MATH 531 HOMEWORK 3, SOLUTIONS

18 3. Since i is the identity i1 U = U , so i is continuous if and only if when U is open in T it is open in T . That is, if and only if T is ner than T . The second part follows from the fact that if two topologies are ner than one another then they are the same. 8. (a) The set of x with f (x) g (x) is the preimage of the set S of (y, z ) Y Y such that y z under the map f g : X Y Y . Since this is a product of continuous maps, and thus continuous, if suces to show that S is closed or equivalently that its complement is open. Let (y, z ) Y Y be a point with y > z . Then the collection of (a, b) with a > z and b < y contains (y, z ), is a product of open sets and thus open, and is contained in the complement of S , as needed to show that complement is open. (b) The sets U where f g and V where g f are closed by the previous part. Their union is all of X . The functions f and U and g on V agree on their overlap. Thus by the pasting lemma the function given by f on U and g on V , which is just h, is continuous. 9. (a) Apply the pasting lemma inductively. (b) Consider A0 = 0 and An = [ 1 [ n, 1]. The unit interval is the union of all An . The function which is 1 at 0 but 0 for x > 0 satises the hypotheses (that is, is continuous when restricted to each An but is not continuous. (c) We show that the preimage of a closed set is closed. Let x be a limit point of f 1 (C ) where C is closed in Y , so any open set containing x intersects f 1 (C ). Take any such open set and intersect it with a set which intersects only nitely many A , to see that x is a limit point of the union of such f 1 (C ) A . But since there are only nitely many, the union of such sets is closed. Since x is a limit point we get that x is in that closed set, which is what we need to show. 19 3. If the point x does not equal the point y then there is at least one coordinate with x = y . Since X is Hausdor, there is a U containing x and a V containing y which are disjoint. If we consider the products U where all U are X except U which is either U or V respectively, these two open sets separate x and y . 7. The complement of R in R is open in the box topology, so R is closed in the box topology. In the product topology, its closure is all of R , since R is metrizable and any point in R is the limit of the sequence (x1 , 0, 0, . . .), (x1 , x2 , 0, 0, . . .), . . . . 8. (Sketch:) a product of the form (ai , bi ) has preimage under h of the same form, from which continuity follows in both the box and (when all but nitely many are (, )) box topologies. Since the inverse functions are of the same form, we get a homeomorphism in both cases. Separate exercise for yourself: show that the function R R sending x to (x, x, . . .) is continuous in the product topology but not the box topology.
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 20 3. Let X be a metric space with metric d. (a) d : X X R is continuous. Proof. Let x y X X and let and U be an open subset in R containing d(x, y ). Then there exists a > 0 such that (d(x, y ) , d(x, y ) + ) U. Notice that for any a b Bd (x, /2) Bd (y, /2) we have (by the triangle inequality) d(a, b) d(a, x) + d(x, y ) + d(y, b) < d(x, y ) + , as well as d(x, y ) d(x, a) + d(a, b) + d(b, y ) < d(a, b) + . Therefore d(a, b) (d(x, y ) , d(x, y ) + ) for any a b in the open set Bd (x, /2) Bd (y, /2). Thus d(Bd (x, /2) Bd (y, /2)) U , implying that d1 (U ) is open, so that d is continuous. (b) Let X denote a space having the same underlying set as X . If d : X X R is continuous, then the topology of X is ner than the topology of X . Proof. We will show any basis element Bd (x, ) in X is open in X . Notice that since d : X X R is continuous, d = d|{x}X is also continuous. Therefore d 1 (, ) = {x} Bd (x, ) is open in {x} X . Now we let : {x} X X be the usual projection map. We know by previous homework that is an open map. Thus ({x} Bd (x, )) = Bd (x, ) is open in X . 4. (a) Dene the following functions from R to R . f (t) = (t, 2t, 3t, . . .), g (t) = (t, t, t, . . .), t t h(t) = (t, , , . . .), 2 3 In the product topology f, g , and h are continuous. This follows from Theorem 19.6 and the fact that each component of the image of these functions is continuous. In the uniform topology f is not continuous, as if we let < 1 be positive then f 1 (B (0, )) is the single point 0, which is not open. Since the uniform topology is courser than the box topology, this implies f is also not continuous under the box topology. 1 3 7 1 In the uniform topology g is not continuous. Consider B = B (x, 2 ) where x = (0, 4 , 8 , 16 , . . .). 1 1 Then g (B ) = [0, 2 ), which is not open. Again we may also deduce that g is not continuous with respect to the box topology, which was also shown in class. By a similar construction, h is shown to be not continuous in the uniform and thus in the box topology. To put the problem in perspective, it suces to nd a sequence of xi and an such that the (innite) intersection n B (n xn , n ) is not open. (b) (Without justication:) {wi } converges in the product topology to (0, 0, . . .) but not in the uniform or product topologies. {xi } converges in the product and uniform topologies to (0, 0, . . .) but not in the product topology. {yi } does not converge in any of the topologies (since it does not in the product topology). {zi } converges in all topologies (since it does in the box topology - it is really just a sequence in the nite product R2 .

8.(a) For any B (x, ) with in the uniform topology, the ball Bd (x, ) B (x, ) for if ( iN (xi 2 1 / 2 yi ) ) < , then for each i we know |xi yi | < . Thus the uniform topology is coarser than the l2 -topology on X . Also for any Bd (x, ) in X , we know that for the ith component of Bd (x, ), there exists an i such that (xi i , x + i ) is contained in the ith component of Bd (x, ). Thus 2 iN ((xi i , x + i ) is contained in Bd (x, ). Therefore the l -topology topology is coarser than the box topology on X . 21 10. Let

f : R2 R (x, y ) xy. We know f is continuous, thus by Theorem 18.1 A = f 1 ({1}) is closed. Similarly if we let g : R2 R (x, y ) x2 + y 2 . we know S 1 = g 1 ({1}) and B 2 = g 1 ((, 1]) are closed.