Oi Trigwnometrik

sunartsei
Ja jewrsoume gnws t ti trigwnometrik sunartsei , pw aut orzontai me th bojeia tou trigwnometriko kklou kai ti basik algebrik tou
idithte .

tanx
sinx
x
cosx

Upenjumzoume ti

1.

Oi

sin

kai

cos

Apdeixh
ti

to
H

rio

analutik

enai suneqe sto

anisthta

Oi

uprqei

sqsh

sin

kai

cos

Apdeixh

idithte :

0.

| sin x| |x|

limx0 sin x
cos x = 1 2 sin2
0

enai suneq s to

2.

tou

x
2

kai

pou

enai

deqnei

ti

isqei

tan

|x| <

sin
limx0 cos x = 1

ra

enai

,
2

deqnei

suneq
,

ra

enai suneqe panto sto

R.

lim sin(x + h) = sin x lim cos h + cos x lim sin h = sin x

h0

h0

h0

lim cos(x + h) = cos x lim cos h sin x lim sin h = cos x

Isqurism :

Apdeixh

cos

h0

3.

s to

h0

lim

x0
Ap

0<x<

h0

sin x
= 1.
x
ton trigwnometrik

kklo

xroume

ti

sin x
x
1

0 < sin x < x <

1<
<
2
cos x
sin x
cos x
1

ra, afo h

sin

enai peritt

0 < |x| <

opte

(afo

lim

cos

rtia,

x
1

1<
<
2
sin x
cos x

limx0 cos x = 1
x0

4.

kai

sin x
x
= 1 lim
= 1.
x0
sin x
x

sin (x) = cos(x), cos (x) = sin(x), tan (x) =

Apdeixh
kai

Ap

tou

gnws to

cos a cos b = 2 sin

sin

1
.
sin2 x

cos a+b
sin a sin b = 2 sin ab
2
2

tpou

a+b
2

cot (x) =

qoume

sin(x + h) sin x
1
h
2x + h
= 2 sin cos
h
h
2  2 
2
h
h
= sin cos x +
cos x.
h
2
2 h0
cos(x + h) cos x
1
h
2x + h
= 2 sin sin
sin x
h0
h
h
2
2

kai

pou

ab
2

1
,
cos2 x

qrhsimopoisame

to

rio

(3)

kai

thn

sunqeia

twn

sin

kai

cos

Epsh ,



d sin x
(sin x) cos x sin x(cos x)
cos2 x + sin2 x
1
=
=
=
,
2
2
dx cos x
cos x
cos x
cos2 x
d  cos x  (cos x) sin x cos x(sin x)
sin2 x cos2 x
1
=
=
=
.
2
2
dx sin x
sin x
sin x
sin2 x

Sunqeia kai pargwgo

th ekjetik sunrthsh
Upenjmish:
pote

'Eqoume

akolouje

sugklnoun s to

rhtn
dio

dexei
pou

rio,

to

ti,

an

xR

sugklnoun
opoo

kai

s to

onomzoume

(pn ), (pn )
oi

enai

akolouje

exp(x)

ex

do

opoiesd-

(epn )

kai

(epn )

Orism 0.1

ekjetik sunrthsh exp : R R+

orzetai w ex :

x R,

An

exp(x) = lim epn

n

pou

(pn )

enai opoiadpote akolouja rhtn pou sugklnei sto

Grfoume suqn

'Eqoume

dexei

Lmma 0.1

An

exp(x).

ant gia

ti

h ekjetik

s (0, 1)

sunrthsh enai

Mporome

Gnwrzoume ti

blpoume ti

e >
Deqnoume
pointa

na

gryoume


q
e > 1 + 1q

tra

ti

q p/q

es

1
:
1s

a=

1
kq

kje

s (1)

e =

s = p/q

pou

p < q

fusiko

arijmo.

Bernoulli

kje

k N

efson

1
kq

<

1
,
kp

qrhsimo-

th gnws t sqsh

kai

n = kp

blpoume


gia

1
.
1s


p
1
p
= 1+
1 + = 1 + s.
q
q

Gia

n N, 0 a <
me

axousa.

, opte qrhsimopointa thn anisthta

1
1+
q



gnhsw

enai rht , tte

1 + s es
Apdeixh

x.

kN
"


ti

1
1+
kq

kp

<

1
1 p/q

, ra

lim

1 Aitiolghsh:

1
1+
kq

an

kq #p/q


kp
1
1
1
=
.
= lim 1 +

k
kq
1 p/q
1s

1 n
an =

 (1 +1n n)
(1 + ) e <
n
kq

1
=e
limk 1 + kq

h akolouja

no N
n no




1 kq
(1 + kq ) e <
s te

1
1
(1 + a)n <
n
1 na

sugklnei s to

na isqei

, dhlad

>0
k no /q

'Ara gia kje

Sunep

gia kje

uprkei
qoume

Prtash 0.2

exp enai
exp (x) = exp(x) gia

H sunrthsh

kai

Apdeixh

sn s

ton orism

kje

x R.

s (0, 1)
(sn )
1
1
1 + s = lim(1 + sn )
= lim 1sn
1s
n
n
s
exp
e = lim esn
.

'Es tw

qoume

panto paragwgsimh

Jewrnta

akolouja

kai

th sunrthsh

qoume

s to

(0, 1) Q

Epsh

mw ,

me

ap

Epomnw ap to Lmma

sumperanoume ti

1
1s

1 + s es
Isodnama, mporome

parnonta

rio

kaj

s 0+
s0

to

rio

u = s

kai

s0

kaj

qoume ap

eu
All

1
1u

0 < eu <

s (0, 1).

(2)

1
es 1

,
s
1s

lim+

Gia

kje

na gryoume

1
kai

gia

(3)

parnoume

es 1
= 1.
s

1 < s < 0
(3)
0 < eu < 1
1
1
eu 1
< eu
<
.
< eu
u
1u
1u
eu > 1 u

ergazmas te

thn

ex :

, afou

ap thn (2)

An

jtoume

ra

opte

ap

(4)

thn (4) qoume

1
1 eu
<
u
1u
s
1
e 1
<
1+s<
s
1+s

1 u < eu <
dhlad

opte

lim

s0

Telik

'Es tw

es 1
=0
s
dexame

ti

xR

tra

kaj

s0

Paratrhsh

rio

es 1
s0
s
lim

uprqei

kai

enai

qoume

ra h

Prisma 0.3

gia

to

ex es ex
es 1
e
=
= ex
ex 1 = ex
s
s
s
exp
x
(exp) (x) = exp(x). 2

x+s

enai paragwgsimh

s to

kai

H ekjetik sunrthsh enai suneq .

Den

thn sunqeia th

enai

exp

dskolo

na

dsei

kane

mia

anexrthth

apdeixh