections were significantly larger than the computed
deflections. The deflection was lower for deep beams as compared to shallow beams. Load
deflection curve of beam A3 is shown below.
Load Deflection Curve
0.14
0.12
0. 1
c
'; 0.08
o
'U 0.06
Ql
'iii 0.04
o
0.02
o
~ ~ Computed Defiection ~
_Observed Defiection . -r-~
..
---
-- ..-
~
II"
/
---- c---.
/
..&
lL I I I
o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Load (kips)
Fig 7. Load Deflection Curve of Beam A3
365
7. Mode of Failure and Crack Pattern
The crack pattern and the mode of failure of all the test beams were almost similar despite the
variations in web reinforcement arrangement. From the test it was observed thatdiagonal cracks
develop first in relatively deeper beams and flexural cracks develop first in shallower beams
provided the beams havesufficientreinforcement. The crack pattern of beam A2 is shown below:
Fig 8. Crack Pattern of Beam A2
8. Conclusion
Thefollowing conclusionscan be drawn from the previousanalysis.
1. Underconcentrated loading system, diagonal cracks are usuallythe first cracks to be
observed in theclearshearspan ofthe deepbeam.
2. It is observed from the investigation that undertwo-point loading diagonal cracks are
the first crack to be developed in relatively deeper beams and flexural cracks are the
firstcrackto be developed in theshallowerbeams.
3. The crack pattern and the mode of failure of all the test beams were almostsimilar
despitethevariationsinweb reinforcementarrangement.
4. Different web reinforcement arrangements have no appreciable effect on the
formation ofinitial diagonal cracks in the deep beam.
5. For the test beams, difference in web reinforcement spacing is found to have no
significantinfluenceoverthe ultimateshearstrength ofthe beams.
6. Dueto inadequate support condition the beam may fail at supportdue to punching of
thesupport.
7. It is found that the actual observed deflections are significantly larger than the
computed deflections.
References
[1] Kabir, A. & Rashid, A. , , Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam Under Uniform
Loading', Dhaka, Journal of Civil Engineering, (IEB) Vol. CE 24. No.2 December,1996,
page155-169
[2] Fergusen. P.M.,,Reinforced Concrete Fundamental', John Wiley& Son's, NewYork, 3
rd edition.-1973
[3] Winter. G.,& Nilson,A. H, ' Design of Concrete Structure', McGraw-Hili Company,New
York,11 th edition-1989
[4] Kabir, A. ,' Shear Strength of Deep Reinforced Concrete Beam', M. Sc.Thesis, Dept. of
Civil Engg. BUET, Dhaka,October-1982.
[5] Ali, G., , Study of Stress Distribution in Deep Reinforced Concrete Beams', M.
Sc.Thesis,Dept. ofCivil Engg.BUET, Dhaka, September-1984.
[6] Aziz, M.A, 'Atext Book of Engineering Materials', Hafiz Book Centre,Dhaka-1981.
366