STUCK PIPE

DEFINITIONS
STUCK PIPE
Planned operations are suspended when down hole forces prevent pulling the string out of the hole. Down hole forces restrict string movement above normal operating conditions (a usual warning indicator of a stuck pipe event).

TIGHT HOLE

TYPES AND CAUSES OF STUCK A. !. ". D. Key- eating. "aving. #nder gauge hole. Differential stuck.

A. Key- eating$ %his usually occurs in deviated holes when the drill pipe wears into the wall of the hole. ince the drill pipe is the smallest diameter in the drill string& the larger diameter tool 'oints and drill collars can get stuck when making a trip. Key- eating is recogni(ed by the following characteristics$ ). till having circulation. *. "an rotate pipe. +. ,ay be able to move drill pipe down. olution$ -nce the Key- eating has been formed& the smallest diameter portion of its configuration must be reamed out with some sort of reaming device. !. "aving in$ "auses$ ). .nsufficient mud weight. *. /etting shales causing sloughing. +. .nsufficient carrying capacity of the drilling fluid. 0. %ectonically stressed and brittle shales. "aving is recogni(ed by the following characteristics$ ). "an not circulate. *. "an not move the pipe(sometimes the pipe can be moved down words but not up. +. "an not rotate the pipe. olution$ ). .ncrease mud weight to balance formation pressure if possible. *. #se drilling fluid that will not wet or hydrate the shales and at the same time stabili(e shales such as Kcl-Polymer ,ud. +. .ncrease the carrying capacity of the drilling fluid by increasing 1P.

". #nder gauge hole$ "auses$ ). #nder gauge drilling assembly. *. Plastic following formations(such as salt or soft formations) caused by overburden pressures. +. 2locculated mud and aggregated mud causes thick filter cake. 0. /all cake build upon a porous formation in an already gauge hole. 3. All of these can be complicated by additions of drilled solids to the drilling assembly& commonly refereed as (!it !alling). olution$ ). "heck the gauge of the drilling assembly. *. .ncrease mud weight to control formation pressures. +. 4educe filtration to form a smaller wall cake. 0. 4educe bit balling by $ "hange to inhibitive mud. Add surfactants (detergent). lugs (having nut plug 5 caustic soda 5 spersene). 4edicoat. 6!$ /hen bit is balled& getting high tor7ue& no progress. D. Differential ticking$ Differential sticking is defined as the sticking of pipe at one side of hole against a permeable formation because the drilling fluid pressure e8ceeds the pore fluid pressure of the formation& which causes break of the formation& which by turn will cause a complete loss. And thus the tendency of sucking of drill string to any side of pore hole is possible. Differential sticking may occur in any area of drilling but mostly occurs where deep wells are drilled with high density mud. Differential sticking is characteri(ed by$ ). Drill with lowest mud weight practical. *. ,aintain low filtration rate. +. #se lubricate. 0. Do not allow the pipe to remain motionless for any period of time. 3. #se s7uare& he8agonal& or spherical drill collars. 9. "hange to .6:;4,#<. =. # ; a spotting fluid (;6:.4-- P-%). ENVIRO-SPOT spotting flui fo!"#tion fo! $%% &&ls /;.>?% =.+ )@ )* )0 )9 )A (PP>) -.< 93 3A 30 0B 3) 00 (!!<) ;6:.4-- P-% 9 9 9 9 9 9 33 gal Drum /A%;4 *A *9 ** *) )) )@ (!!<) !A4.%; C )0@ *3@ +3@ 093 3=@ )@@ lb. bag tart with re7uired volume of oil& add ;6:.4-- P-%& water and barite in that order

'ECHANIS'S STUCK PIPE 'ECHANIS'S DISCUSS IN DETAILS

H OLE PACKOFF/BRIDGE
SETTLED CUTTINGS SHALE INSTA(ILITY UNCONSOLIDATED FOR'ATIONS FRACTURED FOR'ATIONS CE'ENT RELATED )UNK

DIFFERE NTIAL STICKING

D.22;4;6%.A< 2-4";

WELL BORE GEOMETRY

%.22 A ;,!<1

K;1 ;A% ,."4- D-><;> <;D>; ,-!.<; 2-4,A%.-6 #6D;4>A#>; ?-<;

CAUSES* HOLE PACK-OFF + (RIDGE 'ECHANIS'

?-<; PA"K--22$ 2ormation solids (cuttings& cavings) settle around the drill string and pack of the annulus resulting in stuck pipe. ?-<; !4.D>;$ ,edium to large piceses of hard formation& cement or 'unk falls into the well bore and 'ams the drill string resulting in stuck pipe.

HOLE PACK-OFF CAUSES

SETTLED CUTTINGS SHALE INSTA(ILITY
REACTIVE SHALE GEO-PRESSURED SHALE HYDRO-PRESSURED SHALE OVER (URDEN STRESS TECTONIC STRESS

HOLE BRIDGE CAUSES

SHALE INSTA(ILITY

OVER (URDEN STRESS TECTONIC STRESS

UNCONSOLIDATED FOR'ATIONS FRACTURED FOR'ATIONS SOFT CE'ENT

UNCONSOLIDATED FOR'ATIONS FRACTURED FOR'ATIONS CE'ENT (LOCKS )UNK

CAUSES OF SETTLED CUTTING HOLE CLEANING IS AFFECTED (Y , (ASIC FACTORS FACTOR

RATE OF PENETRATION HOLE STA(ILITY ANNULAR VELOCITY 'UD RHEOLOGY CIRCULATING TI'E HOLE ANGLE

AFFECT
Determines the cuttings volume in returning mud "avings load added to the returning mud <ifts the cuttings uspend and carry the cuttings %ransport the cuttings to surface 4educes the ability to clean the hole

SETTLED CUTTINGS- NEAR VERTICAL .ELL(ORE /0 123 CAUSE*

D4.<<;D "#%%.6> A4; 6-% %4A6 P-4%;D -#% -2 %?; ?-<; D#; %- <-/ A66#<A4 :;<-".%1 A6DD -4 P--4 ,#D P4-P;4%.; . /?;6 ".4"#<A%.6> . %-PP;D& %?; "#%%.6> 2A<< PA"K D-/6 %?; ?-<; A6D PA"K -22 %?; D4.<< %4.6>. 2.>#4;.

/A46.6>$
?.>? 4-P& <-/ P#,P 4A%;& <.%%<; %- 6- ".4"#<A%.6> %.,; A% "-66;"%.-6 & %-4E#;& D4A> A6D P#,P P4; #4; .6"4;A ;. -:;4 P#<< -2 <.P & P#,P #4>; %- !4;AK ".4"#<A%.-6 2.<< -6 !-%%-,.

.6D."A%.-6 $
<.K;<1 %- -""#4 -6 "-66;"%.-6 & P- .!<; D#4.6> %4.P . ".4"#<A%.6> 4; %4."%;D -4 .,P- .!<;.

2.4 % A"%.-6$
APP<1 <-/ P#,P P4; #4; (*@@-0@@ psi) Apply tor7ue and 'ar down with ma8imum trip load. "irculate clean to avoid recurrence.

P4;:;6%.:; A"%.-6$
"-6%4-<& 4-P& ,AF.,.G; A66#<A4 :;<-".%1. ,A.6%A.6 #22.".;6% >;< %4;6>%? A6D 1P. ".4"#<A%; 3 %-)@ ,.6#%; !;2-4; "-66;"%.-6 . ".4"#<A%; ?-<; "<;A6 !;2-4; P--?.

2.>#4;

SETTLED CUTTINGS HIGH ANGLE .ELL(ORE /4123

CAUSE*
D4.<< "#%%.6> ;%%<; -6 %?; <-/ .D; -2 %?; ?-<; A6D 2-4, A "#%%.6> !;D. %?; "#%%.6> !;D !#.<D A6D <.D; D-/6 A6D %?; ?-<; PA"K.6> -22 -6 %?; D4.<< %4.6>. /?.<; P--?& %?; "#%%.6> !;D . D4A>>;D #P/A4D !1 %?; !?A A6D PA"K -22 %?; D4.<< %4.6>.

.ARNING*
?-<; A6><; >4A%;4 %?A6 +3 deg. D4.<<.6> /.%? A D-/6 ?-<; ,-%-4. ?.>? 4-P& <-/ P#,P 4A%;& .6"4;A ; .6 %-4E#; A6D D4A>& .6"4;A ; .6 P#,P P4; #4;. .6"4;A ; -:;4 P#<< -6 %4.P .

INDICATIONS*
<.K;<1 %- -""#4 /?.<; P--?& P- .!<; /?.<; D4.<<.6>. ".4"#<A%.6> P4; #4; 4; %4."%;D -4 .,P- .!<;.

FIRST ACTION*
APP<1 <-/ P4; #4; ( )@@ H 0@@ P . ). IA4 D-/6 /.%? ,AF.,#, %4.P <-AD. APP<1 %-4E#; /.%? "A#%.-6. "<;A6 ?-<; %- A:-.D 4;"#44;6";.

PREVENTIVE ACTION*
4;"-4D %4;6D .6D."A%-4 2-4 .6AD;E#A%; ?-<; "<;A6.6>. "-6%4-< 4-P& ,A.6%A.6 ,#D P4-P;4%.; & ".4"#<A%; A% ,AF.,#, 4A%;& ,AF.,.G; %4.6> 4-%A%.-6. ".4"#<A%; ?-<; "<;A6 !;2-4; P--?& ; %A!<. ? A6 -:;4 P#<< <.,.%. # ; <-/ :. D?.>? :. /;;P .

INDICATIONS OF SETTLED CUTTINGS

DRILLER TRENDS D4A> .ncreasing&erratic -ver pull off slips .ncreasing&erratic -ver pull off slips .ncreaseing set down weight. -ver pull off slips. -ver pull off slips. ;rratic over pull -ver pull off slips. .ncreasing&erratic %-4E#; .ncreasing&erratic P4; #4; -%?;4

DRILLING

.ncreasing

Pressure surges >radual decrease in 4-P

CONNECTI ON

urge to start circulation

!ack pressure before breaking connection. !ack flow.

TRIPPING OUT TRIPPING IN

wabbing

!egins with !?A below depths of +3 hole angle

(ACK REA'ING PU'PING OUT

.ncreasing&erratic

.ncreasing

.ncreasing

urge to start circulation. tring pistoning. <oss of fluid possible. urge to start circulation. tring pistoning. <oss of fluid possible

RIG TEAM INDICATIONS

SHAKER TRENDS LOGGER TRENDS 'UD TRENDS <ow cuttings return rate for penetration& ;rratic cuttings returns& 6o cuttings return& ?igh cuttings return on fine shaker screen and desilter D mud cleaner.

4ounded 4eground cuttings. .ncreasing P: J 1P. .ncrease in low gravity solids& Possible mud weight increase.

PREVENTIVE ACTION
,aintain the re7uired mud properties. "irculate the ma8imum recommended >P, for hole si(e. Place more emphasis on annular velocity when designing the hydraulics for )*.*3K and larger hole si(es. "onsider using a riser booster line when drilling A.3K and smaller hole si(es. Do not allow the penetration rate to e8ceed the ability to clean the hole. 4ecord tor7ue and drag trends for symptoms for inade7uate hole cleaning. "onsider a wiper trip after a long section with a down hole motor. /ipe the hole at full circulating rate as long as possible (3 H )@ min.) before connections& 4otate at ma8imum 4P, when possible. ,a8imi(e string motion when circulating the hole clean. #se ma8imum practical 4P,& rise the drill string slowly (3 minDstd) and slack-off at a safe but fast rate () minDstd). "onsider pumping high-vis sweeps in low angle wells (L+3). "onsider low-vis D high-vis sweeps in higher angle wells (M+3). D- 6-% %-P ".4"#<A%.6> #6%.< A<< /;;P 4;%#46. "irculate until the hole is clean& if the last sweep brings up e8cessive amounts of cuttings& continue with hole cleaning operations. everal circulations may be necessary.

'INI'U' GP' MINIMUM GPM VERSUS HOLE SIZE AND HOLE ANGLE
HOLE SI5E ANGLE INTERVAL % 6 12 7g 12 - 22 7g 22 8 7g =@@ >P, )*3@ >P, 3@@ >P, B3@ >P, ))@@ >P,
0@@ >P, 93@ >P, =3@ >P,
+@@ >P, 03@ >P, 3@@ >P,

*9K

)=.3 H)9K

)*.*3K

A.3K

'INI'U' ROP MAXIMUM ROP VERSUS HOLE SIZE AND HOLE ANGLE
HOLE SI5E ANGLE INTERVAL % 6 12 7g 12 - 22 7g 22 8 7g 9@ 0@ ))@ =3 9@
)33 A3 =3
*0@ )*3 )@@

*9K

)=.3 H)9K

)*.*3K

A.3K

Penetr t!"n r te #$!%e&!ne' re ( 'e% "n %e)$ te *$% +r"+ert!e', 'INI'U' STROKES MINIMUM CIRCULATING STROKES FACTOR -CSF. TO CLEAN HOLE
HOLE SI5E ANGLE INTERVAL % 6 12 7g 12 - 22 7g 22 8 7g * *.3 ).= *.3 +
).0 ).A ).*
).0 ).9 ).=

*9K

)=.3 H)9K

)*.*3K

A.3K

PROCEDURE*
$9 ?9 19 S7p#!#t7 t:7 ;7ll&o!7 into s7<tions &= :ol7 #ngl7 f!o" int7!>#l #&o>79 'ultipl= 7#<: :ol7 s7<tion l7ngt: /S7<t9 Lt:3 &= CSF #n tot#sl t:7 # @ust7 "7#su!7 /'D39 C#l<ul#t7 t:7 "ini"u" <i!<ul#ting st!oA7s to <l7#n t:7 :ol79 7pt:

Tot#l A @ust7 'D B (otto"s-Up StAs 'ini"u" Ci!<9 StAs C ---------------------------------------------------'7#su!7 D7pt: EBA'PLE CALCULATION* "A<"#<A%; %?; ,.6.,#, ".4"#<A%.6> %4-K; 2-4 )* NK ?-<; ?A:.6> %?; 2-<<-/.6> P4-2.<;. ). 24-, @ 2% %- 03@@ 2% ( 03@@ 2% ) ?A:; @ H +3 deg. *. 24-, 03@@ 2% %- 93@@ 2% ( *@@@ 2% ) ?A:; +3 H 33 deg. +. 24-, 93@@ 2% %- )+@@@ 2% ( 93@@ 2% ) ?A:; 335 deg. MULTIPLY EACH HOLE SECTION LENGTH BY CSF AND TOTAL THE AD/UST MEASURED DEPTH, AD/USTED MD 0 / SECT9 LTH B CSF 3 8 / SECT LTH B CSF 3 8 / SECT LTH B CSF 3 C / D2%% B $9D 3 8 / ?%%% B $9E 3 8 / ,2%% B ? 3
C ,1%% 8 1,%% 8 $1%%% C ??F%% TOTAL AD)USTED 'D9

CALCULATE THE MINIMUM CIRCULATING STROKES RE1UIRED TO CLEAN THE HOLE, T"t & A%2$'te% MD X B"tt"*'-U+ St3' M!n!*$* C!r4, St3' 0 ---------------------------------------------------Me '$re% De+t5
**B@@ F )3@@@ O -------------------)+@@@ O *90*+ %4-K; .

HIGH ANGLE HOLE CLEANING GUID LINES / 4 12 7g 3

DRILLING
,aintain sufficient mud weight to stabili(e the wellbore as hole angle andDor formation pressure increases. #se proper low-end rheology for hole si(e and angle to ma8imi(e hole cleaning. "irculate at ma8imum rate for hole si(e and hole angle. <imit the 4-P for the ma8imum recommended for hole si(e and angle. !ack ream each stand (or P stand) drilled with a down hole motor 4otate at a high 4P, ()9@5). 4aise the drill string slowly (i.e.. 3minDstand). <ower the drill string at a safe but fast rate (i.e.. )minDstand). "ontinue back reaming if hole conditions dictate. "onsider a wiper trip after drilling a long section with a down hole motor to mechanically agitate and remove cuttings bed. Pump a sweep pill if hole conditions do not improve. "onsider low-vis D high-density tandem sweeps. -ptimi(e sweep type& volume and fre7uency pumped. "onsider reducing 4-P or stop drilling and circulate until hole conditions improve.

CONNECTIONS
tart and stop drill string slowly. ;nsure ade7uate back reaming at a full circulation rate prior to connections. Prepare crew and e7uipments to minimi(e connection time. 4ecord free rotating weight& pick-up weight& slack-off weight& off bottom tor7ue& and circulating pressure for trend indications of inade7uate hole cleaning. Pull the slips and slowly rotate the drill string first& then increase pump speed slowly. "arefully lower the drill string to bottom.

%4.PP.6>
"irculate ) to + 'oints off bottom while cleaning the hole to avoid dropping bottom hole angle. "onsider sweeps (pills) to aid hole cleaning. 4otate at high 4P, ()9@5) while cleaning the hole. 4aise the drill string slowly (i.e.. 3minDstand). <ower the drill string at a safe but fast rate (i.e.. )minDstand). ;nsure recommended minimum circulation strokes for hole si(e and angle be pumped. * to 0 times normal bottoms-up may be re7uired. "irculate until the shakers are clean. "onsider pumping a sweep (pill) to determine if additional circulation time is re7uired. .nform the Driller of the measured depth and stand count when the top of the !?A reaches the deepest anticipated cuttings bed. ,a8imum cuttings bed thickness is likely between 03 and 93 hole angle. Determine an over pull limit prior to pulling out of the hole (the lesser of P !?A weight or +@&@@@lbs). .f overpull limit occurs& run in ) stand and repeat hole cleaning guidelines from present bit depth. /hen the shakers are clean& continue pulling out of the hole. .f the overpull limit is again reached& repeat procedure.

"A#%.-# <1 !A"K 4;A, -4 P#,P--#% %A6D /?;6 A "#%%.6> !;D . P4; ;6%QQ (7 p#ti7nt- several hole cleaning cycles may be re7uired to safety pull the drill string out of the hole. 4ecord depths and stand count of high pick-up weights during the trip. "ompare these to the drilling pick-up weights for the same depths to determine value of over pull.

SHALE INSTA(ILITY
%he shale formation becomes unstable& breaks apart and falls into the wellbore "?;,."A<<1 %4; ;D 'ECHANICALLY STRESSED GEO-PRESSURED SHALE 4;A"%.:; ?A<; OVER(URDEN STRESS TECTONIC STRESS HUDROPRESSURED SHALE

"?;,."A<<1 %4; 4;A"%.:; ?A<;

;D ?A<;

CAUSE* /ater sensitive shale drilled with little or no mud inhibition. hale absorbs water and swells into the wellbore. 4eaction is time dependably. .ARNING* 2unnel viscosity& P:& 1P& ";" increase. %or7ue J drag increase. Pump pressure increase. "lay balls andDor soft (mushy) cuttings at shaker. -ver pull J swabbing. !?A balling (mud rings) INDICATIONS* >enerally occurs while P--?& possible while drilling. "irculation impossible or highly restricted. FIRST ACTION* Apply low pump pressure (*@@ H 0@@ psi). .f P--?& tor7ue up and 'ar down with ma8imum trip load. .f P--?& 'ar up with ma8imum trip load& D- 6-% APP<1 %-4E#;. PREVENTIVE ACTION* #se an inhibited mud. ,aintain mud properties. Plan wiper trips. ,inimi(e hole e8posure time.

INDICATIONS OF REACTIVE CUTTINGS

DRILLER TRENDS DRAG .ncreasing mooth -ver pull off slips .ncreasing& mooth. -ver pull off slips .ncreaseing set down weight. -ver pull off slips. -ver pull off slips. .ncreasing& mooth. -ver pull off slips. .ncreasing& mooth .ncreasing TORGUE .ncreasing& mooth PRESSURE .ncreasing OTHER

DRILLING

CONNECTION

urge to start circulation

Pressure surges >radual decrease in 4-P ,ud loss possible !ack pressure before breaking connection. !ack flow.

TRIPPING OUT TRIPPING IN

wabbing

(ACK REA'ING PU'PING OUT

.ncreasing

!egins at depth of problem formation. ,ud loss possible urge to start circulation. tring pistoning. <oss of fluid possible. urge to start circulation. tring pistoning. <oss of fluid possible

RIG TEAM INDICATIONS

SHAKER TRENDS LOGGER TRENDS 'UD TRENDS oft clay balls. /et R mushy R clay ( >umbo ). 2low line plugging.

<arge 7uantity of hydrated shale cuttings. ?igh value on shale swelling test. ?igh funnel vis. J yp& increasing pv& low gravity solids J ";". Possible mud weight increase. <ow inhibitor content.

PREVENTIVE ACTION
Addition of various salts (potassium& sodium& calcium& etc.) to reduce the chemical attraction of water of the shale. Addition of various encapsulating (coating) polymers to reduce water contact with the shale. #se oil and synthetic base mud to e8clude water contact with shale. ,inimi(e open hole time. Plan regular wiper D reaming trips based on time& footage drilled or or the warning signs of reactive shale. ;nsure ade7uate hydraulics for bit and hole cleaning. ,aintain re7uired mud properties and minimi(e low gravity solids.

GEO 6 PRESSURED SHALE

CAUSE*
Drilling pressured shale with insufficient mud weight. %he stressed shale fractures and caves into the wellbore. igns begin to occur as shale is drilled. ,ud logger trends indicate increasing pore pressure. %or7ue increase and drag on connections. ?ole fill on connections& bridges on trips& splintery shale caving. Possible background gas increase. <.K;<1 %- -""#4 -6 %4.PP.6>& P- .!<; /?.<; D4.<<.6>. "-,P<;%; PA"K--22 <.K;<1& ?-<; !4.D>.6> P- .!<;. ".4"#<A%.-6 4; %4."%;D -4 .,P- .!<;. Apply low pump pressure. Apply tor7ue& 'ar down with ma8imum trip load. Ad'ust mud weight before drilling known pressured shale. lowly increase mud weight to stabili(e shale. ,inimi(e swab D surge pressures. ,inimi(e open hole e8posure time.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS*

FIRST ACTION* PREVENTIVE ACTION*

HYDRO-PRESSURED SHALE
CAUSE*
-ver time& shale pore pressure becomes charged by hydrostatic over balance. Drill string motion and wellbore pressure surges stress-cracks the unstable shale. %he shale falls into the wellbore and 'ams the string. >enerally follows a mud weight reduction. %or7ue and drag increase. hale caving at shakers. Possible while drilling or tripping. ?ole bridging or complete pack off possible. "irculation restricted or impossible. Apply low pump pressure (*@@-0@@ psi) Apply tor7ue& 'ar down with ma8imum trip load. "irculate at ma8imum rate once circulation is established. #se -!,& !,& or ><1"-< base mud if problem is suspected. .f a mud weight reduction is necessary& reduce gradually over several circulations. ,inimi(e wellbore pressure surges.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS*

FIRST ACTION*

PREVENTIVE ACTION*

OVER(URDEN STRESS CAUSE*

,ud weight is insufficient to support the overburden. ,ud weight in not ad'usted as hole angle increases. tressed shale fractures and falls into the wellbore. ?ole cleaning problems. %or7ue and drag increase. hale caving at shakers. "an occur while drilling or tripping. ?ole bridging or complete pack off possible. 4estricted "irculation or no circulation possible. Apply low pump pressure (*@@-0@@ psi) Apply tor7ue& 'ar down with ma8imum trip load. #se mud weight needed to stabili(e to overburden. .ncrease mud weight as hole angle increases.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS*

FIRST ACTION* PREVENTIVE ACTION*

TECTONIC STRESS CAUSE*

6aturally occurring lateral forces in the formations. tressed shale fractures& falls into the wellbore and 'ams the drill string. andstone s7uee(es in causing undergauge hole. ,ountainous location. Prognosed tectonics. ;rratic tor7ue and drag. !locky shale caving. "reates elliptical wellbore. Possible while drilling or tripping. "irculation restricted or impossible. Apply low pump pressure (*@@-0@@ psi) Apply tor7ue& 'ar down with ma8imum trip load. .ncrease mud weight if possible "irculate high density sweeps ,inimi(e wellbore pressure surges ,inimi(e open hole e8posure time.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS* FIRST ACTION* PREVENTIVE ACTION*

INDICATIONS OF MECHANICALLY STRESSED SHALE

DRILLER TRENDS DRAG .ncreasing erratic -ver pull off slips .ncreasing&erratic. -ver pull off slips .ncreaseing set down weight. -ver pull off slips. .ncreasing&erratic. -ver pull off slips. .ncreasing&erratic .ncreasing TORGUE .ncreasing&erratic PRESSURE OTHER

DRILLING

.ncreasing

.ncrease 4-P followed by gradual decrease pressure surges.

CONNECTION

urge to start circulation

?ole fill

TRIPPING OUT TRIPPING IN

wabbing

(ACK REA'ING PU'PING OUT

.ncreasing

!egins at depth of problem formation. ?ole fill on bottom. urge to start circulation. tring pistoning. <oss of fluid possible. urge to start circulation. tring pistoning. <oss of fluid possible

RIG TEAM INDICATIONS

SHAKER TRENDS LOGGER TRENDS 'UD TRENDS <arge& splintery or blocky shale caving. <arge volume of caving. <arge 7uantity of splintery or blocky shale caving with striations. Possible indications of increase in formation pressure. Prognosed mechanically stressed shale. Possible slight increase in mud weight and plastic viscosity.

PREVENTIVE ACTION

"onsider offset well data andDor computer models which simulate failure limits when planning the mud weight for each hole section. ,ud weight increase with hole angle and %:D specific to the area to maintain hole stability. ;8ploration wells& consult the ,ud <ogger for changes in formation pressure. .ncrease the mud weight cautiously until symptoms are no longer observed. .f possible& increase the mud weight slowly ( @.) H @.* ppg per day ) until the desired density for a given depth is reached. %his will maintain an overbalance against the hydrostatically sensitive shale. A>oi "u ;7ig:t !7 u<tion after )5 day e8posure to hydrostatically sensitive shale. .f mud weight reduction is necessary reduce the mud weight gradually over a time frame e7ual to the time of e8posure.

#se the haker ?andover 6otes to determine trends of cutting volume& si(e and shape. ,aintain mud properties to ensure hole cleaning. #se sweeps to help clean the hole. top drilling until the hole is circulated clean. ,inimi(e open hole e8posure time. Plan contingency to case-off the problem.

UNCONSOLIDATED FOR'ATION CAUSE*

<ittle or no filter cake. #nbonded formation (sand& pea gravel& etc) can not be supported by hydrostatic overbalance. andDpea gravel falls into the hole and pack off the drill string. <ikely to occur as the formation is drilled. eepage loss likely. .ncrease tor7ue and drag& pump pressure fluctuations. ?ole fill on connections& and trips. haker J desander over load. >enerally occurs in surface hole. "an occur while drilling or tripping. udden pack off without warning. "irculation impossible. Apply low pump pressure (*@@-0@@ psi) Iar down with ma8imum trip load. Apply tor7ue with caution. "ontrol fluid loss to provide an ade7uate filter cake. "ontrol drill suspected (one. #se high vis sweeps. pot a gel pill before P--?. ,inimi(e trip speed.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS*

FIRST ACTION*

PREVENTIVE ACTION*

INDICATIONS OF UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATION

DRILLER TRENDS DRAG .ncreasing erratic -ver pull off slips .ncreasing&erratic. -ver pull off slips .ncreaseing set down weight. -ver pull off slips. .ncreasing&erratic. -ver pull off slips. .ncreasing&erratic .ncreasing TORGUE .ncreasing&erratic PRESSURE .ncreasing OTHER

DRILLING

Pressure surges.

CONNECTION

urge to start circulation

?ole fill

TRIPPING OUT TRIPPING IN

wabbing

(ACK REA'ING PU'PING OUT

.ncreasing

!egins at depth of problem formation. ?ole fill on bottom. urge to start circulation. tring pistoning. <oss of fluid possible. urge to start circulation. tring pistoning. <oss of fluid possible

RIG TEAM INDICATIONS

SHAKER TRENDS LOGGER TRENDS 'UD TRENDS <arge volume of sand over shakers. and trap and desander over load.

<arge 7uantity of sand in samples. Prognosed unconsolidated formation.

.ncrease in mud weight and plastic viscosity. ?igh S sand content.

PREVENTIVE ACTION
Provide an effective filter cake for the hydrostatic overbalance to R push against R and stabili(e the formation. .f possible& avoid e8cessive circulating time with the !?A opposite unconsolidated formations to reduce hydraulic erosion. low down tripping speed when the !?A is opposite unconsolidated formations to avoid mechanical damage. tart and stop drill string slowly to avoid pressure surges to unconsolidated formations. "ontrol drill the suspected (one to allow time for filter cake build up& minimi(e annulus loading and to minimi(e annulus friction pressure. #se sweeps to help keep the hole clean. !e prepared for shaker& desilter& and desander over loads. ,inimi(e seepage loss with fine lost circulation material through these intervals.

FRACTURED FOR'ATION
"A# ;$ 6aturally fractured formations. Pieces of formations fall into the wellbore and 'am the drill string. .ARNING* Prognosed fractured limestone& shale andDor faults. <ikely to occur as formation is drilled. ,ud logger formation evaluation. !locky caving at shaker. ?ole fill on connections and trips. INDICATIONS* <ikely during trips& possible while drilling. udden and erratic tor7ue and drag likely 'ust before sticking. "irculation may restricted. FIRST ACTION* Do not apply tor7ue. Iar down with ma8imum trip load. "irculate high density high viscosity sweeps. pot acid if stuck in limestone. PREVENTIVE ACTION* "irculate hole clean before drilling ahead. ,inimi(e seepage loss. low trip speed before !?A enters suspected (one.

INDICATIONS OF FRACTURED FORMATION

DRILLER TRENDS DRAG udden& increasing erratic -ver pull off slips .ncreasing&erratic. -ver pull off slips .ncreaseing set down weight. -ver pull off slips. .ncreasing& erratic -ver pull off slips& .ncreasing&erratic. .ncreasing&erratic 6o change 6o change TORGUE udden& erratic PRESSURE 6o change 6o change OTHER

DRILLING

CONNECTION

?ole fill

TRIPPING OUT TRIPPING IN

!egins at depth problem formation. ?ole fill on bottom.

of

(ACK REA'ING PU'PING OUT

Drag increase when pumping. Drag increase when pumping..

RIG TEAM INDICATIONS

SHAKER TRENDS LOGGER TRENDS 'UD TRENDS !locky or angular rock fragments.

ame as shaker trends. Possible offset well data clues. Prognosed fractured.

6o change.

PREVENTIVE ACTION NOTE*

/ith fractured formations& maintaining a good 7uality filter cake can help to support the formation in some cases. >enerally fractured formations re7uire time to stabili(e. Prior to this& the problem must be controlled with ade7uate mud properties& sweeps and sufficient circulation time to keep the hole clean& -ther recommendations$ "irculate the hole clean before drilling ahead. 4estrict tripping speed when !?A is opposite fractured formations and fault (ones. tart and stop drill string slowly to avoid pressure surges to the wellbore. Anticipate reaming during trips. 4eam fractured (one cautiously. !e prepared for the potential of lost circulation when drilling fractured formations. Problem likely to stabili(e with time.

CE'ENT (LOCKS
CAUSE* "ement becomes unstable around casing show& open hole s7uee(e plug or kick off plug. ?ard cement chunks fall into the wellbore and 'ams the drill string. .ARNING* ;8cessive casing rat hole. "ement s7uee(e 'ob. "ement kick off plug. "ement caving at shaker andDor in mud logger samples. INDICATIONS* Problem can occur any time. udden& erratic tor7ue and drag 'ust before sticking. "irculation possible. FIRST ACTION* Attempt to break chunks with 'arring and tor7ue. Iar in the opposite direction of string movement prior to sticking. Apply 'arring force J tor7ue gradually. "irculate high density& high viscosity sweeps. PREVENTIVE ACTION* ,inimi(e casing rathole. Allow sufficient curing time. 4eam casing show and open hole plugs thoroughly before drilling ahead. low trip speed before !?A enters casing show or plug depth.

PREVENTIVE ACTION
<imit casing rathole to minimi(e a source of cement blocks. everal s7uee(e 'obs at the casing shoe increases the potential for cement blocks. Allow sufficient cement curing time before drilling out. 4eam casing rathole and open hole cement plugs slowly and thoroughly before drilling ahead. ,aintain sufficient distance between the paths of platform wells to reduce the possibility of cement blocks. 4educe tripping speed when !?A is entering the casing shoe or opposite open hole cement plugs. tart and stop the drill string slowly to avoid pressure surges to the wellbore.

SOFT CE'ENT
CAUSE* "irculation is attempted with the bottom of the drill string in soft cement9 Pump pressure causes the cement to flash set. ?igh penetration rate when cleaning out soft cement. .ARNING* %ripping in hole after setting an open hole cement plug or after a cement 'ob. et down weight occurs above the theoretical top of cement. INDICATIONS* -ccurs as pump pressure is applied. "irculation highly restricted or impossible. FIRST ACTION* !leed trapped pump pressure. Iar up with ma8imum trip load. PREVENTIVE ACTION* Known cement set time. .f set down weight is observed while 4.?& pull * stands before circulating. tart circulation * stands above top of cement. "ontrol drill when cleaning out cement.

PREVENTIVE ACTION
Know the calculated top of cement ( %-" ) before tripping in hole. Do not rely on the weight indicator to find the top of cement. !egin washing down * stands above the theoretical top of cement. .f set down weight is observed when tripping in hole after cement operation& set back * stands before attempting circulation. Pre-treat the mud system with chemicals prior to drill out cement. :erify cement compressive strength with the cement company before drilling out. "ontrol drill when cleaning out soft cement.

)UNK
CAUSE* Poor house keeping on the floor. ?ole cover not installed. Down hole e7uipment failure. Iunk falls into wellbore and 'ams the drill string. .ARNING* Iunk sticking can occur at any time during any operation. ,etal shavings at shaker. INDICATIONS* >enerally occurs when !?A is in hard formation or inside casing. udden and erratic tor7ue and drag likely 'ust before stricking. ,issing floor tool or e7uipment. "irculation unrestricted& depending on type of 'unk. FIRST ACTION* .f moving up when sticking occurred& 'ar down with ma8imum trip load. Apply tor7ue if progress is made. .f moving down& 'ar up with ma8imum trip load. Do not apply tor7ue. PREVENTIVE ACTION* >ood house keeping on floor. .nspect handling e7uipment. Keep hole covered. .nspect down hole e7uipment.

PREVENTIVE ACTION
.nspect slip and tong dies regularly. #se good house keeping practices on the rig floor. .nstall drill string wiper rubber as 7uickly as possible. Keep hole covered when out of hole. ,aintain rig floor e7uipment in good operating condition.

DIFFERENTIAL STICKING
A sticking force developed when differential pressure ( overbalance ) forces a stationary drill string into the thick filter cake of a permeable (one. PER'EA(LE FOR'ATION andstone D fractured limestone. OVER(ALANCE /ell bore pressure greater than formation pressure. 2.>#4; %hick filter cake increases sticking potential. STATIC FILTER CAKE 2.>#4; tatic filter cake increases cake thickness. %he static filter cake seals ? P from the backside of pipe. Differential force begins to develop. FILTER CAKE A cake of mud solids develops on the hole wall due to fluid loss. ?igh fluid loss increase filter cake thickness.

STRING CONTACTS FILTER CAKE Angle well bore D un stabili(ed !?A increases potential. STRING 'OTION STOPPED 6o string motion or circulation develops static cake.

2.>#4; LO. PRESSURE AREA An area of low pressure develops between the pipe J filter cake. -ver balance pressure across the contact area determines the differential force. TI'E DEPENDENT /ith time& the area of pipe sealed in the filter cake increases. .mmediate action is re7uired to free the drill string.

DIFFERENTIAL STICKING CAUSES*

Drill string contacts a permeable (one. /hen string movement stops& a static filter cake develops. ?igh over balance applies a differential sticking force to the drill string contact area. Prognosed low pressure sands. <ong D un stabili(ed !?A sections. .ncreasing over pull& slack off weight or tor7ue to start string movement. -ccurs after a period of no string movement. tring can not be rotated or moved. "irculation unrestricted. Apply tor7ue and 'ar down with ma8imum trip load. pot a pipe-releasing pill if the string does not 'ar free. ,aintain minimum re7uired mud weight. Keep string moving when !?A is opposite suspected (ones. ,inimi(e seepage loss in low-pressure (ones. ,inimi(e unstabili(ed !?A sections& use spiral DD" J ?/DP. "ontrol drill suspected (ones.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS*

FIRST ACTION* PREVENTIVE ACTION*

INDICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL STICKING

DRILLER TRENDS DRAG Possible increase .ncreasing over pull off slips. .ncreasing over pull off slips. .ncreasing over pull off slips. .ncreasing over pull off slips. .ncreasing over pull off slips.. 6o change 6o change 6o change TORGUE 6o change PRESSURE 6o change 6o change OTHER

DRILLING

CONNECTION

TRIPPING OUT TRIPPING IN

(ACK REA'ING PU'PING OUT

RIG TEAM INDICATIONS

SHAKER TRENDS LOGGER TRENDS 'UD TRENDS 6o change

?igh overbalanced. Permeable formation depth. Permeability data to estimate stricking potential. .ncreasing mud weight. .ncreasing plastic viscosity and low gravity solids. ?igh AP. water loss.

PREVENTIVE ACTION
Design the casing program to minimi(e overbalance to shallower hole formations. <imit mud weight to minimum re7uired for hole stability and well control. ,aintain fluid loss within specifications. ,inimi(e !?A length when possible. <imit the length of un stabili(ed !?A. #se spiral drill collars. KEEP THE STRING MOVING. "onsider rotating the string during drilling and tripping connections while !?A is potential sticking (ones. Preplan to minimi(e the down time for operations that re7uire the sticking remains static (surveys& minor repairs. ;tc.). .n (ones with high sticking potential& minimi(e seepage loss with plugging agents. Keep a pipe-releasing pill ready at the well site when differential sticking potential is high.

.ELL (ORE GEO'ETRY

?ole diameter andDor angle relative to !?A geometry andDor stifness will not allow passage of the drill string. BHA CHANGE STIFF ASSE'(LY DIRECTION / ANGLE CHANGE / HOLE ID DECREASE K;1 ;A% ,-!.<; 2-4,A%.-6 . ,."4- D-><;> <;D>; #6D;4>A#>; ?-<;

STIFF ASSE'(LY* CAUSE*

%he stiff !?A can not negotiate hole angle D direction changes and becomes 'ammed. Doglegs present. Pulled stabili(ers out of gauge. A new !?A design is picked up. udden set down weight. ,ost likely to occur when 4.?. !?A at direction D angle change depth. #nrestricted circulation. .f moving down when sticking occurred & 'ar up with ma8imum trip load& do not apply tor7ue. .f moving up& tor7ue up and 'ar down with ma8imum trip load. ,inimi(e !?A changes& consider a reaming trip. <imit dogleg severity. low trip speeds before !?A enters suspected (one& plan to ream. <imit set down weight.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS*

FIRST ACTION*

PREVENTIVE ACTION*

KEY SEAT CAUSE*

Abrupt change in angle or direction in medium soft medium hard formations. ?igh string tension and pipe rotation wears a slot into the formation. /hile P--?& the drill collars 'am into the slot. ?igh angle dogleg in upper hole section. <ong drilling hours with no wiper trips through the dogleg section. "yclic over pull at tool 'oint intervals on trips. -ccurs only while P--?. udden over pull as !?A reaches dogleg depth. #n restricted circulation. 2ree string movement below key seat depth possible if not stuck. Apply tor7ue and 'ar down with ma8imum trip load. Attempt to rotate with low over pulls to work through dogleg. ,inimi(e dogleg severity to + degD)@@T or less. <imit over pulls through suspected intervals. Plan reamer andDor wiper trips if a dogleg is present. 4un string reamer or key seat wiper if suspected.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS*

FIRST ACTION* PREVENTIVE ACTION*

'ICRO DOGLEGS CAUSE*

?ardDsoft interbedded formations. 2re7uent corrections in hole angle or direction. !?A becomes 'ammed in the successive micro doglegs. Prognosed hardDsoft interbedded formations. 2re7uent angle direction changes. DrillingDsliding with down hole motor. ;rratic tor7ue and drag on connections. <ikely when picking up for a connection. Possible on trips. "irculation un restricted. .f moving up when sticking occurred& apply tor7ue and 'ar up with ma8imum trip load. .f moving down& 'ar up with ma8imum trip load& do not apply tor7ue. ,inimi(e !?A changes. ,inimi(e direction D angle changes. !ack ream fre7uently when drilling hard D soft formations. low trip speed before !?A enters suspected (one.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS* FIRST ACTION*

PREVENTIVE ACTION*

LEDGES CAUSE*
.nterbedded formations. oft rocks H wash out& hard rocks H in gauge. 2ractured D faulted formations. tabili(er blades and tool upsets become stuck under ledges. Prognosed hard D soft interbedded formations. Prognosed fractured D faulted formations. udden erratic over pull. >enerally occurs when tripping. Possible when picking up for a connection. >enerally associated with micro doglegs. "irculation un restricted. .f moving up when sticking occurred& apply tor7ue and 'ar up with ma8imum trip load. .f moving down& 'ar up with ma8imum trip load& do not apply tor7ue. ,inimi(e direction D angle changes. ,inimi(e !?A changes. Plan reaming trips& ream with caution. low trip speed before !?A enters suspected (one.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS*

FIRST ACTION*

PREVENTIVE ACTION*

'O(ILE FOR'ATIONS CAUSE*

-ver burden weight s7uee(es plastic salt or shale into the well bore. %he !?A becomes 'ammed in the under gauge hole. Prognosed salt or plastic shale. udden increases in over pull or set down weight. udden tor7ue increases with fast moving plastic formations. >enerally occurs while P--?. Possible when 4.? after a long period out of the hole. Possible while drilling if formation moves fast. ticking occurs when !?A at plastic (one depth. "irculation un restricted or slight restriction possible. .f moving up apply tor7ue and 'ar down with ma8imum trip load. .f moving down& 'ar up with ma8imum trip load& do not apply tor7ue. pot fresh water if in salt. (consider well control). elect the correct mud system. ,aintain sufficient mud weight. Plan fre7uent reamingDwiper trips. "onsider eccentric PD" bits. low trip speed before !?A enters suspected (one. ,inimi(e open hole e8posure time.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS*

FIRST ACTION*

PREVENTIVE ACTION*

UNDERGAUGE HOLE CAUSE*

Drilling hard abrasive rock wears bit gauge protection. "ored hole section undergauge. 6ew bit is 'ammed into the undergauge hole section Prognosed abrasive sands. Pulled bit and stabili(ers are undergauge. /hen PD" bit follows roller cone bit run. 4unning in hole after coring. -ccurs only when 4.?. udden set down weight. !it stuck near bottom or at top of core hole section. "irculation un restricted or slightly restricted. Iar up with ma8imum trip load. Do not apply tor7ue. >auge pulled bit and stabili(ers. 6ever force the bit through tight spots. 4eam the last + 'oints to bottom. !egin reaming + 'oints above core hole section. low trip speed before !?A enters suspected (one.

.ARNING*

INDICATIONS*

FIRST ACTION* PREVENTIVE ACTION*

T5e !n%!4 t!"n' "6 7e&&("re #e"*etr8 +r"(&e*' re "('er9e% "n&8 75en BHA !' *"9!n# !n t5e 5"&e 'e4t!"n 7!t5 t5e #e"*etr8 +r"(&e*,

INDICATIONS OF WELLBORE GEOMETRY PROBLEMS

DRILLER TRENDS DRAG .ncreasing& erratic .ncreasing& erratic .ncreasing& erratic over pull with !?A at problem (one. .ncreasing& erratic. et down weight. erratic .ncreasing& erratic over pull erratic over pull 6o change 6o change TORGUE .ncreasing& erratic PRESSURE 6o change urge to start circulation OTHER

DRILLING

,omentary over pull J set down

CONNECTION TRIPPING OUT

,omentary over pull J set down

,omentary over pull J set down

TRIPPING IN

!egins at depth of problem formation.

(ACK REA'ING PU'PING OUT

,omentary over pull ,omentary over pull

RIG TEAM INDICATIONS

SHAKER TRENDS LOGGER TRENDS 'UD TRENDS 6o change 6o change. 6o change.

PREVENTIVE ACTION
-ptimi(e !?A design (run only what is re7uired ) and when possible& minimi(e !?A stiffness. Plan a reaming trip if new !?A is locked up andDor a hole geometry problem is suspected. low down trip speed before !?A enters kick off or doglegs depth& depth of micro dogleg andDor ledges& mobile formation. ,inimi(e dogleg severity to + degD)@@T or less. ,inimi(e rotating hours below a sharp dogleg without a wiper or reaming trip. "onsider using key seat wipers or drill string reamers if a key seat is suspected. <imit the length of rathole to avoid key seating the bottom of the casing. Do not start angle building operations too close to the shoe. ,inimi(e sharp& fre7uent well bore course changes. Avoid prolonged circulation in suspected micro dogleg section to prevent hole wash out and forming ledges. /ith mobile salts consider using a slightly under saturated mud system to allow a controlled wash out. .f necessary increase the mud weight to help slow down salt intrusion. "onsider drilling mobile salts with eccentric PD" bits. Plan regular wiper trips to keep the hole section open. #se hard faced stabili(ers and select bits with e8tra gauge protection if abrasive formations are drilled. >auge the old bit and stabili(ers as well as the bit and stabili(ers picked up.

!egin reaming ) 'oint above a cored hole section. As standard. Practice& ream the last stand or + 'oints back to bottom on all trip.

STUCK PIPE FREEING .ORKSHEET SU''ARI5ATION*

SUMMARIZATION FOR GENERAL INSTRUCTION TO BE FOLLOWED IN CASE OF STUCK PIPE INITIAL ACTION $9 If sti<Aing o<<u!!7 ;:il7 "o>ing up #ppl= to!Hu7 #n @#! o;n ;it: "#Ii"u" t!ip lo# 9 If sti<Aing o<<u!!7 ;:il7 "o>ing o;n- o not #ppl= to!Hu7 #n @#! up ;it: "#Ii"u" t!ip lo# 9 ?9 Stop o! !7 u<7 <i!<ul#tion ;:7n <o<Aing t:7 #n ;:7n @#!!ing o;n9 NOTE* In<!7#s7 pu"p p!7ssu!7 ;ill INCREASE t:7 := !#uli< @#! up 6 &7lo; J DECREASE t:7 o;n 6 &7lo;9 19 Continu7 @#!!ing until t:7 st!ing is f!77 o! #n #lt7!n#ti>7 7<ision is "# 79 )#!!ing fo! $%8 :ou!s "#= &7 n7<7ss#!=9 SECONDARY ACTION Spot #<i if stu<A in li"7 ston7 o! <:#lA9 Spot f!7s: ;#t7! ;it: "o&il7 s#lt9

WHEN THE STRING COMES FREE: In<!7#s7 <i!<ul#tion to "#Ii"u" !#t7- !ot#t7 #n ;o!A t:7 st!ing 9 R7#" + &#<A !7#" t:7 :ol7 s7<tion t:o!oug:l=9 Ci!<ul#t7 t:7 :ol7 <l7#n9

STUCK WHILE MOVING UP OR WITH STRING STATIC

ACTION TO ESTABLISH CIRCULATION Appl= lo; pu"p p!7ssu!7 /?%%-D%% psi39 '#int#in p!7ssu!7 if !7st!i<t7 <i!<ul#tion is possi&l79 DO NOT )AR UP KKKAPPLY TORGUE KKK Sl#<A off to 'ABI'U' s7t o;n ;7ig:t9 Allo; suffi<i7nt ti"7 fo! # := !#uli< @#! to t!ip /D-, "in fo! long <=<l79 S77 @#! "#nu#l39 If t:7 st!ing o7s not <o"7 f!779 DO NOT )AR UPKK )#! DO.N until t:7 st!ing <o"7s f!77 o! #n #lt7!n#ti>7 7<ision is "# 79 )#!!ing o;n fo! $%8 :ou!s "#= &7 n7<7ss#!=9 WHEN CIRCULATION IS ESTABLISHED: Slo;l= in<!7#s7 pu"p sp77 to "#Ii"iL7 !#t79 .:7n possi&l7 ;o!A t:7 st!ing #n <i!<ul#t7 t:7 :ol7 <l7#n f!o" &it 7pt:9 R7#" t:7 s7<tion until t:7 :ol7 is <l7#n9 If POOH to log #n + o! !un <#sing- !7tu!n to &otto" #n <i!<ul#t7 t:7 :ol7 <l7#n9

SUMMARIZATION FOR GENERAL INSTRUCTION TO BE FOLLOWED IN CASE OF STUCK PIPE WHILE MOVING UP OR WITH STRING STATIC
INITIAL ACTION $- <i!<ul#t7 #t "#Ii"u" #llo;#&l7 !#t79 ?- .o!A 'ABI'U' li"it to!Hu7 o;n to t:7 stu<A 7pt: #n :ol t:7 to!Hu7 in t:7 st!ing9 1- Stop o! !7 u<7 t:7 pu"p sp77 to "ini"u"9 D- Sl#<A off to 'ABI'U' s7t 6 o;n li"it9 2- Allo; suffi<i7nt ti"7 fo! # := !#uli< @#! to t!ip /D-, "in fo! long <=<l79 S77 @#! "#nu#l39 ,- If st!ing o7s not <o"7 f!77- :ol to!Hu7 in t:7 st!ing #n <ontinu7 @#!!ing o;n ;it: "#Ii"u" t!ip lo# 9 SECONDARY ACTION If t:7 st!ing o7s not <o"7 f!77 #ft7! 2 6 $% @#! &7lo;- <ontinu7 @#!!ing ;:il7 p!7p#!ing # pip7 !7l7#sing pill9

WHEN THE STRING COMES FREE: Rot#t7 #n ;o!A t:7 st!ing 9 Ci!<ul#t7 #t "#Ii"u" sp77 9 C:7<A t:7 poo! "u sp7<ifi<#tions9

STUCK WHILE MOVING DOWN

ACTION TO ESTABLISH CIRCULATION Appl= lo; pu"p p!7ssu!7 /?%%-D%% psi39 '#int#in p!7ssu!7 if !7st!i<t7 <i!<ul#tion is possi&l79 DO NOT )AR DO.N KKKAPPLY TORGUE KKK Appl= 'ABI'U' o>7! pull to @#!9 Allo; suffi<i7nt ti"7 fo! # := !#uli< @#! to t!ip /D-E "in fo! long <=<l79 S77 @#! "#nu#l39 If t:7 st!ing o7s not <o"7 f!779 DO NOT )AR DO.NKK )#! UP until t:7 st!ing is f!77 o! #n #lt7!n#ti>7 7<ision is "# 79 )#!!ing up fo! $%8 :ou!s "#= &7 !7Hui!7 9 WHEN CIRCULATION IS ESTABLISHED: Slo;l= in<!7#s7 pu"p sp77 to "#Ii"iL7 !#t79 .:7n possi&l7 ;o!A t:7 st!ing #n <i!<ul#t7 t:7 :ol7 <l7#n f!o" &it 7pt:9 R7#" t:7 s7<tion until t:7 :ol7 is <l7#n9 Continu7 RIH until 7I<7ssi>7 s7t o;n ;7ig:t is o&s7!>7 - <i!<ul#t7 t:7 :ol7 <l7#n9

NOTE*
Sin<7 there are many causes of the drill string becoming stuck in a bore hole. .dentifying the cause will be the key to determine the 7uickest and most economical method of getting the pipe free. %he following is a list of the various ways pipe may become stuck$ )) Differential pressure sticking. *) "uttings andDor weight material settling. +) !ridging due to an unstable well bore. 0) Key-seating. 3) oft clay or salt packing off the annuls. 9) ,ud or cement solidification. =) Iamming bit into under gauge hole. A) Iunk dropped into the hole. B) "ollapsed casing.

CO''ENTS*
%he first si8 ways of pipe becoming stuck are directly or indirectly related to the drilling fluid being used. %he last three ways are purely mechanical. -f all the causes listed above& differential pressure sticking is normally the most fre7uent and re7uires special attention. .t is also the only cause that normally re7uires the assistance of a mud engineer to prepare and spot a soak solution.

IDENTIFYING DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE STICKING*

)) *) +) 0) 3) 9) %he drill string was stationary when it became stuck. A permeable formation is e8posed in the well bore. %he hole can be circulated with normal pump pressure. %he drill string can not be reciprocated or rotated. %he mud has high solids and high fluid loss. %he mud weight has been increased recently.

'ETHODS OF FREEING DIFFERENTIALLY STUCK PIPE*

%he following information will deal with the remedies available to free differential pressure stuck pipe. %he area of contact increases as the filter cake with time& thus produces greater sticking forces. !ecause of this& a 7uick determination of the cause followed by an immediate remedial step is imperative. )) pot a P.P;-<AF soak solution Hui<Al=9 %he probability of freeing differentially stuck pipe is inversely proportional to the time between actual sticking and final spotting of the solution. *) /ork pipe by tripping the 'ars both up and down if possible. +) 4educe mud weight if possible. 0) 4un a drill stem test tool and relieve pressure. 3) Pump a slug of water down the drill string and let it u-tube. 9) Pump some air to reduce the hydrostatic head.U

NOTE*
oak solution 7Hui>#l7nt in ;7ig:t to the drilling fluid will help prevent migration& and help keep the spot in proper placement. b. Proper placement of soak solution to cover the stuck (one with enough remaining in the drill string to move at least P barrel every ten minutes for several hours is essential. c. Attempts to wash over i differentially stuck can involve high risk. .f all attempts within few hours of sticking fail& consider tracking.
a.

PIPE- LAB*
A P.P; <AF soak solution may be prepared with oil& <:% mineral oil or an oil mud as carrier fluid. A ratio of at least one-gallon P.P;-<AF to one barrel of carrier fluid is recommended. oak solution e7uivalent in weight to the drilling fluid will help prevent migration& and help keep the spot in proper placement.

FREE POINT
PROCEDURE*
)) Apply more hook load pull (*3&@@@ lbs.) over the weight of the drill string and record this pull in pounds. *) ,ark a reference point on the Kelly or pipe. +) Pull an additional *3&@@@ lbs. 0) ,easure of pipe caused by additional pull in inches. 3) "alculate the free point using ;7. )@.0.* or figure )@.0.+ FREE POINT EGUATION

(=+3&@@@) (DP /t) < 2p O V2 /here$ 2p O 2ree point& ft DP. /t. O #nit weight of drill pipe& lbs.Dft& e.g. )9.9& *@.@& etc. < O Pipe stretch inches. V2 O Differential pull pounds.

FREE POINT CHART* EBA'PLE* >iven$ Drill pipe O 0 PK F )9.9 lbs.Dft F )*&@@@ ft. Drill "ollar O 9 PK F * NK F A@@ ft. A PK open hole to )*&A@@ ft. B 3DAK casing to B&+@@ ft. ,/ O )0 ppg.

%he buoyant weight of the pipe was )30&@@@ lbs. %o make the pipe in tension & the initial pull )9@&@@@ and reference point was marked. An additional pull of 0@&@@@ pounds was made and the pipe stretched by an amount of +B.= inches. C#l<ul#t7 t:7 f!77 pointM SOLUTION*

(=+3&@@@) ()9.9) (+B.=) 2p O (0@&@@@)

-r #sing fig. )@.0.+ )) ;nter the chart with 0@.@@@ pounds differential pull as left vertical scale. *) ,ove hori(ontally to the right until the 0 PK ()9.9) is reached. +) 2rom above intersection& move vertically down and read +@3 ftDinch. 2p O (+@3) +B.= O )*&)@A ft. CALCULATIONS FOR SPOTTING PIPE-LAB SOAK SOLUTION )) After determining where you are stuck & with strong indications that you are differentially stuck & a calculation must be made to determine how much soak solution to mi8. -ne would normally want to mi8 enough to cover the entire stuck area and leave enough the drill string to move at least P barrel every +@ minutes for several hours& to make sure you keep the stuck (one covered. *) /e must also make calculations so that the soak solution will be spotted properly. +) /e should also anticipate additional or e8cess pump pressure if we are spotting a lighter soak solution than the mud in the hole. EBA'PLE Gi>7n* )) A PK open hole to )*&A@@T. *) 0 PK ()9.9) D.P. )*&@@@ long. +) A@@ ft. of 9 PK F * NK drill collars. 0) tuck below )*&)@@T so we want to cover entire drill collar interval. 3) /e want enough soak solution left inside the drill string to move P barrel every +@ minutes for )@ hours. 9) Pump output is @.)+ bblDstk. =) urface lines from pits to rotary table holds 3 bbls of mud. A) oak solution weights =.* lb.Dgal and mud weight )0 lb.Dgal. B) Pump pressure while circulating )0 lb.Dgal at 0@ P, is )&*@@ psi. pressure drop inside the drill pipe is +@ psiD)@@@ ft. while inside the drill collar is +9 psiD)@@ ft. Fin * )) !arrels of soak solution needed O - - - - - - - bbls *) Pump stroke re7uired to spot the leading edge of the P.P;-<AF soak solution at the top of the collars O - - - - - - - strokes +) ,a8imum pump pressure while moving soak solution down drill string at 0@ P,.

O )*&)@@ ft.

Solution* W (A.3)* H (9.*3)* (A@@) )) A) :olume around drill collars O )@*B !) :olume inside the drill string O ()D* bbl D +@ min) (9@ min D hr) ()@ hrs) O )@ bbls ") %otal solution needed O )@ 5 *3.A O 1,9% &&ls *) A) "apacity of surface lines O 3 bbls. !) "apacity of D.P. O (@.@)0** bblDft) ()*&@@@ ft) O )=@.90 bbls. ") "apacity of D.". O (*.*3* D )@*B) F A@@ F +.B0 bbls. D) Annular capacity around D.". (above) O *3.A bbls. ;) %otal fluid to move to spot O *@3.+A bbls. *@3.+A bbls O )&3A@ stks @.)+ bblDstk +) A) ,a8imum pump pressure will occur when soak solution is longest inside drill string& which will occur when the drill collars are full and the remainder is in the drill pipe. 2rom *.". we find the capacity of the drill collars is +.B0 bbls& therefore if we have +9 bbls of soak solution we must have +9 H +.B0 O +*.@9 bbls inside the drill pipe.
!) ") D) +*.@9 bbls D @.@)0** (bblDft) O *&*33 ft. of soak solution in the drill pipe. %otal length of soak solution O *&*33 ft. 5 A@@ ft. O +&@33 ft. Differential density between mud eight and soak solution weight O )0 H = O 9.A lb.Dgal. ;) <ength of soak solution times differential density times @.@3* O (+&@33 ft.) (9.A lb.Dgal) (@.@3*) O )&@A@ psi & which is the differential hydrostatic pressure 2) Decrease in pressure loss due to the length of soak solution O (+@) (**33D)@@@) (9.A D )0) 5 (+9) (A@@D)@@) (9.AD)0) O )=+ psi. >) %he e8pected pump pressure when the soak solution reaches the bit O )3== 5 )*@@ H )=+ *9@0 psi. NOTE* If ;7 stopp7 pu"ping ;it: t:7 l7# ing 7 g7 of t:7 so#A solution #t t:7 &it - ;7 s:oul s77 $-2NN psi on t:7 st#n pip7 g#ug79

O *3.A bbls.

2) Pump strokes to spot

PREVENTIVE 'EASURES
!oth a positive differential pressure and a contact area& for this pressure to work on& are necessary for pipe to become differentially stuck. %herefore& any thing that will reduce contact area or differential pressure will help considerably to minimi(e or prevent differential sticking. )) Keep mud weight to a safe minimum. *) Keep solids content and fluid loss to an economic minimum +) ,inimi(e the time during which the drill string is not being rotated or reciprocated. 0) #se a good mud lubricant such as <#!; )3+. 3) #se spiral or s7uare drill collars 9) #se heavy weight drill pipe to compensate for loss of weight by using smaller or shorter drill collars. =) #se good drilling and pipe handling practices.

A) -ptimi(e stabili(er placement to minimi(e the contact area between the !?A and the side of the well bore.

FIGURE $9 STUCK PIPE CAUSES AND RECO''ENDED FREEING 'ETHODS .

%#"K P.P; "A# ;

,echanical

Differential ticking

Key eating

/ellbore >eometry

.nade7uate ?ole "leaning

Iunk or "ollapsed "asing

"ement 4elated

tring Iammed

tring Iammed

?ole Packed -ff

tring Iammed

tring Iammed

tring Iammed

/ork tring Down J 4otate

/ork tring #p if 4.? /ork tring Down if P--?

/ork tring Down to ;stablish -r .mprove "irculation

/ork tring Down J #p

/ork tring #p or Down Pump Acid if Available

lump tring J 4otate 4educe ,ud /t #tili(e potting 2luid