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siege to the mighty fortress of Asirgarh. Akbar seduced the by his father with the title of Shah Jehan (King of the
Khandesh officers by money to get the doors of the fort world).
opened. This was the last conquest of Akbar. 33. The first serious disaster of the Mughal empire dur-
18. In 1601, Akbar returned to Agra to deal with his ing the reign of Jahangir was loss of Kandhar. Deceiving the
rebellious son Salim. Mughal officers by gifts, Shah Abbas, one of the greatest
19. On October 17, 1605 Akbar died following severe rulers of Asia in his time, besieged Kandhar in 1621, and
dysentery. His mausoleum is located at Sikandra. finally took it in June 1622.
20. Akbar observed the external forms of the Sunni 34. Shah Jehan revolted against Jahangir with help of
faith until 1575, when his association with Shaikh Mubarak Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, an officer in the Mughal
and his two sons, Faizi and Abul Fazal, produced change in court. He was, however, defeated by Mughal forces led by
his views. Mahabat Khan, at Balochpur, near Delhi, in 1623. Shah
21. Akbar got a building called Ibadat-Khana or the Jehan was then chased from province to province and final-
House of Worship constructed at Fatehpur Sikri, with a ly, in 1625, he reconciled with his father and retired to Nasik
view to discussing philosophical and theological questions. with his wife Noor Jahan, a niece of Mumtaz Mahal, and
22. Hari Vijaya Suri, Vijaya Sen Suri and Bhanuchandra youngest son Murad. His other sons, Dara Shikoh and
Upadhaya were prominent Jain teachers who were called Aurangzeb, were sent to the imperial court, probably to
by Akbar to attend the philosophical and theological serve as hostages to ensure his good behaviour.
discussions. 35. The success of Mahtab Khan excited the jealousy of
23. Akbar floated a new religion, called Din-i-Ilahi, Noor Jahan and this hostility drove him to rebellion. Mahtab
based on his discussions with people of different religions. Khan took Jahangir as prisoner on the banks of Jhelum,
24. Akbar abolished the pilgrim tax in the eighth year while the emperor was on his way to Kabul. However,
of his reign, and the jaziya in the ninth year. Jahangir managed to escape from prison and went to Rohtas
25. A week after Akbar’s death, Salim succeeded to the where troops loyal to him had collected in a large force.
throne of Agra and assumed the title of Nur-ud-din Mahtab Khan ultimately made peace with Jahangir, but this
Mohammed Jahangir Padshah (Emperor) Ghazi (Holy triumph remained short-lived as Jahangir died on October
warrior). 27, 1627. His body was buried in a beautiful tomb at Shah-
26. Five months after his accession to the throne, dara, near Lahore, on the banks of Ravi.
Jahangir faced rebellion by his son Khusrav. The Prince and 36. Jahangir had a Chain of Justice, bearing sixty bells,
his troops were defeated by the Mughal army near fastened between the Shah Bhurj in the Agra fort and a post
Jalandhar and Khusrav was captured alongwith his on the road, near the bank of Yamuna. The chain could be
principal followers, Husain Beg and Abdul Aziz. shaken by the humblest of his subjects to bring their
27. The fifth Sikh Guru, Arjan Dev was sentenced to grievances to his notice.
death by Jahangir for helping Prince Khusrav with a sum of 37. The Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri (Memoirs of Jahangir) is a
money. The execution of Guru Arjan Dev estranged the brilliant proof of his literary attainments.
Sikhs, till then a peace-loving community, and turned them 38. Himself a painter, Jahangir was a patron of art and
into foes of the Mughal Empire. literature and a lover of nature.
28. In May 1611, Jahangir married Noor Jahan, origi- 39. Jahangir made no departure from his father’s poli-
nally known as Mihir-ul-nisa. The emperor, who styled cy of admitting Hindus to the higher public service. Man
himself Nor-ud-din, conferred on his new wife the title of Singh, Kalyan Singh, son of Todar Mal, and Vikramadit
Noor Mahal (Light of the palace), which was soon changed were three Hindu governors during his reign.
to Noor Jahan (Light of the world). She was the daughter of 40. Jahangir also tried to control the practice of sati
Mirza Ghiyas Beg, a Persian adventurer. among Hindus. He passed orders that Hindu widows should
29. Jahangir was known to have had several secret love not be compelled to become sati without his government’s
affairs with the ladies of the court. One famous love of permission. He also tried to put a stop to female infanticide.
Jahangir was Anarkali, for whom he raised a beautiful 41. Jahangir was fond of the company of the Vaishnava
marble tomb at Lahore. leader Jadurup and held many discussions with him at
30. The most distinguished triumph of Mughal Ujjain and Mathura, as a result of which he came to the con-
imperialism during the reign of Jahangir was its victory over clusion that Hindu Vedanta and Muslim sufism were almost
the Rajputs of Mewar. identical.
31. In the Deccan, war dragged on throughout his reign 42. Jahangir was usually liberal and tolerant towards
against the kingdom of Ahmadnagar. The kingdom of all religions, but at times sanctioned repressive measures
Ahmadnagar was then served by its Abyssinian minister against Muslim heretics. Shaikh Rahim of Lahore, who was
Malik Ambar, one of the greatest statesmen that Medieval a religious leader of a sect, was imprisoned in the fortress of
India produced. Chunar. Qazi Nurullah was put to death on account of
32. A partial success was gained by Mughals in 1616, being a notable Shia writer. Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi was
when Prince Khurram captured Ahmadnagar and some imprisoned in the fortress of Gwalior, but was released later
other strongholds. For this victory Khurram was rewarded and sent back to Sarhind with gifts.