THE PRINCIPLE OF LINEAR SUPERPOSITION AND INTERFERENCE Section 17.1 The Principle of Linear Superposition Section 17.

2 Constructive and Destructive Interference of Sound Waves 1. Two pulses of identical shape travel toward each other in opposite directions on a string, as shown in the figure. Which one of the following statements concerning this situation is true? (a) The pulses will reflect from each other. (b) The pulses will diffract from each other. (c) As the pulses pass through each other, they will interfere destructively. (d) The pulses will pass through each other and produce beats. Ans.(c) 2. Two traveling pulses on a rope move toward each other at a speed of 1.0 m/s. The waves have the same amplitude. The drawing shows the position of the waves at time t = 0 s. Which one of the following drawings depicts the waves on the rope at t = 2.0 s?

Ans. (a) Questions 3 through 5 pertain to the following statement and diagrams: Consider the figures depicting rectangular pulses on a string.

3. If pulse 1 were reflected from a wall, which one of the patterns above would represent the reflected pulse? (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4 Ans. (b) 166 Chapter 17 The Principle of Linear Superposition and Interference 4. Complete the following statement: If pulse 2 were superimposed on pulse 3, (a) constructive interference would occur. (b) the resulting pattern would be represented by 1. (c) the resulting pattern would be represented by 4. (d) the resulting pattern would be represented by 5. Ans.(c) 5. Which pulses must be superimposed to give the situation shown in 5. (a) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 4 (b) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2, and 4 Ans.(b)

6. Sound waves are emitted from two speakers. Which one of the following statements about sound wave interference is false? (a) In a region where both destructive and constructive interference occur, energy is not conserved. (b) Destructive interference occurs when two waves are exactly out of phase when they meet. (c) Interference redistributes the energy carried by the individual waves. (d) Sound waves undergo diffraction as they exit each speaker. Ans.(d) 7. A pebble is dropped in a lake; and it produces ripples with a frequency of 0.25 Hz. When should a second pebble be dropped at the same place to produce destructive interference? (a) 0.50 s after the first (c) 1.0 s after the first (b) 2.0 s after the first (d) 1.5 s after the first Ans.(b) 8. Two loudspeakers, A and B, are separated by a distance of 2.0 m. The speakers emit sound waves at a frequency of 680 Hz that are exactly out of phase. The speed of sound is 343 m/s. How far from speaker A along the +x axis will a point of constructive interference occur? (a) 0.25 m (c) 0.46 m (b) 0.30 m (d) 0.88 m Ans.(d) 9. A speaker generates a continuous tone of 440 Hz. In the drawing, sound travels into a tube that splits into two segments, one longer than the other. The sound waves recombine before being detected by a microphone. The speed of sound in air is 339 m/s. What is the minimum difference in the lengths of the two paths for sound travel if the waves arrive in phase at the microphone? (a) 0.10 m (c) 0.77 m

(b) 0.39 m Ans.(c)

(d) 1.11 m

Questions 10 and 11 pertain to the situation described below: Two loudspeakers are located 3 m apart on the stage of an auditorium. A listener at point P is seated 29.0 m from one speaker and 25.0 m from the other. A signal generator drives the speakers in phase with the same amplitude and frequency. The wave amplitude at P due to each speaker alone is A. The frequency is then varied between 20 Hz and 300 Hz. The speed of sound is 343 m/s. 10. At what frequency or frequencies will the listener at P hear a maximum intensity? (a) 170 Hz only (d) 57 Hz, 113 Hz, 170 Hz, 227 Hz, and 284 Hz (b) 113 Hz and 226 Hz (c) 86 Hz, 170 Hz, 257 Hz Ans.(c) 11. Determine the value of the maximum amplitude in terms of A. (a) 2.0A (c) 3.0A (b) 2.5A (d) 5.0A Ans.(d) Section 17.3 Diffraction 12. Water waves approach an aperture. The resulting patterns are shown for two different cases, A and B, in which the wavelength and aperture size are varied.

Which one of the following statements concerning these cases is true? (a) Diffraction occurs in B, but not in A because the wavelength in B is approximately the same size as the aperture.

(b) Diffraction occurs in A, but not in B because the wavelength in A is much smaller than the aperture. (c) Diffraction occurs in B, but not in A because the wavelength in B is much smaller than the aperture. (d) Both figures show diffraction. In both cases, the wavelengths are approximately the same size as the aperture. Ans.(a) 13. A speaker is designed for wide dispersion for a high frequency sound. What should the diameter of the circular opening be in a speaker where the desired diffraction angle is 75 and a 9100 Hz sound is generated? The speed of sound is 343 m/s. (a) 0.039 m (c) 0.21 m (b) 0.048 m (d) 0.13 m Ans.(b) 14. For a diffraction horn loudspeaker, sound emerges through a rectangular opening. The opening of a diffraction horn has a width of 0.15 m. If the speaker emits a continuous tone with a wavelength of 0.11 m, at what angle does the first minimum occur? (a) 47 (c) 23 (b) 39 (d) 8.4 Ans.(d) 15. For a diffraction horn loudspeaker, the sound emerges through a rectangular opening. The width of a diffraction horn is 0.18 m. If the speed of sound in air is 343 m/s, at what frequency is the diffraction angle equal to 35? (a) 3300 Hz (c) 6300 Hz (b) 4800 Hz (d) 7700 Hz Ans.(a) 168 Chapter 17 The Principle of Linear Superposition and Interference Section 17.4 Beats

16. A guitar string produces 4 beats/s when sounded with a 250 Hz tuning fork and 9 beats per second when sounded with a 255 Hz tuning fork. What is the vibrational frequency of the string? (a) 240 Hz (c) 254 Hz (b) 246 Hz (d) 259 Hz Ans.(b) 17. Which one of the following super positions will result in beats? (a) the superposition of waves that travel with different speeds (b) the superposition of identical waves that travel in the same direction (c) the superposition of identical waves that travel in opposite directions (d) the superposition of waves that are identical except for slightly different frequencies Ans.(d)

18. Two timpani (tunable drums) are played at the same time. One is correctly tuned so that when it is struck, sound is produced that has a wavelength of 2.20 m. The second produces sound with a wavelength of 2.08 m. If the speed of sound is 343 m/s, what beat frequency is heard? (a) 7 beats/s (c) 11 beats/s (b) 9 beats/s (d) 13 beats/s Ans.(b) 19. Two identical tuning forks vibrate at 587 Hz. After a small piece of clay is placed on one of them, eight beats per second are heard. What is the period of the tuning fork that holds the clay? (a) 1.68 103 s (c) 1.73 103 s (b) 1.70 103 s (d) 1.76 103 s Ans.(c) 20. A guitar string has a linear density of 8.30 104 kg/m and a length of 0.660 m. The tension in the string is 52.0 N. When the fundamental

frequency of the string is sounded with a 196.0-Hz tuning fork, what beat frequency is heard? (a) 6 Hz (c) 12 Hz (b) 4 Hz (d) 8 Hz Ans.(a) 21. The beat period occurring when two tuning forks are vibrating is 0.333 s. One of the forks is known to vibrate at 588.0 Hz. What are the possible vibration frequencies of the second tuning fork? (a) 587.7 or 588.3 Hz (c) 580.3 or 596.7 Hz (b) 586.0 or 592.0 Hz (d) 585.0 or 591.0 Hz Ans.(d) 22. One string on a guitar is exactly in tune. The guitarist uses this string to produce a tone with a frequency of 196 Hz by pressing down at the proper fret. An adjacent string can also be used to produce this tone without being pressed against a fret. However, this adjacent string is out of tune and produces a tone that sounds lower in frequency than the other tone. When the tones are produced simultaneously, the beat frequency is 5.0 Hz. What frequency does the adjacent string produce? (a) 196 Hz (c) 171 Hz (b) 191 Hz (d) 201 Hz Ans.(b) Section 17.5 Transverse Standing Waves 23. Which one of the following will result in standing waves? (a) the superposition of waves that travel with different speeds (b) the superposition of identical waves that travel in the same direction (c) the superposition of identical waves that travel in opposite directions (d) the superposition of nearly identical waves of slightly different amplitudes Ans.(c) 24. Which one of the following statements is true concerning the points on a string that sustain a standing wave pattern? (a) All points vibrate with the same energy.

(b) All points undergo the same displacements. (c) All points vibrate with different frequencies. (d) All points vibrate with different amplitudes. Ans.(d) 25. What is the distance from the fixed end of a guitar string to the nearest antinode? (a) (c) /2 (b) 2 (d) /4 Ans.(d) 26. A rope of length L is clamped at both ends. Which one of the following is not a possible wavelength for standing waves on this rope? (a) L/2 (c) L (b) 2L/3 (d) 4L Ans.(d) 27. A 4.00-m long string, clamped at both ends, vibrates at 2.00 102 Hz. If the string resonates in six segments, what is the speed of transverse waves on the string? (a) 100 m/s (c) 267 m/s (b) 133 m/s (d) 328 m/s Ans.(c) 28. A certain string, clamped at both ends, vibrates in seven segments at a frequency of 2.40 102 Hz. What frequency will cause it to vibrate in four segments? (a) 89 Hz (b) 137 Hz Ans.(b) (c) 274 Hz (d) 411 Hz

29. Four standing wave segments, or loops, are observed on a string fixed at both ends as it vibrates at a frequency of 140 Hz. What is the fundamental frequency of the string? (a) 23 Hz (c) 35 Hz (b) 28 Hz (d) 47 Hz

Ans.(c) 30. When plucked, a 0.62-m guitar string produces a sound wave with a fundamental frequency of 196 Hz. The speed of sound in air is 343 m/s. Determine the ratio of the wavelength of the sound wave to the wavelength of the waves that travel on the string. (a) 0.071 (c) 0.49 (b) 0.28 (d) 1.4 Ans.(d) 31. A string with a linear density of 0.035 kg/m and a mass of 0.014 kg is clamped at both ends. Under what tension in the string will it have a fundamental frequency of 110 Hz? (a) 270 N (c) 550 N (b) 410 N (d) 680 N Ans.(a) Questions 32 and 33 pertain to the situation described below: Vibrations with frequency 6.00 102 Hz are established on a 1.33-m length of string that is clamped at both ends. The speed of waves on the string is 4.00 102 m/s. 32. How many antinodes are contained in the resulting standing wave pattern? (a) 2 (c) 4 (b) 3 (d) 5 Ans.(c)

33. How far from either end of the string does the first node occur? (a) 0.17 m (c) 0.49 m (b) 0.33 m (d) 0.66 m Ans.(b)

Questions 34 and 35 pertain to the situation described below: A 3.00-m long string sustains a three-loop standing wave pattern as shown. The wave speed is 1.00 102 m/s. 34. What is the frequency of vibration? (a) 25.0 Hz (c) 50.0 Hz (b) 33.0 Hz (d) 75.0 Hz Ans.(c) 35. What is the lowest possible frequency for standing waves on this string? (a) 50.0 Hz (c) 25.0 Hz (b) 33.3 Hz (d) 16.7 Hz Ans.(d) Questions 36 through 40 pertain to the following situation: A string with a length of 2.5 m has two adjacent resonances at frequencies 112 Hz and 140 Hz. 36. Determine the fundamental frequency of the string. (a) 14 Hz (c) 42 Hz (b) 28 Hz (d) 56 Hz Ans.(b) 37. Determine the wavelength of the 140 Hz resonance. (a) 0.50 m (c) 1.0 m (b) 0.75 m (d) 1.5 m Ans.(c) 38. Determine the speed of the waves on the string. (a) 28 m/s (c) 56 m/s (b) 42 m/s (d) 140 m/s Ans.(d)

39. How many antinodes will be found on the 112 Hz resonance? (a) 1 (c) 3 (b) 2 (d) 4 Ans.(d) 40. What is the wavelength of the first harmonic? (a) 1.25 m (c) 3.75 m (b) 2.50 m (d) 5.00 m Ans.(d) Section 17.6 Longitudinal Standing Waves Section 17.7 Complex Sound Waves 41. Pipe A is 0.50 m long and open at both ends. Pipe B is open at one end and closed at the other end. Determine the length of pipe B so that it has the same fundamental frequency as A. (a) 0.25 m (c) 0.75 m (b) 0.50 m (d) 1.0 m Ans.(a) 42. Determine the shortest length of pipe, open at both ends, which will resonate at 256 Hz. The speed of sound is 343 m/s. (a) 0.330 m (c) 0.990 m (b) 0.670 m (d) 1.32 m Ans.(b) 43. A cylindrical tube sustains standing waves at the following frequencies: 600 Hz, 800 Hz, and 1000 Hz. The tube does not sustain standing waves at 500 Hz, at 900 Hz, at any frequencies between 600 and 800 Hz, or at any frequencies between 800 and 1000 Hz. Determine the fundamental frequency of the tube and whether the tube is open at both ends or has only one end open. (a) 50 Hz, both ends (c) 100 Hz, both ends (b) 200 Hz, both ends (d) 200 Hz, one end Ans.(b)

44. When a tuba is played, the player blows into one end of a tube that has an effective length of 3.50 m. The other end of the tube is open. If the speed of sound in air is 343 m/s, what is the lowest frequency the tuba can produce? (a) 8.00 Hz (c) 16.0 Hz (b) 12.0 Hz (d) 49.0 Hz Ans.(d) 45. Some of the lowest pitches attainable on a musical instrument are achieved on the worlds largest pipe organs. What is the length of an organ pipe that is open on both ends and has a fundamental frequency of 8.75 Hz when the speed of sound in air is 341 m/s? (a) 9.83 m (c) 21.2 m (b) 19.5 m (d) 29.3 m Ans.(b) 46. A cylindrical tube sustains a fundamental frequency f1 when both of its ends are open. A second cylindrical tube with one end closed has the same fundamental frequency. What is the ratio of the length of the second tube to that of the first, L2/L1? (a) 0.5 (c) 2 (b) 4 (d) 0.25 Ans.(a) Questions 47 through 51 pertain to the statement and diagrams below: The figures show standing waves of sound in six organ pipes of the same length. Each pipe has one end open and the other end closed. Note: some of the figures show situations that are not possible.

47. Which of the figures do not illustrate possible resonant situations? (a) 1 and 4 (c) 4 and 5 (b) 2 and 3 (d) 5 and 6 Ans. (d)

172 Chapter 17 The Principle of Linear Superposition and Interference 48. Which one of the pipes emits sound with the lowest frequency? (a) 1 (c) 3 (b) 2 (d) 4 Ans.(a) 49. Which one of the pipes emits sound with the highest frequency? (a) 1 (c) 3 (b) 2 (d) 4 Ans.(b) 50. Which one of the pipes is resonating in its third harmonic? (a) 1 (c) 3 (b) 2 (d) 4 Ans.(d) 51. If the length of the pipes is 0.500 m, what is the frequency of the sound emitted from pipe 3? The speed of sound is 343 m/s. (a) 172 Hz (c) 429 Hz (b) 344 Hz (d) 858 Hz Ans.(d)