( ) unit : kg / m3

Power =
( = ( + 2 ( (\\) t




Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 1 of 8
#20 Heating a Solid, Liquid or Gas
#3





#4







#7
Components of a Vector
if V = 34 m/sec 48
then
Vi = 34 m/sec (cos 48); and VJ = 34 m/sec (sin 48)

Weight = m g
g = 9.81m/sec near the surface of the Earth
= 9.795 m/sec in Fort Worth, TX

Density = mass / volume
m
V
Ave speed = distance / time = v = d/t
Ave velocity = displacement / time = v = d/t
Ave acceleration = change in velocity / time




#21



#23


#25


#26
Q = m c T (no phase changes!)
Q = the heat added
c = specific heat.
T = temperature change, K
Linear Momentum
momentum = p = m v = mass velocity
momentum is conserved in collisions

Center of Mass point masses on a line
xcm = (mx) / Mtotal

Angular Speed vs. Linear Speed
Linear speed = v = r ( = r angular speed

Pressure under Water
P = ) g h

#8

Friction Force
FF = FN


#28


Universal Gravitation
h = depth of water
) = density of water
If the object is not moving, you are dealing with static
friction and it can have any value from zero up to s FN
If the object is sliding, then you are dealing with kinetic
friction and it will be constant and equal to K FN
F = G
m1m2
r 2
G = 6.67 E-11 N m / kg

#9




#11


#12

Torque
( = F L sin \
Where \ is the angle between F and L; unit: Nm

Newton's Second Law
Fnet = FExt = m a

Work = F D cos \
Where D is the distance moved and
\ is the angle between F and the
direction of motion,
unit : J
#29



#30


#31






#32
Mechanical Energy
PEGrav = P = m g h
KELinear = K = m v

Impulse = Change in Momentum
F t = (m v)

Snell's Law
n1 sin \1 = n2 sin \2
Index of Refraction
n=c/v
c = speed of light = 3 E+8 m/s

Ideal Gas Law
#16 Power = rate of work done
Work
time


unit : watt
P V = n R T
n = # of moles of gas
R = gas law constant
= 8.31 J / K mole.
Efficiency = Workout / Energyin
Mechanical Advantage = force out / force in
M.A. = Fout / Fin
#34 Periodic Waves
v = f
f =1/T


T = period of wave

#19

Constant-Acceleration Linear Motion
v = v + a t x
(x-x) = v t + a t v
v = v + 2 a (x - x) t
(x-x) = ( v + v) t a
(x-x) = v t - a t v
#35 Constant-Acceleration Circular Motion
( = ( + ( t \
\\= ( t + ( t (
2 2
\\ = (( + () t (
\\ = ( t - ( t (

Version 5/12/2005
1
R
= mg
/5 m r2 solid sphere
/12 m L2 thin rod (center)
Vc = Vo e
mv
KErotational = I ( = I (v / r)2
KErolling w/o slipping = m v2 + I (




Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 2 of 8
#53 Resistor Combinations
#36 Buoyant Force - Buoyancy
FB = ) V g = mDisplaced fluid g = weightDisplaced fluid
) = density of the fluid
SERIES
Req = R1 + R2+ R3+. . .
PARALLEL


#37


Ohm's Law
V = volume of fluid displaced 1
R eq
=
1
R 1
+
1
R2
+ K +
1
R n
=
n

i =1 i
V = I R
V = voltage applied
I = current
R = resistance

Resistance of a Wire
R = ) L / Ax
) = resistivity of wire material
L = length of the wire
Ax = cross-sectional area of the wire
#54






#55



#56
Newton's Second Law and
Rotational Inertia
( = torque = I (
I = moment of inertia = m r (for a point mass)
(See table in Lesson 58 for I of 3D shapes.)

Circular Unbanked Tracks
mv 2
r
Continuity of Fluid Flow
#39 Heat of a Phase Change
Q = m L
Ain vin = Aout vout A= Area
v = velocity


#41




#42
L = Latent Heat of phase change

Hooke's Law
F = k x
Potential Energy of a spring
W = k x = Work done on spring

Electric Power
#58 Moment of Inertia - I
cylindrical hoop m r2
solid cylinder or disk m r2
2
hollow sphere mr2
1
thin rod (end) mL2
P = I R = V / R = I V #59 Capacitors Q = C V
Q = charge on the capacitor
#44 Speed of a Wave on a String C = capacitance of the capacitor
T =
mv 2
L



T = tension in string
m = mass of string
V = voltage applied to the capacitor
RC Circuits (Discharging)
t/RC
Vc I R = 0

#45
L = length of string
Projectile Motion
Horizontal: x-x= v t + 0
Vertical: y-y = v t + a t
#60 Thermal Expansion
Linear: L = Lo ( T
Volume: V = Vo T

#46

Centripetal Force
2
F =
r



= m( 2 r

#61

Bernoulli's Equation
P + ) g h + ) v = constant
QVolume Flow Rate = A1 v1 = A2 v2 = constant

#47



#51

Kirchhoffs Laws
Loop Rule: Around any loop Vi = 0
Node Rule: at any node Ii = 0

Minimum Speed at the top of a
Vertical Circular Loop
v = rg
#62 Rotational Kinetic Energy (See LEM, pg 8)
2
2

Angular Momentum = L = I ( = m v r sin \
Angular Impulse equals
CHANGE IN Angular Momentum
L = (orque t = (I ()

Version 5/12/2005
Vc = Vcell (1 e
)
q1q 2
k = = 9 E 9
T = 2
1 1 1 1 1
C
343
v o
f 2 = f
343 m v s
E = k
k = = 9 E 9





Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 3 of 8
#75 Thin Lens Equation
#63 Period of Simple Harmonic Motion f = focal length
T = 2
m
k
where k = spring constant

f = 1 / T = 1 / period
1
f
=
1
Do
+
1
D i
=
1
o
+
1
i
i = image distance
o = object distance
#64 Banked Circular Tracks
v2 = r g tan \
Magnification
M = Di / Do = i / o = Hi / Ho
#66 First Law of Thermodynamics
U = QNet + WNet
Change in Internal Energy of a system =
+Net Heat added to the system
+Net Work done on the system

Helpful reminders for mirrors and lenses
Focal Length of: positive negative
mirror concave convex
lens converging
Object distance = o all objects





diverging
Flow of Heat through a Solid
Q / t = k A T / L
k = thermal conductivity
A = area of solid
Object height = Ho
Image distance = i
Image height = Hi
Magnification
all objects
real
virtual, upright
virtual, upright

virtual
real, inverted
real, inverted
L = thickness of solid
#76 Coulomb's Law
#68 Potential Energy stored in a Capacitor
P = C V

RC Circuit formula (Charging)
t / RC

R C = ( = time constant
Vcell - Vcapacitor I R = 0





#77
F = k
r 2
1 N m 2
4 o C 2
Capacitor Combinations
PARALLEL
Ceq = C1 + C2+ C3 +
SERIES
#71 Simple Pendulum
L
g


and f = 1/ T



#78
n
= + + K + =
C eq C 1 C 2 C n i = 1

Work done on a gas or by a gas

i
W = P V
#72



#73





#74
Sinusoidal motion
x = Acos(t) = Acos(2 f t)
= angular frequency
f = frequency
Doppler Effect
Toward
Away
Toward
Away
vo = velocity of observer: vs = velocity of source

2nd Law of Thermodynamics
The change in internal energy of a system is
U = QAdded + WDone On Qlost WDone By

Maximum Efficiency of a Heat Engine
(Carnot Cycle) (Temperatures in Kelvin)

#80





#82

Electric Field around a point charge
q
r 2
1 N m 2
4 o C 2
Magnetic Field around a wire
B =
2r
Magnetic Flux
\ = B A cos \

Force caused by a magnetic field
on a moving charge
F = q v B sin \

% Eff = (1
Tc
Th

) 100%

#83 Entropy change at constant T
S = Q / T
(Phase changes only: melting, boiling, freezing, etc)

Version 5/12/2005
Emf = N
VL = Vcell e
= (1/2n) A0
A = Ao e
(after n half-lives)
I = (Vcell/R) [ 1 - e
]
= R 2 2 ||meters 1
P = 8 L Q/( r )
= cR 2 2 || Hz
c 1 1 |
n s n .





Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 4 of 8
#95 Relativistic Time Dilation
#84 Capacitance of a Capacitor
C = o A / d
= dielectric constant
A = area of plates
d = distance between plates
o = 8.85 E(-12) F/m


#96
t = to /

Relativistic Length Contraction
x = xo

Relativistic Mass Increase
m = mo /
#85 Induced Voltage N = # of loops
\
t
Lenzs Law induced current flows to create a B-field
opposing the change in magnetic flux.

#97

Energy of a Photon or a Particle
E = h f = m c2
h = Planck's constant = 6.63 E(-34) J sec
f = frequency of the photon

#86






#88


#89





#92
















#93






#94

Inductors during an increase in current
t / (L / R)


t / (L / R)

L / R = ( = time constant
Transformers
N1 / N 2 = V1 / V2
I1 V1 = I2 V2
Decibel Scale
B (Decibel level of sound) = 10 log ( I / Io )
I = intensity of sound
Io = intensity of softest audible sound

Poiseuille's Law
4
= coefficient of viscosity
L = length of pipe
r = radius of pipe
Q = flow rate of fluid
Stress and Strain
Y or S or B = stress / strain
stress = F/A
Three kinds of strain: unit-less ratios
I. Linear: strain = L / L
II. Shear: strain = x / L
III. Volume: strain = V / V

Postulates of Special Relativity
1. Absolute, uniform motion cannot be
detected.
2. No energy or mass transfer can occur
at speeds faster than the speed of light.

Lorentz Transformation Factor
v 2
c
#98




#99



#100
Radioactive Decay Rate Law
kt

Where k = (ln 2) / half-life

Blackbody Radiation and
the Photoelectric Effect
E= n h f where h = Planck's constant

Early Quantum Physics
Rutherford-Bohr Hydrogen-like Atoms

1 1 |
1

ns n .
or

f =

R = Rydberg's Constant
= 1.097373143 E7 m-1
ns = series integer (2 = Balmer)
n = an integer > ns

Mass-Energy Equivalence
mv = mo /
Total Energy = KE + moc2 = moc2 /
Usually written simply as E = m c2

de Broglie Matter Waves
For light: Ep = h f = hc / = pc

Therefore, momentum: p = h /
Similarly for particles, p = mv = h / ,
so the matter wave's wavelength must be
=h/mv
Energy Released by Nuclear
Fission or Fusion Reaction
E = mo c2

Version 5/12/2005
b b 4ac
a = b + c2 - 2 b c cos A
A =
=
A = =
C degrees Celsius




Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 5 of 8

MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS

Fundamental SI Units
Unit Base Unit Symbol
Quadratic Formula
if a x + b x + c = 0

Length
.
meter m
then
Mass

kilogram

kg

x =
2

2a

Time
Electric
Current

second

ampere

s

A
Trigonometric Definitions
sin = opposite / hypotenuse
cos = adjacent / hypotenuse
tan = opposite / adjacent

sec = 1 / cos = hyp / adj
csc = 1 / sin = hyp / opp
cot = 1 / tan = adj / opp
Thermodynamic
Temperature
Luminous
Intensity
Quantity of
Substance

Plane Angle

kelvin

candela

moles

radian

K

cd

mol

rad

Inverse Trigonometric Definitions
= sin-1 (opp / hyp)
= cos-1 (adj / hyp)
= tan-1 (opp / adj)
Solid Angle steradian


Some Derived SI Units
sr or str

Law of Sines
a / sin A = b / sin B = c / sin C
or
Symbol/Unit Quantity Base Units
.
C coulomb Electric Charge A s
sin A / a = sin B / b = sin C / c

Law of Cosines
2 2
b2 = c2 + a2 - 2 c a cos B
F farad

H henry

Hz hertz
Capacitance

Inductance

Frequency
A2 s4/(kg m2)

kg m2/(A2 s2)

s-1
c = a + b - 2 a b cos C
J

joule

Energy & Work kg m2/s2 = N m
T-Pots
For the functional form

N newton

Force

kg m/s2
1
A
=
1
B
+
1
C

ohm

Elec Resistance kg m2/(A2 s2)

You may use "The Product over the Sum" rule.
B C
B + C
Pa pascal

T tesla

V volt
Pressure

Magnetic Field

Elec Potential
kg/(m s2)

kg/(A s2)

kg m2/(A s3)
For the Alternate Functional form
1 1 1
A B C

You may substitute T-Pot-d
B C B C
C B B C

W watt Power

Non-SI Units
o

eV electron-volt



Version 5/12/2005

kg m2/s3


Temperature

Energy, Work




Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 6 of 8
( Alpha angular acceleration, coefficient of
Aa acceleration, Area, Ax=Cross-sectional Area,
Amperes, Amplitude of a Wave, Angle,
Bb Magnetic Field, Decibel Level of Sound,
Angle,
Cc specific heat, speed of light, Capacitance,
Angle, Coulombs, oCelsius, Celsius
Degrees, candela,
Dd displacement, differential change in a variable,
Distance, Distance Moved, distance,
Ee base of the natural logarithms, charge on the
electron, Energy,
Ff Force, frequency of a wave or periodic motion,
Farads,
Gg Universal Gravitational Constant, acceleration
due to gravity, Gauss, grams, Giga-,
Hh depth of a fluid, height, vertical distance,
Henrys, Hz=Hertz,
Ii Current, Moment of Inertia, image distance,
Intensity of Sound,
Jj Joules,
Kk K or KE = Kinetic Energy, force constant of
a spring, thermal conductivity, coulomb's
law constant, kg=kilograms, Kelvins,
kilo-, rate constant for Radioactive
decay =1/(=ln2 / half-life,
Ll Length, Length of a wire, Latent Heat of
Fusion or Vaporization, Angular
Momentum, Thickness, Inductance,
Mm mass, Total Mass, meters, milli-, Mega-,
mo=rest mass, mol=moles,
Nn index of refraction, moles of a gas, Newtons,
Number of Loops, nano-,
Oo
Pp Power, Pressure of a Gas or Fluid, Potential
Energy, momentum, Power, Pa=Pascal,
Qq Heat gained or lost, Maximum Charge on a
Capacitor, object distance, Flow Rate,
Rr radius, Ideal Gas Law Constant, Resistance,
magnitude or length of a vector,
rad=radians
Ss speed, seconds, Entropy, length along an arc,
Tt time, Temperature, Period of a Wave, Tension,
Teslas, t1/2=half-life,
Uu Potential Energy, Internal Energy,
Vv velocity, Velocity, Volume of a Gas, velocity of
wave, Volume of Fluid Displaced, Voltage, Volts,
Ww weight, Work, Watts, Wb=Weber,
Xx distance, horizontal distance, x-coordinate
east-and-west coordinate,
Yy vertical distance, y-coordinate,
north-and-south coordinate,
Zz z-coordinate, up-and-down coordinate,
linear expansion,
9 Beta coefficient of volume expansion,
Lorentz transformation factor,
| Chi


' Delta =change in a variable,

Epsilon = permittivity of free space,

\| Phi Magnetic Flux, angle,

Gamma surface tension = F / L,
1 / = Lorentz transformation factor,
Eta

Iota

V[ Theta and Phi lower case alternates.
_ Kappa dielectric constant,




. Lambda wavelength of a wave, rate constant
for Radioactive decay =1/(=ln2/half-life,

c Mu friction, o = permeability of free space,
micro-,
_ Nu alternate symbol for frequency,

e Omicron
Z Pi 3.1425926536,

\ Theta angle between two vectors,

V) Rho density of a solid or liquid, resistivity,


( Sigma Summation, standard deviation,
( Tau torque, time constant for a exponential
processes; eg (=RC or (=L/R or (=1/k=1/,
[] Upsilon
}\ Zeta and Omega lower case alternates
&( Omega angular speed or angular velocity,
Ohms
e Xi

. Psi

C| Zeta


Version 5/12/2005
\ sin \ cos \ tan \
o
0
0 1 0
o
10
1/6 65/66 11/65
o
15
1/4 28/29 29/108
o
20
1/3 16/17 17/47
o
29
1/2
15 /8
7/8
1/2
15 /7
o
30
1/2
1/2
3 /2
1/2
1/3
o
37
3/5 4/5 3/4
o
42
2/3 3/4 8/9
o
45
1/2
2 /2
1/2
2 /2
1
o
49
3/4 2/3 9/8
o
53
4/5 3/5 4/3
60
1/2
3 /2
1/2
1/2
3
o
61
7/8
1/2
15 /8
1/2
7/15
o
70
16/17 1/3 47/17
o
75
28/29 1/4 108/29
o
80
65/66 1/6 65/11
o
90
1 0

( ) Ax n = nAx n1
( ) 3x 2 + 6 x 3 = 6 x + 6
+ (Ax )dx = n + 1 Ax




Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 7 of 8
Values of Trigonometric Functions
for 1st Quadrant Angles

Prefixes
(simple mostly-rational approximations)
Factor Prefix Symbol Example

1018

exa-

E

38 Es (Age of
the Universe

1015

1012

peta-

tera-

P

T
in Seconds)


0.3 TW (Peak
power of a
1 ps pulse
from a typical
Nd-glass laser)

109

giga-

G

22 G$ (Size of
Bill & Melissa
Gates Trust)

106

mega-

M

6.37 Mm (The
radius of the
(Memorize the Bold rows for future reference.)
Earth)

Derivatives of Polynomials

For polynomials, with individual terms of the form Axn,
we define the derivative of each term as

d
dx
To find the derivative of the polynomial, simply add the
derivatives for the individual terms:

d
dx
Integrals of Polynomials
103


10-1

10-2

10-3




10-6

10-9
kilo-


deci-

centi-

milli-




micro-

nano-
k


d

c

m






n
1 kg (SI unit
of mass)

10 cm

2.54 cm (=1 in)

1 mm (The
smallest
division on a
meter stick)



510 nm (Wave-
length of green

For polynomials, with individual terms of the form Axn,
light)
we define the indefinite integral of each term as
n 1 n+1

To find the indefinite
integral of the polynomial, simply add the integrals for
the individual terms and the constant of integration, C.
10-12




10-15
pico-




femto-
p




f
1 pg (Typical
mass of a DNA
sample used in
genome
studies)
+ (6 x + 6)dx = |3x

2

+ 6 x + C
|
10-18 atto- a 600 as (Time
duration of the
shortest laser
pulses)


Version 5/12/2005






Reference Guide & Formula Sheet for Physics
Dr. Hoselton & Mr. Price Page 8 of 8

Linear Equivalent Mass

Rotating systems can be handled using the linear forms
of the equations of motion. To do so, however, you must
use a mass equivalent to the mass of a non-rotating

The only external force on this system is the weight of
the hanging mass. The mass of the system consists of
the hanging mass plus the linear equivalent mass of the
fly-wheel. From Newtons 2nd Law we have
object. We call this the Linear Equivalent Mass (LEM). F = ma, therefore, mg = [m + (LEM=M)]a
(See Example I)
mg = [m + M] a
For objects that are both rotating and moving linearly,
you must include them twice; once as a linearly moving
object (using m) and once more as a rotating object
(using LEM). (See Example II)

The LEM of a rotating mass is easily defined in terms of
its moment of inertia, I.

LEM = I/r2

For example, using a standard table of Moments of
(mg ma) = M a

m(g a) = Ma

m = M a / (g a)

m = 4.8 1.00 / (9.81 1)

m = 0.27 kg
Inertia, we can calculate the LEM of simple objects
rotating on axes through their centers of mass:
If a = g/2 = 4.905 m/s2, m = 2.4 kg

I

LEM
If a = g = 7.3575 m/s2, m = 7.2 kg

Cylindrical hoop

Solid disk

mr2

mr2

m

m
Note, too, that we do not need to know the radius unless
the angular acceleration of the fly-wheel is requested. If
you need (, and you have r, then ( = a/r.

Hollow sphere

2

5mr2

2

5m
Example II

Solid sphere
mr2

m
Find the kinetic energy of a disk, m = 6.7 kg, that is
moving at 3.2 m/s while rolling without slipping along a
flat, horizontal surface. (IDISK = mr2; LEM = m)
Example I

A flywheel, M = 4.80 kg and r = 0.44 m, is wrapped
with a string. A hanging mass, m, is attached to the end
of the string.

When the
hanging mass is
released, it
accelerates
downward at
1.00 m/s2. Find
the hanging
mass.

To handle this problem using the linear form of
Newtons Second Law of Motion, all we have to do is
use the LEM of the flywheel. We will assume, here, that
it can be treated as a uniform solid disk.

The total kinetic energy consists of the linear kinetic
energy, KL = mv2, plus the rotational kinetic energy,
KR = (I)(()2 = (I)(v/r)2 = (I/r2)v2 = (LEM)v2.

KE = mv2 + (LEM=m) v2

KE = 6.7 3.22 + ( 6.7) 3.22

KE = 34.304 + 17.152 = 51 J

Final Note:

This method of incorporating rotating objects into the
linear equations of motion works in every situation Ive
tried; even very complex problems. Work your problem
the classic way and this way to compare the two. Once
youve verified that the LEM method works for a
particular type of problem, you can confidently use it for
solving any other problem of the same type.



Version 5/12/2005