BMEG 2000 Lecture 2

8MLC 2000 | lall 2013
rof. uouglas ?ung, CuPk

1

Genom|cs and 8|o|nformancs

rof. Doug|as ung
Department of L|ectron|c Lng|neer|ng
ptyungQee.cuhk.edu.hk

8MLG 2000
!"#$%&'( *&$"+," -.#/0"+1 2345 627436278
8MLC 2000 | lall 2013 rof. uouglas ?ung, CuPk

2
Announcements
SubmlL blog u8L Lo 1A wlLh Lhe rsL enLry by Lhls lrlday (Sep-20)
Pomework asslgnmenL due Lhls lrlday (Sep-20)
1ake advanLage of omce hours

3
Some Dehn|nons
Mo|ecu|ar b|o|ogy
SLudy of blology aL Lhe molecular level
SLudy of gene sLrucLure and funcuons aL Lhe molecular level Lo
undersLand Lhe molecular basls of heredlLary, geneuc varlauon, and Lhe
expresslon pauerns of genes
8|o|nformancs
1he use of Lechnlques lncludlng applled
maLhemaucs, sLausucs, compuLer sclence,
aruclal lnLelllgence, and sLausucs Lo
solve blologlcal problems usually on
Lhe mo|ecu|ar |eve|

4
8as|cs of mo|ecu|ar b|o|ogy
8|o|nformancs
8|o-nanotechno|ogy

3

6
1he Chromosome
Cell
nucleus
Chromosome
p arm
q arm
Lelomere
Lelomere
cenLromere
1hread-llke sLrucLure locaLed ln Lhe cell nucleus
Lach chromosome ls made up of unA ughLly colled
many umes around proLelns called hlsLones LhaL
supporL lLs sLrucLure
number of chromosomes varles
ln normal human cell, unA ls conLalned ln Lhe
nucleus, arranged ln 23 palrs of chromosomes
1elomere, aL Lhe end of chromosomes,
proLecLs Lhe unA from deLerlorauon

7
1he Chromosome

8
1he Gene
8aslc unlL of |nher|tance
SegmenL wlLhln a very long sLrand of unA wlLh speclc lnsLrucuons for Lhe
producnon of one spec|hc prote|n
A gene ls a conuguous block of nucleoudes operaung for a slngle purpose
An lnLron ls Lhe non-codlng segmenL ln a gene
An exon ls Lhe codlng segmenL
whlch wlll subsequenLly be
LranslaLed lnLo proLelns
numan eye co|or
comes from melanocyLes: cells whlch
make Lhe brown plgmenL melanln

9
1he Genome
1he genome of an organ|sm |s the tota||ty of genenc |nformanon
It |s encoded |n the DNA (or, for some v|ruses, kNA)
Iuncnona| un|ts of genomes are ca||ed genes
Chromosome unA
Cene
1
Cene
2

10
DNA & Genes
unA ls where geneuc lnformauon ls sLored
8londe halr and blue eyes are lnherlLed by Lhls gene
Cenes conLaln Lhe lnformauon as a sequence of nucleoudes
Cenes are absLracL concepLs - llke longlLude and lauLudes ln Lhe sense
LhaL you cannoL see Lhem separaLely
Cenes are made up of nucleoudes

nucleoudes Leuers
Cenes SenLences
Chromosomes
lndlvldual volume
of encyclopedla
Cenome LveryLhlng LogeLher

11
Gene Lxpress|on

12
Genome S|ze
S|ze of genomes |s measured |n counts of nuc|eondes or base pa|rs
(A, 1, C, G for DNA)
Genome s|ze |s |oose|y assoc|ated w|th organ|sma| comp|ex|ty

13
Gene Lxpress|on - 1he nomeobox
nomeobox (or "hox" genes) are a
group of re|ated genes that contro|
the body p|an of the embryo a|ong
anter|or-poster|or (head-ta||) ax|s.
Pox genes are almosL ldenucal ln very
dlerenL specles. We can sLudy hox
genes ln Lhe frulL y Lo learn abouL
Lhe same genes Lhe conLrol
developmenL ln a human or mouse.
1hese groups of genes have remalned
relauvely unchanged LhroughouL
evoluuonary hlsLory.

14
Gene Lxpress|on - numan kace
1here |s more genenc var|anon w|th|n ethno-cu|tura| groups than there |s
between them
1herefore, even the term|no|ogy "race" |s erroneous conceptua||y
1here |s no b|o|og|ca| bas|s for the concept of race


13
Gene Lxpress|on - Sex
Lven b|o|og|ca| concepts of sex]gender |nd|cate a connnuum and not a
d|chotomy
Con|ct |n sexua| ass|gnments even when us|ng b|o|og|ca| cr|ter|a, such as
|n sex-determ|n|ng reg|on (Sk)
46, x? female: S8?-
46, xx male: S8?+
Androgen |nsens|nv|ty syndrome
Women possess a male ? chromosome,
buL Lhelr bodles don'L respond Lo male
sex hormones, causlng Lhem Lo develop
female genlLalla

16
numan Genome ro[ect
In|nated |n 1990, comp|eted |n 2000
Iundamenta| and we||-accepted concepts are not supported by the
|essons from modern genencs and genom|cs
If we must re-th|nk our pos|non |n the b|osphere, and our ethno-cu|tura|
and sexua| |dennnes, then how e|se w||| genom|cs and genencs |nuence
our concepts of se|f?

17
Centra| Dogma of Mo|ecu|ar 8|o|ogy
roLeln lnformauon cannoL ow back Lo nuclelc aclds
lundamenLal framework Lo undersLandlng Lhe Lransfer
of sequence lnformauon beLween blopolymers
unA (nuclelc aclds)
8nA (nuclelc aclds)
roLeln (amlno aclds)

18

19
Genera| Structure of Nuc|e|c Ac|ds
DNA: Deoxyr|boNuc|e|c Ac|d
kNA: kr|boNuc|e|c Ac|d
DNA and kNA are |ong cha|n po|ymers of
sma|| compounds ca||ed nuc|eondes
Lach nuc|eonde |s composed of
N|trogenous base
Sugar (r|bose |n kNA, deoxyr|bose |n
DNA)
hosphate group
llgures 3.9-3.11

20
Watson and Cr|ck Doub|e ne||x DNA Mode|

21
DNA
unA has nucleoude bases (A, 1, C, C)
Adenlne
1hymlne
Guanlne
CyLoslne
1he bases palr ln a speclc way
A wlLh 1 (2 hydrogen bonds)
C wlLh C (3 hydrogen bonds)
noL all unA ls found ln chromosomes
MlLochondrla
ChloroplasLs
lasmlds
1he |nformanon |s |n the order of
nuc|eonde


22
C||cker uesnon
DNA or kNA?

23
DNA
1he phosphaLe [olns Lhe sugars ln a unA or
8nA chaln Lhrough Lhelr 3' and 3' hydroxyl
group by phosphodlesLer bonds
AlmosL always read ln S' to 3' d|recnon
AATGC one strand
TTACG other strand

24
DNA

23
DNA

26
DNA kep||canon
llgure 3.13

27
DNA kep||canon
1. ne||case unzlps" Lhe unA by
breaklng Lhe hydrogen bonds.
3. DNA po|ymerase III palrs Lhe
leadlng sLrand wlLh Lhe correcL
nlLrogenous bases, from 3' Lo 3'.
2. S|ng|e stranded b|nd|ng prote|ns
blnd Lo and sLablllze slngle sLranded
unA.
4. DNA po|ymerase III synLheslzes shorL
unA fragmenLs (Ckazak| fragments) on
Lhe lagglng sLrand, from 3' Lo 3'.
3. DNA po|ymerase I removes 8nA
prlmers and lls ln maLchlng
nucleoudes ln Lhe lagglng sLrand.
DNA ||gase [olns Lhe Ckazakl fragmenLs.

28

29
DNA kep||canon
llgures 3.13 & 3.16

30
C||cker uesnons
1he 3' -3' sequence of a unA sLrand ls ACCC1ACCA. ldenufy Lhe sequence of lLs
complemenLary sLrand (3' -3'):
a. AGGCTACGA
b. AGGCUACGA
c. UCGUAGCCU
d. TCGTAGCCT

Conslder Lhe followlng unA sequences. Whlch Lwo are complemenLary Lo one
anoLher? All are wrluen ln Lhe 3' Lo 3' dlrecuon

(i) TTAGGC (ii) CGGATT (iii) AATCCG (iv) CCGAAT

a. (l) and (ll)
b. (ll) and (lll)
c. (l) and (lll)
d. (ll) and (lv)

31
llgure 3.19

32
kNA
Why do we need 8nA?
Why can'L unA dlrecLly make proLelns?
Where ls unA locaLed? Can lL leave?
Why does lL sLay Lhere?
Where are proLelns made?

kNA: 1emporary cop|es of
parts of the b|uepr|nt
llgure 3.22

33
kNA
8nA has nucleoude bases
Adenlne (A)
uracll (u)
Cuanlne (C)
CyLoslne (C)
1he bases palr ln a speclc way
A wlLh u (2 hydrogen bonds)
C wlLh C (3 hydrogen bonds)
3 ma[or Lypes of 8nA
Messenger 8nA (mkNA)
1ransfer 8nA (tkNA)
8lbosomal 8nA (rkNA)


34
kNA
Messenger kNA (mkNA)
Carrles lnsLrucuons for polypepude
synLhesls from nucleus Lo rlbosomes
ln Lhe cyLoplasm.
k|bosoma| kNA (rkNA)
8lbosomal 8nA forms an lmporLanL
parL of boLh subunlLs of Lhe
rlbosome.
Amlno acld
1ransfer kNA (tkNA)
Carrles amlno aclds Lo Lhe rlbosome
and maLches Lhem Lo Lhe coded
m8nA message.
1ransfer kNA
!9: 10+#&$1 ;1;#,,< =>,$ %&0> 1"->&$#+< #&$ 0"+?#+< 10+;-0;+"1

33
1ranscr|pnon
rocess of copy|ng unA Lo 8nA
ulers from unA synLhesls ln LhaL
only one sLrand of unA, Lhe LemplaLe
sLrand, ls used Lo make mkNA
uoes noL need a prlmer Lo sLarL
lnvolves muluple 8nA polymerases
3 sLages
lnluauon
Llongauon
1ermlnauon

36
1ranscr|pnon
In|nanon: 8nA polymerase blnds Lo
promoLer reglon of unA. 1ranscrlpuon
facLors, acuvaLors and repressors are
lnvolved.
1erm|nanon: 8nA Lranscrlpuon sLops
when Lhe newly synLheslzed 8nA sLrand
forms a C-C rlch halrpln loop by a run of
us.
L|onganon: Cne sLrand of Lhe unA
serves as a LemplaLe for 8nA synLhesls,
produclng a m8nA sLrand from 3' Lo 3'.
1ranscr|pnon: SynLhesls of an 8nA copy
from a sequence of unA (a gene) by Lhe
enzyme, 8nA polymerase.
llrsL sLep ln gene expresslon.
A complemenLary, anuparallel 8nA sLrand
ls synLheslzed.

37
1ranscr|pnon: 1ranscr|pnona| Contro|
1A1A box ls a unA sequence found ln Lhe promoLer reglon of genes (presenL ln
24 of human genes). lL ls Lhe blndlng slLe of general Lranscrlpuon facLors.

38
1ranscr|pnon: 1ranscr|pnona| Contro|

39
1ranscr|pnon

40
1ranscr|pnon
unA ls read ln 3' to S' dlrecuon whereas a new sLrand ls
synLheslsed ln Lhe S' to 3' dlrecuon

41
1ranscr|pnon

42
1ranscr|pnon

43
ost-1ranscr|pnona| rocesses of Lukaryonc mkNA
A|ternanve sp||c|ng ls a regulaLed process durlng gene expresslon
LhaL resulLs ln a s|ng|e gene cod|ng for mu|np|e prote|ns. lnLrons
are removed ln a 8nA LranscrlpL.

44
C||cker uesnons
Whlch of Lhe followlng sLaLemenLs abouL Lranscrlpuon ls correcL?

a. 1ranscrlpuon ls lnluaLed aL a sLarL codon
b. 1ranscrlpuon ls carrled ouL by Lhe rlbosome
c. unA sequence musL be spllced prlor Lo Lranscrlpuon
d. 1ranscrlpuon lnvolves Lhe complemenLary palrlng of a unA sLrand and an 8nA
sLrand
Clven Lhe followlng unA sequence, wrlLe down Lhe Lranscrlbed m8nA sequence from
3' Lo 3'.

DNA 5-CGTAGC-3
DNA 3-GCATCG-5
RNA 5-CGUAGC-3

43
lnLerpreung Lhe lnformauon coded ln Lhe mkNA |nto prote|ns
1he nucleoudes are read ln tr|p|ets (seL of Lhree) called codons
Lach LrlpleL code for a speclc amlno acld, and someumes more Lhan
one codon exlsL for an amlno acld
m8nA are read by Lhe Lranslauonal machlnery lncludlng rlbosomes,
L8nAs and r8nAs
Llke Lranscrlpuon, lL also lncludes |n|nanon, e|onganon and term|nanon
1rans|anon

46
1rans|anon

47
Codon
S
u
C
A
8
-
P
C
S
P
A
1
L

8
A
C
k
8
C
n
L

8

A

S

L

S

n

C
C
nC
C
C
Cn
2

Nn
2

N
Nn
N
N
n Cn

C
C
nC
C
C
Cn
2

Nn
2

N
N
N
N
n

C
Cn
nC
C
C
Cn
2

Nn
2

N
N
N
N
C
Cuanlne
Adenlne
Adenlne
Arglnlne

48
roLelns (also known as polypepudes) are composed of amlno
aclds arranged ln a llnear chaln and folded lnLo 3-u sLrucLures
rote|n
AN1nING
ACID
AMINL
n
C
C
Cn C
k
N
n
n
Am|no Ac|d

49
rote|n

30
Codon 1ab|e

31
1rans|anon
In|nanon: m8nA blnds Lo rlbosome. A
L8nA auached wlLh meLhlonlne docks ln
Lhe rlbosome.
1erm|nanon: SLop codon does noL code
for an amlno acld, buL a release facLor,
whlch frees Lhe polypepude and
dlssoclaLes Lhe rlbosome.
L|onganon: L8nA docks ln Lhe rlbosome
based on codon-anucodon maLchlng.
olypepude ls elongaLed by 1 amlno
acld per ume.
1rans|anon: rocess ln whlch Lhe geneuc
code carrled by m8nA dlrecLs Lhe
synLhesls of proLelns from amlno aclds.
m8nA ls decoded by Lhe rlbosome Lo
produce a speclc amlno acld chaln LhaL
wlll laLer fold lnLo an acuve proLeln.

32
1wo subun|ts
Most|y made up
of rkNAs and
prote|ns
A, and L s|te
k|bosome

33
Is |n a c|over shaped structure
8r|ngs the am|no ac|ds to the mkNA
nas an anncodon |oop to recogn|se the
codons |n the mkNA (by Watson-Cr|ck
base pa|r|ng)
Is respons|b|e for the spec|hc|ty of the
codon recogn|non
tkNA: 1he M|dd|e Man

34
rocess of 1rans|anon

33
A
L
Large
subun|t

Sma||
subun|t
fMet
UAC
GAG...CU-AUG--UUC--CUU--AGU--GGU--AGA--GCU--GUA--UGA-A1 GCA...1AAAAAA
3'
mkNA
3'
1rans|anon - In|nanon

36
A
L
k|bosome

U
C
U

Arg
Am|noacy| tkNA
he
Leu
Met
Ser
G|y
o|ypepnde
CCA
3'
mkNA
3'
1rans|anon - L|onganon

37
A
L
k|bosome

he
Leu
Met
Ser
G|y
o|ypepnde
Arg
Am|noacy| tkNA
UCU CCA
3'
mkNA
3'

38
AN1nING
ACID
AMINL
C
C
Cn C N
n
n
n
C
nC n
C
n
C
C N
n
n
n
C
n n
C
n
C
Cn C N
n
n
n
C
nC n
Serlne
C
n
C
Cn C N
n
n
n
C
n n
Alanlne
n
C
C
Cn C
k
N
n
n
Am|no Ac|d
n
2
C
rote|n Synthes|s

39
A
L
k|bosome

CCA
Arg
UCU
he
Leu
Met
Ser
G|y
o|ypepnde
3'
mkNA
3'

60
A
L
k|bosome

Am|noacy| tkNA
C
G
A

A|a
CCA
Arg
UCU
he
Leu
Met
Ser
G|y
o|ypepnde
3'
mkNA
3'

61
A
L
k|bosome

Arg
UCU
he
Leu
Met
Ser
G|y
o|ypepnde
CGA
A|a
3'
mkNA
3'

62
Nuc|eonde kead|ng Irame

63

64
Centra| Dogma: A|ternanve 1h|nk|ng

63
C||cker uesnons
Whlch of Lhe followlng sLaLemenLs abouL rlbosomes ls correcL?

a. 8lbosomes are essenual for unA repllcauon
b. 8lbosomes LranslaLes a proLeln lnLo an 8nA.
c. uurlng Lranslauon, a rlbosome blnds Lo a messenger 8nA near lLs 3'-end
d. 8lbosomes are only found ln prokaryoLes

WhaL ls Lhe proLeln sequence correspondlng Lo Lhe "gene"

5'-ATGACACACATCTCATGGTAG-3

a. MeL 1hr Pls lle Ser 1rp
b. MeL 1hr Pls Leu Ser 1rp
c. MeL 1hr Leu lle Ser 1rp Ala
d. none of Lhe above

66
Gene Sequenc|ng - o|ymerase Cha|n keacnon (Ck)
ueveloped by kary Mullls ln mld-1980's
roducuon of large number of coples of a specled unA sequence
wlLhouL Lhe rellance on clonlng
unA polymerase uses slngle-sLranded unA as LemplaLe for synLhesls of a
complemenLary new sLrand
C8 exponenna||y amplles speclc reglons of unA
2
3S
= 34 b||||on cop|es
3S
th
cyc|e

67
o|ymerase Cha|n keacnon (Ck)

68
- 8eacuon buer: MalnLalns pP
- lorward prlmers: 8ecognlze one end of Lhe fragmenL Lo be amplled
- 8everse prlmers: 8ecognlze Lhe oLher end of Lhe fragmenL Lo be amplled
- 1aq polymerase: Speclal unA polymerase LhaL remalns acuve aL very hlgh
LemperaLures
- dn1s: 1he four deoxynucleoudes (dA1, dC1, dC1, d11)
- Magneslum chlorlde (MgCl
2
): necessary cofacLor for polymerase acuvlLy

69
dN1 : deoxynuc|eonde-
tr|phosphates
dA1, du1, dC1, dC1

!"# DNA po|ymerase

70
1. Samp|e DNA , nuc|eondes, DNA pr|mers & thermostab|e DNA
po|ymerase p|aced |n Ck mach|ne.
2. Strands of samp|e DNA separated by heanng to 9S
o
C
3. M|xture coo|ed to 37
o
C to a||ow pr|mers to b|nd.
4. M|xture heated to 72
o
C for rep||canon (opnmum temp of DNA
po|ymerase)
S. Cyc|e repeats many nmes (~8m|ns ]cyc|e)

71
1) 94C: Denature DNA
2) S6C: Annea| r|mers to 1emp|ate
3) 72C: Acnvates 1aq o|ymerase
- kepeat -

72
C||cker uesnons
Assume LhaL you are Lrylng Lo ampllfy a slngle molecule of double sLranded unA. Aer
3 rounds of C8 how many molecules would you have (assume you sLarLed wlLh a
slngle moleculr)?
a. 3
b. 10
c. 23
d. 32

Whlch of Lhe followlng cellular componenLs are noL used durlng C8?
a. unA polymerase
b. Cllgonucleoude prlmers
c. unA llgase
d. uouble sLranded LemplaLe unA

73
Sanger Sequenc|ng
Aer unA ampllcauon, Sanger sequenclng ls one Lechnlque Lo deLermlne
Lhe order of Lhe nucleoude bases

74
Gene Lxpress|on

73
Mo|ecu|ar C|on|ng

76
8|o|nformancs
8|o-nanotechno|ogy

77
Dr|v|ng Iorce
Age of Lhe lnformauon Lechnology
SLorlng lnfo ls noLhlng new
lcklng a needle ln a haysLack
8lolnformaucs deLermlnes whaL
lnfo ls blologlcally lmporLanL

78
numan Genome ro[ect

79
8|o|nformancs
1he Lwo maln areas of blolnformaucs are
auern recogn|non
'A parucular sequence or sLrucLure has been seen before' and
LhaL a parucular characLerlsuc can be assoclaLed wlLh lL
red|cnon
lrom a sequence (whaL we know) we can predlcL Lhe sLrucLure
and funcuon (whaL we don'L know)


80
8|o|nformancs
Cenome Sequences
Cenome Assembly
Cene redlcuon
roLeln SLrucLure redlcuon
roLeln luncuon redlcuon
roLeln lnLeracuon redlcuon
ConsLrucuon of 8lologlcal
aLhways
So|unons
rograms
kesu|ts
Lva|uanon
Med|c|ne
Lnergy
Agr|cu|ture

81
Genome Assemb|y
Shotgun sequenc|ng ls used Lo decode a genome by shreddlng lL lnLo smaller
fragmenLs of unA whlch can Lhen be lndlvldually sequenced.

82
Genome Assemb|y
Conng ls one of a seL of overlapplng clones LhaL represenL a conunuous reglon of unA

83
Conng Assemb|y
AmblgulLy
llmng Lhe Cap

84
Conng Assemb|y
Conslder 3 conugs

a-a-a-a-t-c-g
a-t-c-g-g-g-c
g-c-c-a-t-t
We can overlay Lhem as
a-a-a-a-t-c-g
a-t-c-g-g-g-c
g-c-c-a-t-t
GCAL: Shortest overa|| |ength and greatest over|ap
An overall sequence:
a-a-a-a-t-c-g-g-g-c-c-a-t-t

83
Mu|np|e Sequence A||gnment
Inde|: |nsernons or de|enons of nuc|eondes |nto or from ex|snng sequences
Inde|s Muluple sequence of 6 Plv sequences
Subsntunon mutanon Insernon ] De|enon mutanon
A Mu|np|e Sequence A||gnment (MSA) ls a sequence allgnmenL of Lhree or more
sequences. Cuery sequences are assumed Lo have an evoluuonary relauonshlp by
whlch Lhey share a llneage and are descended from a common ancesLor.

86
Sequence A||gnment
Cons|der|ng a||gn|ng two short sequences CAGG and CGA
1here are a tota| of 129 poss|b|e a||gnments
8 of Lhe 129 posslble allgnmenLs

87
Sequence A||gnment
Good a||gnments shou|d have more matches and fewer m|smatches and
|nde|s
Set m = S, d = -1 and i = -3
s
i
= 5-3+5-1 = 6

s
i
= 5-3-3+5-3 = 1


88
Genom|cs Databases
Nanona| Center for 8|otechno|ogy Informanon (NC8I)
hup:]]www.ncb|.n|m.n|h.gov
Genbank database of DNA and kNA sequences

89
NC8I Genbank

90
NC8I Genbank

91
NC8I Genbank

92
Lxamp|es of Cn||ne Genome kesources

93
red|cnon: Sequence, Structure, Iuncnon
ACCW?..
Ce||

94
red|cnon: rote|n Structure and Interacnon
1ransmembrane vo|tage sensor GGPG-LGLFRLVRLLRFLRILLII-GPGG

93
red|cnon: rote|n Structure
rote|n structure space rote|n |nteracnon network

96
8|o|nformancs
8|o-nanotechno|ogy

97
Nanotechno|ogy
10
7
m 10
6
m 10
S
m 10
4
m

10
3
m 10
2
m 10
1
m 10
0
m


98
Nanotechno|ogy
10
-2
m 10
-3
m 10
-4
m 10
-S
m

10
-6
m 10
-7
m 10
-8
m 10
-9
m


100
1he Sca|e of 1h|ngs
1 nanometer (nm) |s approx|mate|y the w|dth of
30 meLal aLoms
10 hydrogen aLoms
1 sugar molecule

1 nm = 1]1000 w|dth of typ|ca| bacter|um

1 nm = m||||onth the s|ze of a p|nhead

Can one wr|tes the ennre 24 vo|umes of
the Lncyc|oped|a 8r|tann|ca on a p|n head?

101
1 p|nhead |s 1.S3 mm
Magn|fy the p|n head 2S,000 nmes

Area of p|nhead equa|s area of a|| pages |n Lncyc|oped|a 8r|tann|ca

A|| you have to do |s reduce the s|ze of the wr|nng by 2S,000 nmes
So there's p|enty of room to wr|te
8r|tann|ca on a p|nhead

102
Nanotechno|ogy

"1here's p|enty of room
at the bouom!"
k|chard . Ieynman

103
M|cro-L|ectro-Mechan|ca| Systems (MLMS) ls Lhe lnLegrauon of mechanlcal elemenLs,
sensors, acLuaLors, and elecLronlcs on a common slllcon subsLraLe Lhrough
mlcrofabrlcauon Lechnology
What are MLMS?
Three MEMS blood pressure sensors on a head of a pin

104
Lqu|pment |n a Ck Laboratory
Clove box for preparlng Lhe C8 mlx
C8 Lhermal Cycler Cel elecLrophoresls of unA
lmaglng of uorescence
unA exLracuon from
samples

103
Ck on a D|sc

107
Mo|ecu|ar Lng|neer|ng
Lab-on-a-ch|p dev|ce
for DNA amp||hcanon
DNA nanomach|ne

BMEG 2000 Lecture 2

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8MLC 2000 | lall 2013

rof. uouglas ?ung, CuPk

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