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This unit is about the development and rehabilitation of surface water intakes in emergency situations. You should be familiar with the criteria for siting and protection of intakes. You will also learn how submerged weirs can be used to raise water levels.
This unit is about the development and rehabilitation of surface water intakes in emergency situations. You should be familiar with the criteria for siting and protection of intakes. You will also learn how submerged weirs can be used to raise water levels.
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This unit is about the development and rehabilitation of surface water intakes in emergency situations. You should be familiar with the criteria for siting and protection of intakes. You will also learn how submerged weirs can be used to raise water levels.
Drepturi de autor:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formate disponibile
Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
W E D C EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES Edition1.1GJM WEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK 5.3 5.1 Introduction AswehaveseeninUnit4,surfacewatersourcessuchasrivers,streams,lakesand ponds,canbegoodsourcesofwaterinemergencysituations.Inthisunitwewilllook athowintakestructurescanbeusedtoabstractwaterfromthesesources. 5.2 Sitingandprotectingintakes Intakesitesshouldbeselectedwheresufficientquantitiesofwatercanbeabstracted withoutadverselyaffectingdownstreamusers:thetechniqueswehavestudiesinUnit 4shouldbeusedforassessingsurfacewaterquantitiesthosedescribedinUnit2 canbeusedtoinvestigatedownstreamuse. Sitingshouldalsoconsiderwaterquality:intakesshouldbelocatedupstreamof potentialsourcesofmicrobiologicalandchemicalpollution(Unit3).Whenponds, lakes,orreservoirsareusedattentionshouldbegiventoassessingtheriskofalgal blooms,andwherepossibleavoidingsourceswheresuchariskispresent(Unit3). Thecatchmentareaaboveintakeworksshouldbeprotectedfromcontamination,by controllingupstreamactivities: bathing,clotheswashing,andanimalwateringshouldtakeplacedownstreamof intakeworks defecationareasshouldbelocateddownstreamandatsomedistancefrom surfacewater,andotherwaterintakes. Abstractionsitesshould,asmuchaspossible,beselectedinlocationswherewater hasalowsedimentload.Siteswherethereisahighriskoffloodingerosion,or landslides(suchasgullies)should,whereverpossible,beavoided.Thelocationof intakesonunstableswampyorsandygroundshouldalsobeavoided. 5.3 Bulkintakes Bulksurfacewaterintakesshouldbedesignedtoreliablysupplysufficientquantities ofgoodqualityrawwater.Thiscanbeachievedbydesigningintakeworksthatallow theabstractionofwaterwithlowsedimentloads,atperiodsoflowandhighflow,and thatareprotectedfromphysicaldamage.Inpracticethisinvolves: positioninginletsatdepthsthatallowwatertobeabstractedthroughouttheyear usingchannelsorsubsurfacestructurestodirectflows,allowinglowerintake velocities(andconsequentlysedimentloads)andinletstobephysicallyprotected and usingscreenstoreducetheintakeoflargesediments. A
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W E D C UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY 5.4 Edition1.1GJMWEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK Wewillnowtolookathowthesetechniquesareincorporatedintotwokindsof surfacewaterintakestructureandathowpumpscanbeusedinsurfacewater intakes. 5.3.1 Singlepointintakes Design Depthofinlet Inletpipesshouldbepositioned: atleast0.3mbelowthesurfaceofthewater,inordertoprotecttheinletfrom floatingdebrisand,whenpumping,toavoidthecreationofvorticesthatresultin airbeingentrainedintotheintakepipeand atleast0.3mabovethesourcesbedtoreducetheintakeofsediments(Figure 5.1). Figure5.1. Theproblemscausedifthepipeinletistoonearthesurfaceor tooclosetothesourcebed Wherewaterlevelsarenotsufficienttomeetthesecriteria,theycanberaisedby constructingatempsubsurfaceweirordamdiscussedlater. Inletscanbecorrectlypositionedusinganumberoftechniquesincluding:suspending theinletfromafloatsecuringtheinletinarigidstructuresuchasabucketorcrib A
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W E D C EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES Edition1.1GJM WEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK 5.5 usingrigidpipeworkorinfreezingconditions,suspendingtheinletthroughtheice (Figure5.2). Suspendingtheinletfromafloathastheadvantageofallowingtheinletheighttobe automaticallyadjustedwithchangesinwaterlevel.Indeepwater,suchaslakesit alsoallowstheupperlevelofwater(whichwilloftenhavelowerlevelsofsediments) tobeaccessed.Floatinginletsshouldbesecurelyanchoredtothebedandbankof thewatersource.Avariationofthistechniqueisusedwhenafloatingpontoonis usedtosupportapump(seelaterinthissection). Securingtheinletinaperforatedbucket,drum,crib,orconcreteringfilledwithcoarse stonesallowstheinlettobeprotectedagainstphysicaldamageandcanprovide coarsescreeningaroundtheinletreducingtheintakeofdebrisanddetritus. Inletscanalsobepositionedusingrigidpipeworksecuredtothebankorbeda techniquewhichislikelytobemoreapplicableforlongerterminstallations. Useofsidechannels Inletscanbepositionedinasidechanneloffsetfromthemainbodyofwater,orina pondortankfedbythechannel.Sidechannelscanbeusedtoreducethevelocityof thewateraroundtheinlet,andindoingsoallowwaterwithlowersedimentloadsto beabstracted:sedimentloadscanbefurtherreducedwhenasidechannelis combinedwithcoarsescreening.Asidechannelalsoprovidesprotectiontotheinlet byremovingitfromthemainwatercourse(Figure5.3). Channelscanbeexcavatedbyhandand,donothavetobelinedunlesstheground isextremelysandyorporous.Wherecoarsescreeningusingstonesiscombinedwith thesidechannelthestoneswillprovidestructuralsupporttothechannel. Screening Screeningshouldbeusedtoprotecttheintakefromfloatingandsuspendeddebris. Theynormallyconsistof: acoarse/primaryscreenpositionedbefore/aroundtheinlet afinescreen/strainerovertheendoftheinletpipe. Acoarseorprimaryscreenisusedtoremovelargerfloatingandsuspendeddebris. Inconventionalintakeworksbarscreens(grates,oftensetatanangle)areoften usedforprimaryscreening.Inandemergencyacoarsescreencanbeimprovised usingstonespositionedaroundtheinlet(Figure5.2). Alternativelytheopenendoftheinletpipecanbefittedwithaprefabricatedstrainer toactasacoarsescreen(Figure5.4). A
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W E D C UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY 5.6 Edition1.1GJMWEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK Figure5.2.Simplearrangementsofpumpsuctioninlets A
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W E D C EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES Edition1.1GJM WEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK 5.7 Figure5.3.Intakeusingasidechannelandscreen Figure5.4. Aprefabricatedinletstrainerforasuctionpipe A
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W E D C UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY 5.8 Edition1.1GJMWEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK Afinescreencanbemadebysecuringfinewiremeshovertheendoftheinletpipe. Whenplasticpipeisused,thewiremeshcanbeheatweldedacrosstheendofpipe byplacingasquareofmeshontoahotheatingplate,andthenpressingtheendof thepipeagainstthescreenandheatingplate(Figure5.5).Alternativelytheinsideofa prefabricatedinletstrainercanbelinedwithfinemesh. Figure5.5. Asquareofmeshheatedonametalplatecan bepressedagainsttheendofthepipe Ifthewaterhasahighsiltloadthefinescreenmayquicklyblockandreducethe pumpingefficiency.Makesuretheinletpointiseasytoaccessforcleaning. Pumpingfromsinglepointintakes Iftopographicalconditionsallow,watercanbefedbygravityfrominletstostorage andtreatmentfacilities.Morecommonly,especially,intheinitialstagesofan emergency,pumpswillbeused.Thisallowsrelativelylargevolumesofwatertobe quicklydeliveredtostorageandtreatmentfacilities,whichwilloftenbesituatedon higherground. Differentkindsofpumpscanbeusedtodrawwaterfrominletsbutmostcommonly centrifugalpumpswillbeused(Units11).Theseareabletodrawwaterfromupto7m belowthepump(althoughpumpperformancewillbecomeinefficientatheight differencesgreaterthan3m).Wherethepumpcanbesecurelypositionedwithinthis heightrangethepumpcanbemountedonthesurface,withthesuctionpipe connectedtotheinlet:(Figure5.1). Wheretheheightdifferencebetweenthewatersurfacelevelandthepumpinletis greaterthan0.7m,submersiblecentrifugal(orother)pumps,positionedinthewater, canbeused(Figure5.6). A
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W E D C EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES Edition1.1GJM WEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK 5.9 Positioningsurfacemountedpumps Surfacemountedpumpingunitscanbepositionedbythesideofthewatersource,or onaplatform/pontoonfloatingontopofthewater. Figure5.6. Submersiblepumpunit Whenpositionedbythesideofthewatersource,onabankforexample,afirm sectionoflandshouldbechosen,andonethatisnotliabletobeflooded.The pumpingunitcanbemountedonawoodenpallet,oramorepermanentconcrete foundationcanbeinstalled(Unit11). Pumpsandpumpingunitscanalsobemountedonafloatingplatform/pontoon (Figure5.7),anarrangementthatwillreducetheheightbetweenthepumpandthe inlet,andindoingsoincreasepumpefficiency.Wheresuchanarrangementisused thefloatingplatformshouldbesecurelyanchored,andthemooringropes,and pumpsdeliverypipemustbelongandwellsecuredtoallowforchangesinwater leveland,whenusedonastreamorriver,increasedflowrates. A
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W E D C UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY 5.10 Edition1.1GJMWEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK Infreezingconditionsthepumpingunitcanbepositionedonthebank,andtheinlet placedthroughtheice.Alternativelyiftheiceisstrongenough,thepumpcanbe mountedontheice,andthepowerunitonthebankFigure5.2 Figure5.7. Apumpingunitmountedonafloatingplatform Additionalmeasuresshouldbetakeninfreezingconditionstoprotectequipmentfrom thecoldincluding: constructingprotectivehousingaroundthepumpingunit,andraisingtheunit abovetheground removingtheunitwhenitsnotinuse raisingpipeworkabovetheground/ice(onwoodenblocksforexample)ata gradientthatwillallowpipeworktobedrainedwhennotinuse. 5.3.2 Subsurfaceinfiltrationwellsandgalleries Infiltrationwellandgalleryintakestructures(Figure5.8)typicallyhavetwo components: acollectorwellinthebankofthewatersourceand aninletawellorgalleryofperforatedpipeworkburiedinthesourcesbankor bed. Althoughofteninvolvinglongerconstructiontimesthantherapidinstallationintake designsdescribedabove,suchstructureshavetheadvantageofbeingabletoaccess A
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W E D C EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES Edition1.1GJM WEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK 5.11 subsurfaceflows,whichcanallowwatertobeabstractedfromapparentlydry ephemeralwatercourses,and,infreezingconditions,fromwatersourceswherethe sourceisfrozenaboveground. Wewillnowlookinmoredetailatthecollectorwellandinletcomponentsofinfiltration wellsandgalleries. Figure5.8.Aninfiltrationwell Collectorwell Collectorwellsshouldbepositionedinthebankofthewatersource,inlocationsnot liabletoflooding.Theyshouldbesunktoadepthbelowthatofthelowestpointofthe inlet:additionaldepthshouldbegiventoallowthebottomofthewelltoactasasump forsiltation.Collectorwellscanbeconstructedusingthetechniquesforhanddugwell construction:temporarywellliningmaterials,suchascorrugatedsteelrings,arewell suitedtotherapidliningofcollectorwells(Unit6). Insomecaseswatercanbepumpeddirectlyfromtheinletwithouttheneedfora collectorwell forexamplescreenedinfiltrationinlets(seelaterinthisunit) Althoughsimilartoashallowwellpositionedinthebankofasurfacewatersource (sometimecalledariversidewell),acollectorwelldiffersinthatitisconnectedtothe sourcebyamanmadeinlet/conduit.Howeverwherebanksoilshavehighlevelsof hydraulicconductivity(i.e.aremadeupofcoarsesandorgravel),simplewells withoutmanmadeinlet/conduitstructures,canbesunk(Figure5.9). A
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W E D C UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY 5.12 Edition1.1GJMWEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK Figure5.9. Handdugwellclosetoriverbankdrawingwaterfromtheaquifer connectedtotheriver Infiltrationinlets Sandandgravelfilledtrenchinlet Whenasandandgravelfilledtrench(Figure5.10)isused: atrenchisdugbetweenthesourceandthecollectorwell thetrenchisthenbackfilledwithcoarsesandtoallowbasicfiltrationtotakeplace thesandcanbegradedintocoarsergravelclosertothecollectionwell,inorder tominimisesiltationinsidethewell. A
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W E D C EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES Edition1.1GJM WEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK 5.13 Figure5.10. Infiltrationtrenchfilledwithsandandgravel Careshouldbetakentoensurethatexcavationsareconductedinasafeway,and that,wherenecessary,temporarytrenchsupportsareusedAppendix21ofDavis andLambert(2002)givesfurtherinformationonthetemporarysupportof excavations. Concreteringinlet Precastconcreteringscanbesunkintothebedofawatersource(Figure5.11) techniquesforthefabricationandsinkingofringsarecoveredinUnit6.Rings positionedbelowthebedshouldideallybeporous,andgradedlayersofsandand gravelplacedinthebaseofthebottomringtoreducetheintakeofsediments(to preventdamageandencouragetheintakeofwaterthathasbeenfilteredbytheriver bed).Thetopoftheringsshouldbesealedwithaconcretecover.Alternativelythe columncanbeextendedabovethetopofthefloodwaterlevel. Aconnectorpipeorsand/gravelfilledtrenchcanbeusedtotransmitflowstoa collectorwell,alternativelywatercanbepumpeddirectlyfrominsidetheconcrete rings. A
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W E D C UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY 5.14 Edition1.1GJMWEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK Figure5.11. Infiltrationwellmadeofconcreteringssunkintheriverbed Boreholescreeninlet Prefabricatedorimprovisedboreholescreens(Unit6)canbesunkintothebedsof surfacewatersources,andhavebeenusedparticularlysuccessfullytoaccesssub surfaceflowsinephemeralwatercoursesduringthedryseason.Screenscanbe insertedbymanualexcavationordrillingtechniquessuchashandauguring.The proceduresdescribedforboreholedesignfor:selectingscreenslotsizeidentifying theneedfor,and,ifnecessarydesigninganartificialgravelpackanddevelopingthe gravelpackaroundthescreenbypumping,canallbeappliedtothedesignand developmentofwellscreenssunkinthebedofsurfacewatersources(Unit6). Watercanbeabstractedfromtheinletbyconnectingthesuctionsideofasurface mountedcentrifugalpump. A
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W E D C EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES Edition1.1GJM WEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK 5.15 Figure5.12.Infiltrationwellusingapipewithscreenedintake Figure5.13. Banksideinfiltrationgallery A
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W E D C UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY 5.16 Edition1.1GJMWEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK Infiltrationgalleries Theinletsurfacearea,andthereforeyield,canbeincreasedbydevelopinginfiltration galleriessectionsofperforatedorlooselyjointedpipelaidinthesourcesbank (Figure5.13)orbed(Figure5.8). Galleriesinthebankcanbeconstructedthroughouttheyear,andshouldbeused wherethehydraulicconductivityofriverbanksoilishighi.e.inclayandsiltfree sandandgravel.Testexcavationsanddrillingcanbeusedtoassessbanksoiltype, andselectoptimumsites. Wherethehydraulicconductivityofthebanksoilislow,infiltrationgalleriescanbe constructedinthebedsofephemeralsourceswhenwaterlevelsarelow. Constructionisunlikelytobefeasibleatothertimesofyear,orinperennial watercourses. Boreholescreen,slotted,drilledoropenjointedpipecanbeusedfortheinfiltration galleryspipework.TheprinciplesdescribedinUnit6forboreholeintakedesigncan beusedfordesigninganinfiltrationgallery,theseinclude: analysisofthesoiltoseeifanartificialgravelpackisrequired(itmaybepossible tousethesedimentsoftheriverbank/bedifthesesedimentsaretoosmalland toouniforminsizeitwillbeadvantageoustodevelopandartificialgravelpackto improvehydraulicconductivityaroundthepipe,andreducetheintakeof sediments) selectionofscreenslotsizeand establishingadiameterandlengthofintakepipewhere,inordertoreducehead lossesinthepipe,entrancevelocitiesdonotexceed0.3l/sandflowvelocities1.5 m/sfortheknownslotsizeanddesignabstractionrate. Thereferencecitedbelowprovidesfurtherinformationandanexampleofhow desiredabstractionratescanbeusedtosizeinfiltrationgalleries.Thedataquotedfor a100mmdiameterinfiltrationpipegivesayieldof1litre/minute/meterofinfiltration pipe.Thisisequivalentto6m/10hours/10meters. Itisrecommendedthatpipesare: positionedbetween0.5mand1mbelowthesourcesbedand buriedon0.3mofgravelmedia Trenchwidthisrecommendedtobeabouttwicethedepthofthepipe(givingwidths ofaround1.6m).Whenmorethanonepipeislaidinparallelinthesourcesbed,the pipesshouldbelaidatleast3maparttoreduceinterference(DavisandLambert, 2002). AnexampleofaninfiltrationgallerydesignisgivenintheSelfAsessmentQuestions forthisUnit. A
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W E D C EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES Edition1.1GJM WEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK 5.17 Furtherreading:DavisandLambert(2002),Infiltrationgalleries,p.216218. 5.3.3 Weirs Submergedweirspositionedbelowastreamorsmallriverintake,canbeusedto increasethedepthofwaterattheintakesite,andreducetheflowvelocityabovethe weir,allowingheaviersolidstosettleoutofthewater(Figure5.14). Temporaryweirscanbeconstructedfromdenseimpermeablemediasuchasrocks, boulders,sandbags,orgabionbaskets.Wovenfabricsacks,madefrommaterials suchashemporjute,filledwithadryconcretemix(1:6:8,cement:sand:gravel)and sewnshutcanalsobeused:thesackscanbeplaceddirectlyinthewaterthe sackingwillholdtheconcretemixinplaceuntilitsetstheweightofthebagswill allowthemtomouldthemselvestogethersothattheyinterlocksolidly(Jordon,2000). Caremustbetakenwhenraisingthewatertolevelthatlandupstreamoftheweirwill notbefloodedevenduringperiodsofhighflow.Considerationshouldalsobegivento thedownstreamimpactsofstructuralfailure. Figure5.14. Temporaryweirmadeofsandbags A
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W E D C UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY 5.18 Edition1.1GJMWEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK 5.3.4 Rehabilitationofexistingintakestructures Existingsurfacewaterintakestructurescanbedamagedordestroyedin emergencies,reducingthecapacity,orrenderinginoperable,thesupplysystemsthat aredependentonthem(Figure5.15).Structurallydamagingdisasterssuchasfloods, landslides,earthquakesandvolcanicactivityareparticularlylikelytocausedamage tointakeworks.Intakescreensandinlets maybebroken,blockedorburiedby debrisfoundationsmaybeerodedordestroyed,causingstructuraldamagesuchas cracking,subsidenceorcollapsetointakestructures. Temporaryrapidinstallationintakes,suchastheonesthatwehavestudiedabove, canbesetupinparallelwithdamagedones,inordertosupplement,orsubstitute supplies,whilecleaning,repairandreconstructiontakesplace. Blockagesshouldbecleared,andwherepossiblestructuraldamagemadegood. Foundationsandprotectivestructuresmayhavetobestrengthened.Longerterm rehabilitationshouldconsiderthecausesofdamage,andevaluatethepossibilityof relocatingand/orredesigningintakestructurestotakeaccountofthedamagethat hasbeencaused,andthevulnerabilitythathasbeenexposed. Figure5.15. Watersupplyintakeonasmallstreamdestroyedbyfloods A
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W E D C EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES Edition1.1GJM WEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK 5.19 5.4 Individualcollection Directcontactbetweenusersandsurfacewatersourcesshouldbeminimisedinorder toreducetheriskofsourcecontamination.Ideallythis shouldbeachievedby developingwatersupplyarrangementssuchasthosepreviouslydescribed.However intheinitialstagesofanemergencyresponse,andinsituationswithalowdensityof affectedusers,peoplemaycollectwaterdirectlyfromsurfacewatersources.When thisisthecase,collectionareasshouldbedesignatedassoonaspossibleand structuressuchasplatforms,stepsandrampsconstructedsothatuserscancollect waterwithoutcomingindirectcontactwiththewatersourceFigure5.16 Aswehaveseen,watercollectionpointsshouldbecarefullylocatedwith considerationgiventowaterquantities,quality,theriskofphysicaldamage,andthe impactofcollectionfromthesepointsondownstreamusers. Collectionplatformscanbeconstructedusinganumberofmaterialssuchassandor concretefilledbags,wood,orstone.Considerationshouldbegiventothepossibility offluctuatingwaterlevelsfloatingplatformscanbeusedinthesesituations.The needsofphysicallyvulnerableusers(children,elderly,disabled,pregnantwomen etc.)shouldalsobeconsideredthroughsuchmeasuresasprovidingahandrailfor safetyandsupport(Figure5.17). Figure5.16.Examplesofwatercollectionplatforms Incrowdedsituationswaterpointsupervisorsmaybeneededtomanageaccess. Supervisorscanalsobeusedtoconductbucketchlorinationinordertodisinfect collectedwater(Unit8). A
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W E D C UNIT5:SURFACEWATERINTAKES EMERGENCYWATERSUPPLY 5.20 Edition1.1GJMWEDCLoughboroughUniversityUK Figure5.17. Supportrailaroundwatercollectionplatform A