CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: ABOUT THE NUCLEAR SYSTEM

Considering the current Population growth, which has already crossed 100 crores in the 21st century and improvements in Standard of living of the forthcoming generations, there will be a large increase in the use of electrical energy particularly from clean green and safe energy sources. The electricity will play a vital role in sustainable development of the country. mong all the available conventional and non!conventional energy sources, the nuclear energy is the most efficient abundantly available, sustainable and cost effective energy source. "t does not emit obno#ious gases that cause global warming, o$one depletion and acid rain. The energy needs of a country cannot be met from a single source. %ydroelectric stations produce cheap power but need a thermal bac&ing to increase the firm capacity. The coal reserves of the world are fast depleting. The nuclear power is the only source, which can supply the future energy demands of the world.

1 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

'e have an installed power generation capacity of about ((10)'. The share of the nuclear energy is only 2.1* of total energy generated in "ndia. The main advantages which nuclear power plant possesses are+ The amount of fuel used is small therefore the fuel cost is low. Since the amount of fuel needed is small, so there are no problems of fuel transportation and storage. ,uclear plants need less area than the conventional steam plants.

-reater nuclear power production leads to conservation of coal, oil etc.

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CHAPTER 2 PRINCIPLE OF NUCLEAR POWER PRODUCTION

'hen a heavy nucleus brea&s into smaller nuclei, a small amount of it is converted into energy .The amount of energy produced is given by .instein/s mass energy relation .0)C 2. This brea&ing up of nucleus is called nuclear fission. ,atural uranium has two types of isotopes 1!2(2 and 1!2(3 found in the ratio of 1(4+1 in nature. "n a nuclear power station, 1!2(3 is sub5ected to fission by bombarding with thermal 6slow moving7 neutron. This nuclear fission ta&es place in a nuclear reactor and produces a large amount of heat energy. This heat energy is used to boil water to form steam. The hot pressuri$ed steam turns the steam turbine. 'hen the turbine rotates, the electric generator fi#ed on its shaft starts wor&ing and produces electricity. "n a nuclear reactor, heavy water 68297 is used as a moderator to slow down the speed of high!energy neutrons. Cadmium rods are used as :controlling rods; to &eep the fission reaction under control by absorbing the e#cess neutrons. %eavy water is also used as coolant to transfer the heat produced in the reactor to heat e#changer for converting water into steam.

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complete chain reaction of nuclear fission is as shown in fig.

<ig!1+! ,uclear fission reaction.

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CHAPTER 3 NUCLEAR ENERGY

)ass defect is converted into energy through nuclear reaction. Two processes produce this+ 1. 2. ,uclear fission. ,uclear fusion. neutron splits a heavy nucleus li&e uranium!2(3 into two parts when it stri&es nucleus thereby releasing two more neutrons. %owever mass of the two parts is slightly less than the original uranium nucleus. This mass deficit is converted into energy 6200)ev=fission7. This process is called nuclear fission. "n the reactor most of the neutrons are absorbed so that for every neutron causing fission, only one is left. This neutron in turn collides with another 1! 2(3 nucleus and causes fission. chain reaction is thus set up. The fuel in

the nuclear reactor consists of uranium that may be natural or enriched. .ither light water 6for enriched uranium7 or heavy water 6for natural uranium7 may be used as moderators for slowing down the neutrons. The heat energy is absorbed by the coolant which transfers it to the light water in heat e#changer. 1ltimately water is turned into high pressure steam that is used to drive turbine as in any conventional power plant.

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"ndia has si# ,uclear Power Plants+ t Tarapur in )aharashtra. t >awatbhata near ?ota in >a5asthan. t ?alpa&&am near )adras in Tamil ,adu. t ,arora in 1tter Pradesh. t ?a&rapar near Surat in -u5arat. t ?aiga near ?arwar in ?arnata&a.

The reactors at Tarapur use enriched uranium as fuel and light water as coolant. ll other power plants use natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as coolant. ,uclear Power Plant under construction in >awatbhata is two units of 220 )'e each. ,uclear fission has become commercially viable and is used in several countries.

3.1 SOME IMPORTANT NUCLEAR REACTIONS

42

12(2 @ 0n1A 4212(4 @ r A 4(,p2(4 A 4BPu2(4

CCCCCCCCCCCC..

.D (.1.1

Typical fission reaction+

42

12(3 @ 0n1 A (2Sr40 @ 3BEe1BB @2 0n1@ r @ 200 )eFCCCCCC .D (.1.2

>eactor poisoning reaction+

32

Te1(3 A 3("1(3 A 3BEe1BB A 33Cs1(3 A 3GHa1(3CCCCC.D (.1.( 6Stable7

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'e &now that about 200 )eF of energy is released during per fission. This energy is divided in the following way+ 1. ?... of the fission fragments+ 2. ?... of neutrons+ (. .nergy of gamma rays released at fission+ B. .nergy of gamma rays released on n!capture+ 3. -amma decay energy+ G. Heta decay energy+ 1GI )eF 3 )eF 3 )eF 10 )eF I )eF 3 )eF JJJJJJJJ 144 )eF JJJJJJJJ

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CHAPTER 4 POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

Turbine is a tandem compound machine directly coupled to an electric generator. turbine generally consists of high!pressure cylinder 6Single

flow for 220 )' units and double flow for 300 )' 1nits7 with .#ternal )oisture separators and steam reheaters and double flow pressure cylinders. Turbine is provided with necessary supervisory protection instrumentation and devices. Steam enters into the high pressure cylinder and subseDuently passes through the moisture separator and reheaters before entering the low pressure cylinders. The steam then e#haust to a condenser under vacuum. The condense steam is e#tracted form condenser by condensate e#tracting pump and the condensate passes through feed water heaters to dearator. Hoiler feed pumps ta&es suction from dearator and pump feed water via high pressure feed water heaters into steam generators. .lectrical generator is directly coupled to the turbine producing electricity and the generator transformer which intern is connected to switch yard steps up the generated voltage. -enerated power is thus transmitted to the electrical power grid.

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<ig!2+! Power generation system.

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CHAPTER 5 NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME & TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA 5.1 INTRODUCTION

"ndia figured in the nuclear power map of the world in 14G4, when two boiling water reactors 6H'>S7 were commissioned at Tarapur 6T PS 1K27. These reactors were built on the turn&ey basis. The main ob5ective of setting these units was largely to prove the techno!economic viability of nuclear power. The nuclear power programme formulated embar&ed on the three!stage nuclear power programme, lin&ing the fuel cycle of pressuri$ed heavy water reactor 6P%'>7 K fast breeder reactors 6<H>7 for 5udicious utili$ation of our reserves of uranium K thorium. The emphasis of the programme is self! >eliance K thorium utili$ation as a long! term ob5ective.

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5.2 THE THREE STAGES OF OUR NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME ARE:

L STAGE 1 = This stage envisages construction of pressuri$ed heavy water reactor 6P%'>7 using natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as moderator. Spent fuel from these reactors is reprocessed to obtain plutonium.

L STAGE 2 =

This stage envisages on the construction of fast breeder reactors 6<H>7 fuelled by plutonium K depleted 1 produced in stage1. These reactors would also breed 1 2(( from thorium.

L STAGE 3 =

This stage would comprise power reactors using 1 2(( M thorium as fuel, which is used as a blan&et in these types of reactors.

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5.3 THE PHWR WAS CHOSEN DUE TO THE FOLLOWING

L "t uses natural uranium as fuel. 1se of natural uranium available in "ndia helps to cut heavy investments on enrichment that are capital intensive.

L 1ranium reDuirement is the lowest K plutonium production is the highest.

L The infrastructure available in the country is suitable for underta&ing manufacture of the eDuipment.

The short! term goal of the programme was to complement the generation of electricity at locations away from coalmines. The long!term policy is based on recycling nuclear fuel K harnessing the available thorium resources to meet country/s long! term energy demand and security.

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5.4 INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME

"ndian nuclear power programme is essentially based on P%'>s using natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as moderator and coolant. "ndia has si# atomic power plants in which electricity is produced by using the nuclear reaction. ,PC"N 1,"TS SO,C%>9,"S T"9, T9 ->"8 K C9)).,C.).,T 9< C9)).>C" N 9P.> T"9,. 1,"T T T > > ) ) , , ? ? ? > ? > T PS!1 PS!2 PS!1 PS!2 PS!1 PS!2 PS!1 PS!2 PS!1 PS!2 "- !2 PS!( "- !1 PS!B PS!B 8 T. 9< <">ST SO,C%>9,"P T"9, 01.0B.14G4 03.03.14G4 (0.11.14I2 01.11.1420 2(.0I.142( 1B.04.1423 24.0I.1424 03.01.1442 2B.11.1442 0B.0(.1443 02.12.1444 10.0(.2000 12.10.2000 1I.11.2000 0B.0G.2003 8 T. 9< C9)).>C" N 9P.> T"9, 22.10.14G4 22.10.14G4 1G.12.14I( 01.0B.1421 2I.01.142B 21.0(.142G 01.01.1441 01.0I.1442 0G.03.144( 01.04.1443 1G.0(.2000 01.0G.2000 1G.11.2000 2(.12.2000 12.04.2003

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Present installed nuclear power capacity is ((10)we. 'ith the pro5ects under construction at T PP!( 63B0)we7, ? "- !(KB 6BB0)we7,

?18 ,?1N ) 62000)we7, > PP!3KG 6BB0)we7 K by re!rating of ) PS! 1 to 220)we, a total nuclear power capacity of GI20)we is planned to be achieved by 8ecember 2002 progressively.

The list of proposed sites in "ndia is+! ? PP!(KB > PP!IK2 IB0E2 IB0E2 Pressuri$ed %eavy 'ater >eactor Pressuri$ed %eavy 'ater >eactor Pressuri$ed %eavy 'ater >eactor

Qaitapur6)aharashtra7 IB0EB

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CHAPTER 6 DESCRIPTION OF STANDARD INDIAN PHWR 6.1 LAYOUT+

The nuclear power stations in "ndia are generally planned as two units modules, sharing common facilities Such as service building, spent fuel storage bayK other au#iliaries li&e heavy water upgrading, waste management facilities etc. Separate safety related systems K component are however provided for each unit. Such an arrangement retains independence for safe operation of each unit K simultaneously permits optimum use of space, finance K construction time. The layout for a typical 220)' station consists of two reactor building, active service building including spent fuel bay, safety related electrical, control buildings and the two turbine buildings. 9rienting turbine building radial to the reactor building provides protection from the effect of turbine missiles. 9ther safety related building K structures are also located has not to fall in the tra5ectory of missiles generated from the turbine. The building and structures have also been physically separated on the basis of their seismic classification. Sectional views of the reactor building are depicting general layout inside the reactor building.

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6.2 PLANT LAYOUT (RAPP 5&6!

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<ig!(+! Plant layout 6> PP M 3KG7.

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The over all plant layouts are for a twin unit comple#. The principal features of the layout are+ ! The layout is based on the concept of independent operation of each unit. )irror image is avoided to the ma#imum e#tent possible to retain uniformity in layout. ll safety related systems and components are grouped together.

>eactor au#iliary building is located near to the reactor building to avoid long piping lengths. Control room K control eDuipment room in this building are so laid out so as to cater for uniti$ed operation. .mergency power system such as 8- K batteries are provided separately in safety related structures. Physical protection scheme to protect against industrial sabotage K e#ternal or internal malevolent ad ions.

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6.3 MAIN PARTS OF N.P.P

The main and au#iliary eDuipment of layout in nuclear power plant are described below+! 1. ,uclear >eactor 2. Turbine (. Steam generator B. Calandria 3. Coolant assembly G. .nd shield I. Cooling Tower 2. )oderator pump K au#iliaries 4. P%T pumps 10. 11. 12. 1(. 1B. 13. <uel <uel design <uel handling )oderator system P%T system >eactivity control mechanism

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6.3.1. NUCLEAR REACTOR

reactor plays an important role in nuclear power plant. "n ,PP, heat energy is produced by the fission of nuclear fuel such as uranium, in a reactor thus, the source of heat energy is the reactor, which is eDuipment to the furnace in a coal fired plant. "t is necessary to transport this energy to the turbine where it is changed into )echanical energy of rotation. "n concept, the "ndian Pressurised %eavy 'ater >eactor is a pressure tube type reactor using heavy water moderator, heavy water coolant and natural uranium dio#ide fuel. The reactor consists primarily of Calandria, a hori$ontal cylindrical vessel. "t is penetrated by a large number of Pircaloy pressure tubes 6(0G for 2(3 )'e reactor7, arranged in a sDuare lattice. These pressure tubes, also referred as coolant channels, contain the fuel and hot high!pressure heavy water coolant. The pressure tubes are attached to the alloy steel and fitting assemblies at either end by special roll e#panded 5oints. typical pressure tube assembly is present in a

reactor. .nd!shields are the integral parts of the calandria and are provided at each end of the calandria to attenuate the radiation emerging from the reactor, permitting access to the fuelling machine vaults when the reactor is shutdown.

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The end fittings are supported in the end shield lattice tubes through bearings, which permit their sliding. The Clandria is housed in a concrete vault, which is lined with $inc metallised carbon steel and filled with chemically treated deminerali$ed light water for shielding purposes. The end shields are supported in opening in the vault wall, and form a part of the vault enclosure at these opening. >emovable shield plugs, fitted in the end fittings, provide a#ial shielding to individual coolant channel. replaceable channel seal plug seals the end fitting. .ach pressure tube is isolated from the cold heavy water moderator present in calandria by a concentric $ircaloy calandria tube. The pressure tubes are centered and partially supported in the calandria tubes by garter spring spacers. The annular space between the pressure tube and calandria tube has been sealed by inconel bellows and is connected to the annulus gas system, which circulated dry carbon dio#ide gas. The moisture content of this gas is monitored at inlet and outlet points to detect possible lea&s in the pressure tubes or the calandria tubes. Special care is ta&en in design of coolant channels to ensure that they can be replaced easily when the situation should warrant such a replacement. The en!mass coolant channel replacement carried out successfully in > PSL2 during 144I!42 by in! house developed technology has demonstrated the capability of ,PC"N to

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ta&e up this wor& in future reactors namely ) PS and , PS. Coolant channels of these stations are made of Pircaloy!2 which will need replacement within 10 .ffective <ull Power Oears 6.<PO7. %owever in ? PSL2 coolant tubes having Pirconium!2.3* ,iobium alloy has been used. This alloy has superior mechanical properties, low deuterium pic&!up rate and low irradiation assisted creep. deDuate creep

allowances are given for the full (0 years design life of the station. Pr!2.3* ,b is being used as pressure tube material, which has improved creep properties, higher strength 6hence neutron economy7 and above all improved properties with regard to in pile corrosion and hydrogen pic&!up. "t has been the e#perience that garter spring spacers between the calandria tubes and pressure tubes of the earlier design were prone to displacement during operation and hence a modified design of garter spring capable of ensuring their freedom from displacement is used from ? PS, 1nitL2 onward reactors. The garter spring used in standardi$ed P%'>s are tight fit on the coolant tubes. "n!situ measurements=studies in ? PS, ?aiga and > PP!(KB subseDuent to hot conditioning have indicated this design to be effective in preventing displacement of garter springs.

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6.3.2. TURBINE
Turbine is tandem compound machine directly coupled to electrical generator. turbine generally consists of low! pressure cylinder 6double

flow for 300 )' units7. Turbine has a ma#imum continuous K economic rating of 224)'. Turbine is the hori$ontal tandem compound re!heating impulse type running at (000>P) with special provision for the e#traction of moisture. steam

turbine converts heat energy of steam into mechanical energy and drives the generator. "t uses the principle that the steam when issuing from a small opening attains a high velocity. This velocity attained during e#pansion depends on the initial and final heat content of steam. The difference between initial K final heat content represents that the heat energy is converted into mechanical energy. They are of two types+ 1. I"#$%&' ($)*+,': "n this, steam is e#panded in turbine no$$le and

attains a high velocity, also complete e#pansion of steam ta&es place in the no$$le K steam pressure during the flow of steam over turbine blades remains constant. The blades have symmetrical profile.

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2. R'-.(+/, ($)*+,': "n this, only partial e#pansion ta&es place in no$$le and further e#pansion ta&es place as the steam flows over the rotor blades.

6.3.3. STEAM GENERATORS

The boiler assemblies contain 10!u shaped shell K tube heat e#changers, connected in parallel. The hot coolant inlet channel and returning cold! water channel are welded, the shell material is carbon steel K tube material is )onel. .ach heat e#changer has 143 tubes appro#imately B2 ft.long, B.3; dia, and 0.0B4 thou thic&. The design pressure on the heavy water side of the boiler is 1(30 psig at 3I00 f.

6.3.4. CALANDRIA
"t is the heart of reactor and contains fuel and moderatorR it is made of ustenitic Stainless Steel. "t contains (0G hori$ontal calandria tubes made form ,ic&el! free! Picaloy!2. "t also contains a special tube, which has 12 fuel bundles ma&ing a total of (GI2 fuel bundles. "t also has G openings at the top through which pass the reactivity control mechanism assemblies. "n the middle it has piping connection for moderator outlet K inlet. The entire assembly is supported from calandria vault roof.
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6.3.5. COOLANT ASSEMBLY

The primary function of coolant assembly is to house the reactor fuel K to direct the flow of primary coolant part to remove the nuclear heat. t the

end of (0G tubes low neutron capture containment/s structure is provided, while the end fitting provides entry and end connections both to the primary coolant system.

6.3.6. END SHIELD

Two circular water coolant end shields of diameter about 3.12m K thic&ness about 1.11m are located in the north and south calandria vault. They are penetrated by (0G passages form reactor coolant tube assemblies. These end shields provides shielding to reduce the radiation in the fuelling machine vaults, the heat due to a closed water circulation removes radiation from the calandria into shields.

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6.3.0. COOLING TOWERS

)ainly there are two types of cooling towers+! S "8CT+ "nduct 8raft Cooling Towers S ,8CT+ ,atural 8raft Cooling Towers The main purpose of these cooling towers is to bring down the temperature of circulating water. This is light water which circulates through the heat e#changer and carry away the heat generated by the 8) water. This 8) water condenses the steam. %ence by the application of cooling towers the efficiency of the plant gets enhanced. <ollowing is the description of these types of cooling towers+!

IDCT:
s the name indicates it reDuires induced draft for cooling the active process water. Hig fans are used to produce the draft. The active water is used in reactor building to cool various eDuipments.

NDCT:
The inductive water, which is used to condense water, is further cooled by natural draft. They are 130m high with hyperbolic shape atomi$ing action.

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6.3.1. MODERATOR PUMP AND AU2ILIARIES

The main moderator circulating systems consists of 3 pumps, 2 heat e#changers, and necessary valves and piping. The pumps circulate moderator form cal. through the two shells K tube heat e#changers to &eep the temp. Hetween I00f K1B30. The cooled heavy water is again fed to the cal. cooling necessities to reduce capture of thermal neutral and the thermal stresses. The moderator receives about (I)we fission heat. The system contains about 1B0,000&g heavy water.

6.3.3. PHT PUMPS

The P%T pump circulates the coolant 6%'7 in reactor core to steam generator to generate steam. The complete system contains 2!circulating pumps, 2!sets of boiler isolating valve of special design, 2 pressuri$ing pump, a stand by cooling system, a relief control valve and feed K bleed system.

6.3.14. FUEL
The use of natural uranium dio#ide fuel with its low content of fissile material 60.I2* u!2(37 precludes the Possibility of a reactivity accident during fuel handling or storage. lso, in the core there would no significant
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increase in the reactivity, in the ever of any mishaps causing redistribution of the fuel by lattice distortion. The thermal characteristics namely the low thermal conductivity and high specific heat of 192, permit almost all the heat generated in a fast power transient to be initially absorbed in the fuel. <urthermore, high melting point of 192 permits several full power seconds of heat to be safely absorbed that contained at normal power. )ost of the fission products remain bound in the 19 2 matri# and may get released slowly only at temperatures considerably higher than the normal operating temperatures. lso on the account of the uranium dio#ide being

chemically inert to the water coolant medium, the defected fuel releases limited amount of radioactivity to the primary coolant system. The use of 12 short length fuel bundles per channels in a P%'>, rather than full! length elements covering the whole length of the core, subdivides the escapable radioactive facility in P%'> has also the singular advantage of allowing the defected fuel to be replaced by fresh fuel at any time. The thin $ircaloy!2=B cladding used in fuel elements is designed to collapse under coolant pressure on to the pellets. This feature permits high pellet! clad gap conductance resulting in lower fuel temperature and

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conseDuently lower fission gas release from the 19 2 matri# into pellet! clad gap.

6.3.11. FUEL DESIGN

<uel assemblies in the reactor are short length 6half meter long7 fuel bundles. Twelve of such bundles are located in each fuel channel. The basic fuel material is in the form of natural uranium dio#ide a pellet, sheathed K sealed in thin Pircaloy tubes. 'elding them to end plates to form fuel bundles assembles these tubes. in 220)we P%'>s. 14!element fuel bundle is used

fuel bundle is shown below.

<ig!B+! <uel bundle.

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6.3.12. FUEL HANDLING

9n M power fuelling is a feature of all P%'>s, which have very low e#cess reactivity. "n this type of reactor, refueling to compensate for fuel depletion K for over all flu# shaping to give optimum power distribution is carried out with help of 2 fueling machines, which wor& in con5unction with each other on the opposite ends of a channel. 9ne mounted on a bridge K column assembly. Farious mechanisms provided along tri!directional movement 6E, OKP 8irection7 of fueling machine head and ma&e it mechanisms have been provided which enables clamping of fueling machine head to the end fitting, opening K closing of the respective seal plugs, shield plugs K perform various fuelling operations i.e. receiving new fuel in the maga$ine from fuel transfer system, sending spent fuel from maga$ine to shuttle transfer station, from shuttle transfer station to inspection bay K from inspection bay to Spent fuel storage bay.

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6.3.13. MODERATOR SYSTEM

The heavy water moderator is circulated through the calandria by aid of a low temperature K low! pressure moderator system. This system circulates the moderator through two heat e#changers, which remove heat dissipated by high! energy neutrons during the process of moderation. The cooled moderator is returned to the calandria via moderator inlet no$$les. The high chemical purity and low radioactivity level of the moderators are maintained through moderator purification system. The purification systems consists of stainless steel ion M e#change hoppers, eight numbers in 220)' contains nuclear grade, mi#ed ion! e#change >esin 620* anion K 20* cation resins7. The purification is also utili$ed for removable of chemical shimR boron to affect start! up of reactor. %elium is used as a cover! gas over the heavy water in calandria. The concentration deuterium in this cover Mgas is control led by circulating it using a sealed blower and passing through the recombination containing catalyst alumina! coated with 0.(* palladium. The purpose of heavy water moderator is to maintain criticality in the reactor core by slowing down the high energy fast neutrons to low energy thermal neutrons where their probability of fission capture is greater.

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%eavy water, used as moderator inside the calandria, gets heated up due to neutron moderation and capture attenuation of gamma radiation as well as due to the transfer of heat from reactor components in contact. The heat in the moderator is transported to the moderator heat e#changers outside the core where it is removed by process water. Circulation of moderator through moderator heat e#changers is accomplished by moderator pumps. "n 1nits 3KG moderator is filled up to 100* as the shutdown mechanism is entirely different. "t has got primary shut off rods which gets inserted into calandria and absorbs neutrons, thus causing a brea&age of chain reaction. <or this there are 1B shut off rods made up of cadmium sandwiched in SS. The other components of the moderator system consists of calandria, coolant channels, over pressure rupture disc, e#pansion 5oints, moderator pumps, heat e#changers and control valves.

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6.3.14. PRIMARY HEAT TRANSPORT (PHT! SYSTEM

The system, which circulates pressuri$ed coolant through the fuel channels to remove the heat generated in fuel, referred as Primary %eat Transport System. The ma5or components of this system are the reactor fuel channels, feeders, two inlet headers, two reactor outlet headers, four pumps K interconnecting pipe K valves. The headers steam generators K pumps are located above the reactor and are arranged in two symmetrical ban&s at either end of the reactor. The headers are connected to fuel channels through individual feeder pipes. The coolant circulation is mentioned at all times during reactor operation, shutdown K maintenance.

6.3.15. REACTI5ITY CONTROL MECHANISMS

8ue to the use of natural uranium fuel K on!load refueling, the P%'>/s do not need a large e#cess reactivity. Standard reactor designs are provided with four systems for reactivity control, vi$. 1. >egulating rods. 2. Shim rods. (. d5uster rods for #enon override

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B. ,atural boron addition in the moderator to compensate for the e#cess reactivity in a fresh core K for absence of #enon after a long shutdown. The reactivity control devices are installed in the low!pressure moderator region K so they are not sub5ected to potentially severe hydraulic K thermal forces in the event of postulated accidents. <urthermore, the relatively spacious core lattice of P%'> allows sufficient locations to obtain complete separation between control K protective functions. The regulating systems are thus fully independent with its own power supplies, instrumentations K triplicate controls channels. Cobalt K stainless steel absorber elements have been utili$ed in the reactivity control mechanisms. <or 220)' standardi$ed design, two diverse, fast acting K provides a high degree of assurance that plant transients reDuiring prompt shutdown of the reactor will be terminated safety. The primary shutdown system consists of 1B mechanical shut off rods of cadmium sandwiched in stainless steel K ma&es the reactor sub critical in less than 2 sec. <ail!safe features li&e gravity fall K spring assistance has been incorporated in design if mechanical shut off rods. The second shutdown system, which is also fast acting, Comprise 12 liDuid poison tubes, which are filled with lithium pent borate solution under helium pressure.

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The trip signal actuates a combination of fast acting valves and causes poison to be in5ected simultaneously in 12 interstitial liDuid poison tubes of calandria of the machines is used to fuel the channel while the other one accepts the fuel bundles. "n, ddition, the fueling machines facilitate

removal of failed fuel bundles. .ach fueling machine is mount thin $ircaloy tubes. 'elding them to end plates to form fuel bundles assembles these tubes.

6.4 STATUS OF NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION & FUTURE PLANS

The nuclear power programme in "ndia up to year 2020 is based on installation of a series of 2(3 )'e K 300)'e pressuri$ed heavy water reactor 6P%'>7 units, 1000 )'e light water reactors 6N'>7 units K fast breeder reactors 6<H>7 units. ,PC"N plans to contribute about 10* of the total additional needs of power of about 20000)'e per year i.e. 10000)'e per year in the coming two 3 year plans. The total installed capacity of nuclear generation would increase.

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CHAPTER 0 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SITES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 0.1 OB6ECTI5E:
The main ob5ective in siting of ,uclear Power Plants from the point of view of nuclear safety is to be able to construct and operate ,uclear Power Plants safely K to provide protection to the public against radiological impact resulting from accidental releases of radioactive material as well as release of such materials during normal operation of the plant. %ence the basic criteria for selection of a site for the location of a nuclear power plant shall be to ensure that the site plant interaction will not introduce any radiological ris& or others of an unacceptable magnitude. This can be achieved by+ . The radiological ris& to the ,uclear Power Plant due to the e#ternal events should not e#ceed the range of radiological ris& associated with accidents of internal origin. H. The possible radiological impact of a ,uclear Power Plant on the environment should be acceptably low for normal operation, an accident conditions and with in the stipulated criteria for radiological safety.

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"n evaluating the suitability of a site for locating a ,uclear Power Plant, the following are the ma5or aspects that need to be considered+ .ffect of e#ternal events 6nature K man M induced7 on the plant. .ffect of plant on environment K population "mplementation of emergency procedures particularly counter measures in the public domain.

0.2 DESIGN BASIS FOR INTERNAL NATURAL E5ENTS+

,atural phenomenon, which may e#ist or can occur in the region of a proposed side, shall be identified and these should be classified as per their importance. 8esign basis shall be derived for each important event by adopting appropriate methodologies. These should be 5ustified as being compatible with the characteristics of the region K also with the current state of art of the e#tent possible.

37 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

0.3 DESIGN BASIS FOR E2TERNAL MAN E5ENTS:

INDUCED

Proposed sites shall be adeDuately investigated with respect to all the design basis man! induced events that could affect the plant safety. The region shall be e#amined for facilities and human activates that may affect the safety of the proposed ,uclear Power Plant. These facilities K activates shall be identified and the conditions under which the safety of the plant is li&ely to be affected shall be considered in fi#ing the design basis for man!induced events. "nformation concerning the freDuency K severity of those important, man!induced events shall be collected K analy$ed for reliability, accuracy K completeness.

0.4 RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ON THE EN5IRONMENT+

The radiological conseDuences due to ,uclear Power Plant on environment should be as low as is reasonably achievable ta&ing into account. Social and economical factors, both for normal K accidental conditions are within the stipulated criteria for radiological safety.

38 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

"n evaluating a site for the radiological impact by the ,uclear Power Plant on the region for operational states K accidental conditions, appropriate estimates shall be made of e#pected or potential releases of radioactive material ta&ing into account the design of the plant including its safety features. The direct K indirect pathways, by which radioactive materials released from the ,uclear Power Plant could reach K affect the people, shall be identified for use in the estimation of the radiological impact. Thus, the main points to be considered for sitting ,uclear Power Plants are as follows+ . H. C. 8. .. <. -. %. ". Q. ?. Nand reDuirements. ccessibility. Construction facility. Cooling water. .lectrical system and energy resources. -eology. Seismology. <looding. ,atural events. )an!induced events. Population.
39 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

N. ). ,. 9. P.

>adiological impact. )eteorological K air releases. %ydrology K liDuid waste. -eo hydrology K solid waste. Nand use K .nvironment impact.

0.5 SAFETY DESIGN PRINCIPALS

"t has been ensured that systems, components K structures having a bearing on reactor safety are designed to meet stringent performance K reliability reDuirements. These reDuirements are met by adopting the following design principles+ a7 The Duality reDuirements for deign, fabrication, construction, K inspection for these systems are of the high order,

commensurate with their importance to safety. b7 The safety related eDuipment inside the containment building is designed to perform its function even under the elevated pressure K temperature K steam environment conditions e#pected in the event of postulated loss of coolant accidents 6N9C 7. c7 Physical K functional separation is assured between process systems K safety systems.
40 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

d7

deDuate redundancy is provided in systems such that the minimum safety functions can be performed even in the event of single active components in the system.

e7 f7

To minimi$e the probability of unsafe failures. Provisions are incorporated to ensure that active components in the safety systems are testable periodically.

g7

ll the supplies=services 6electric, compressed air or water7 to these systems, necessary for the performance of their safety functions are assured K Tsafety grade/ sources.

41 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

CHAPTER 1 SWITCH YARD

1.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The 220?F switchyard consists of double bus bar scheme, each bus being designed for evacuation of full power of the station ta&ing into consideration of the failure of the one line with another line under maintenance. The switchyard is provided with brea&ers and isolators for feeding load through either of the buses. by!pass isolator is also provided for each feeder to ll the feeders are provided with

facilitate ta&ing brea&er maintenance.

lightning arrestors, on each phase. CFTs are provided on each phase of out going feeders to facilitate carrier communication and line protection. Current transformers and .)PTs of adeDuate rating are provided as per reDuirement of the protection scheme. deDuate provision has been made to provide off site power supply to station au#iliaries through transformers. start!up

42 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

1.2 22475 SWITCH YARD

220?F switchyard of > PP!3KG consists of 2 startMup transformer bays, one bus coupler bay and 2 line bays. There are total 3 bays in 220?F switchyard of > PP!3KG. 8ouble main bus bar with by!pass switching scheme is provided for the switchyard. This arrangement provides for maintenance of one main bus or one circuit brea&er at any time without interruption of power supply to any feeder. 8etails of the design parameters adopted for 220?F switchyard are below+ Type of switchyard ,ormal voltage >ated voltage ! ! ! 9ut door 220?F 2B3?F BG0?F >)S 2000 mp 1G00 mp 2.I )eters 3.3 )eters as

Hasic one!minute power freDuency level ! >ated current for main bus bars >ated current for feeder bus bars Phase to phase minimum clearances -round minimum clearances ! ! ! !

43 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

1.3 DESIGN DETAILS:

)ain aspects that are considered in the design of 220?F switchyard are as follows+ ". "t shall be possible to ta&e out any circuit without interrupting the corresponding circuit from service. "". "t shall be possible to isolate main bus for maintenance without loss of any circuit. """. bus fault shall not result into shut down of complete station.

"F. <urther e#pansion should be easily possible without any lengthy shut downs. F. Crossing of outlets shall be avoided. ll switchyard eDuipment shall be suitable for outdoor installation in hot, humid and tropical atmosphere. ll eDuipment shall be capable of

withstanding the dynamic and thermal stresses due to short circuit current without any damage or deterioration. The eDuipments shall be designed as per codal design for meeting seismic reDuirement. The string bus bars of outdoor switchyard are of CS> conductor. Conductor si$es are selected

which is based on the current rating and other site conditions.

44 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

The circuit brea&ers are of sulphur he#afluoride 6S<G7 type K can carry rated current continuously and short time current for ( seconds. The isolators are three!pole double end brea&er in ir. Center post rotating type with contact blades moving through hori$ontal plane. The current transformers are oil immersed, self!cooled and hermetically sealed type. The current transformers are single pole unit, suitable for upright mounting on steel structure. Foltage transformers are of .lectro! magnetic=capacity type. Capacitive voltage transformer used with power line carrier communication 6PNCC7 system are suitable for a PNCC system having freDuency range of B0 to 300 %$. 8esign of other switchyard eDuipment 6wave trap, lighting arresters, earth switch etc.7 shall govern by respective data and environmental conditions.

45 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

1.4 SWITCHING SCHEME:

8ouble bus with bypass isolator system for 220 ?F switching scheme has been adopted for > PP!3KG. dvantages of this scheme are as follows+ Circuit brea&er of any feeder can be ta&en out without interruption of that circuit. )aintenance of any bus can be carried out by transferring all the circuit on one bus, without loss of any circuit. <ault on any of the buses will result in the shutdown of the circuits connected to that particular bus at that time. %owever, after isolating faulty bus, these circuits can be connected to healthy bus. .#pansion of switchyard for > PP!(KB is possible at one side. Crossing of lines can be avoided by proper arrangement of bays. n independent control room is provided inside the switchyard. This houses all control reDuired for lines and bus coupler bay. "ndependent battery ban&s and battery charges are provided in switchyard control room feeding 230 volts 8.C. control and protections. These battery chargers are fed from class!""" )CCs 6P2 KU27 to ensure reliability.

46 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

1.5 44475 SWITCH YARD

B00?F switchyard of > PP!3KG consists of ( bays, 2 for -T!3 K -T!G and one bay for ?ota feeder. "n future there will be total 3 bays including -T!I and -T!2. Power evacuation from the generating units of > PP!3KG would be done at B00?F, whereas 220?F voltage level shall be used for drawing start!up power.

444 75 S8&('":
<ollowing feeders will be operated at B00?F+ a7 Two nos. B00?F feeders from -enerator Transformer of unit!3KG. b7 c7 Two 627 nos. B00?F line feeders to ?an&roli. 9ne 617 no. B00?F line feeder to ?ota.

47 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

1.6 TRANSMISSION LINES

<ive transmission lines 31B!N!1 to 31B!N!3 interconnecting the station to >S.H grid are given below+ . H. C. 8. .. > PP!3KG! nta single circuit line is long 20 ?m route length. > PP!3KG!To > PS!(KB single circuit line. > PP!3KG!To ?an&roli!" double circuit line. > PP!3KG! To ?an&roli!"" double circuit line. > PP!3KG! ?ota double circuit line is long 30?m route length. nta gas power plant and > PS!(KB ,uclear

> PP!3KG is connected to

Power Plant for ta&ing start!up power. Thus > PP!3KG is connected to two sources of power generators for off!site power.

48 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

CHAPTER 3 ELECTRICAL E9UIPMENT USED IN NPP

3.1 22475 CIRCUIT BREA7ER

Circuit brea&ers are the switching and current interrupting devices. Hasically a circuit brea&er comprises a set of fi#ed and movable contacts. "t switches during normal and abnormal conditions and interrupts the fault circuit.

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The 220?v brea&ers form part of the main power output system which consists of 21?v isolated face bus duct, two main transformer with 220?v lightning arrestor disconnect switches, 220?v bus and start!up transformer, line and bus transformer.

3.1.2 DESCRIPTION
Type >ated voltage >ated current >ated ma&ing capacity >ated short time current >ated line charging brea&ing rching time Closing time S<G gas pressure ir pressure S<G gas Circuit Hrea&ers 2B3?F 2000 mp 100? pea& B0 ? for (sec 123 mp (0)illisecond 100)illisecond I&g=cm2 13.3?g=cm2

49 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

The circuit brea&ers are of S<G puffer type design. The circuit brea&ers are of single pole type. The control scheme of line circuit brea&ers has provision for single or three phase auto reclosing and tripping. The reclosing scheme has also provision for reclosure on dead line or reclosing with synchroni$ing chec& features. There are unities compressed air systems for feeding air to the circuit brea&ers. The compressors are located inside the central pole cubicle of respective brea&ers. The air piping between the poles of each circuit brea&er is provided with copper tubes and are run inside the cable trenches. The 220 ?F S<G circuit brea&ers are provided with compressed air for holding contact in position when closed. The opening K closing of brea&er is by compressed air K closing spring respectively. ir reservoirs are

provided on each pole and are inter connected by copper tubing. 9ne single air compressor of adeDuate capacity is provided in the central pole control cubicle. The pole column provided on each phase consists of brea&er chamber, two support insulators, on each phase consists of
50 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

brea&er chamber, two support insulators, driving rod, pneumatic drive, control valves K closing spring, ll components such as contractor, relays

etc, are accommodated in the central inside the central pole cubicle of control cubicle.

51 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

The control system comprises eDuipments for S<G density monitoring, functional loc&outs, signaling, compressed air monitoring etc. wafer type

au#iliary switch is coupled directly mechanically to the pneumatic drive. n antipumping device provided, prevents repeated closing and tripping of the brea&er when there is a sustained close and trip signal. temperature

compensated dens meter is provided on each pole. The current rating of all outdoor 220 ?F circuit brea&er is 2000 . This current rating of circuit is selected on the load 6current7 reDuirement and symmetrical short circuit level of B0 & at 220 &F system. ll circuit brea&ers have short time withstand capacity of B0 ? for ( sec.

with symmetrical brea&ing capacity of 13000 )F and a ma&ing capacity of 102? 6pea&7. The circuit brea&er is operational even under Tphase

opposition/ arising out of faulty synchroni$ation. .ach outgoing line feeder circuit brea&er compromise three identical poles complete with individual operating mechanism and shall have provision for both single and three phase auto reclosing. Three 6(7 poles of the brea&er are lin&ed together electrically=pneumatically for S<G brea&ers. Hrea&ers have been tested for one! minute power freDuency test voltage of BG0 ?F 6rms7 and impulse test voltage of 1030 ?F 6pea&7 with 1.2=30 micro sec. impulse.

52 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

3.2 ISOLATING SWITCHES:

The isolators are motor operated center post rotating type and are capable of remote operation from control room in switchyard. "n the event of necessity they can also be operated by manual operation with operating handle. ,ecessary electrical and mechanical interloc&s to meet the logic as per ". rules standards have been incorporated. The isolators are also tested for all interloc&s and for 1000 cycle Ton/ and Toff/ operations in the factory. -rounding switches are provided on the line K bus .)PT isolators. These are mechanically and electrically interloc&ed with the main isolators so that they are not closed to earth when the system is charged. ll operating

mechanisms are sufficiently earthed as reDuired by standards to prevent any electrical shoc& for operators during local operation. The bus bar!"" selector isolators are of tandem type. The isolators are type tested as relevant standards in approved testing institutions. ll isolating switches are rated to carry current of 1G00 e#cept for bus coupler bay where it will be 2000 . continuously

ll isolators will carry

short circuit current of B0? for ( sec. The isolating switches are C motor operated, hori$ontal center post rotating double brea& type. "solators have been type tested at CP>", Hhopal for its short circuit with stand capacity.
53 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

The isolating switches are capable of ma&ing and brea&ing+ a7 )agneti$ing current of the voltage transformer. b7 Capacitive current of the buses and short connections. The air brea& (! pole isolating switches are gang operated type so that all the poles ma&e and brea& simultaneously. The isolating switches are suitable for seDuential interloc&ing with associated eDuipment, for closing and opening.

3.3 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

<ive core CTs are provided for each of the feeder of the switchyard. The general allocations of the five cores are as follows+ Hus differential H C )ain protection )etering ! ! ! 2 Cores 1 Cores 1 Core

The CTs for bus couplers are of live tan& design. These CTs are supplied by )=S Crompton -reaves Ntd ,asi&. ll other CTs are of dead tan& type

and are supplied by )=S T.N? ngamally. 'hile type!1 CTs used for lines K -T bays are rated for the short circuit of B0? !( Sec. The type "" CTs used for S1T bays are rated for B0? limitations.
54 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

for 1 sec due to manufacturing

3.4 5OLTAGE TRANSFORMER

"n line with the reDuirement of >a5asthan state electricity board for communication purposes BB00 pf capacitance CFTs have been procured for > PP!3KG.These CFTs serve dual function Fi$. as PTs for under=over voltage protection and as coupling capacitors for carrier communication. The CFTs are provided on all the three phase. The CFTs are supplied by )=S HH Haroda. .lectromagnetic Foltage Transformer 6.)PTs7 is

supplied by )=S Tel& nagamally. There is one 617 set voltage transformer 6FT7 for each 220&v bus bar. .ach set consists of three single phase FTs. .ach outing line from switchyard has its own voltage transformer. Nine voltage transformer is of capacitor type. "t is used for communication system. These line CFTs are of single!phase type. .ach CFTs has three secondary winding and winding connection will be of star=star, star, open delta.

55 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

3.5 GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

The generator transformer is reDuired to step up the generating voltage to the transmission line voltage 61G.3&F to the transmission line voltage of B00?F7. Two power transformer 312T(and 312TB rated.

>ating Now voltage winding %igh voltage winding Type of cooling Type of tap changer Temp. >ise oil Temp. >ise winding

2G0 )F 1G.3?F B00?F ir cooled 9NTC B30C 330C

56 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

57 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

3.6 CONTROL UPS

1.P.S. or uninterrupted power supply is used to maintain continuity of power supply in case of power failures. The control 1.P.S. used in > PP! 3KG consists of mainly B bloc&s+ a7 >ectifier b7 Hattery c7 "nverter d7 Static switch and manual bypass switch

RECTIFIER:
>ectifier feeds the inverter K battery or the 1.P.S. The main functions of the rectifier are+ i.7 Produce control output voltage ranging from 22GF to 22GF with accuracy of 1* of the set value. ii.7 iii.7 Supply tric&le charge to 220F 8C battery ban&. <ollowing the loss of C supply and its subseDuent restoration

to the rectifier provides full load and boost charging current to battery.

58 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

BATTERY:
Hattery bac& up is provided through Nead cid batteries.

IN5ERTER:
"t ta&es 8C supply as input from the rectifier = battery and inverters to 2B0F C, 30%$ for supplying 1!phase 62 'ire7, control loads such as computers, recorders and controllers etc. "nverters for 20&F and for G0&F inverters are thrusters based. 1PS are transistori$ed

3.0 STATIC SWITCH AND MANUAL BYPASS:

The main 1.P.S. and the standby 1PS are isolated by this static switch. "t consists of 2 SC> connected bac& to bac& 6 ntiparallel7. ,ormally both the SC>/s will be in bloc&ing mode. 'hen the inverter trips on fault the static switch get firing pulses and the stand by supply is connected to load. Static switch has only short time rating, hence once the parallel contactor closes, SC>/s will be commutated. )anual bypass switch is provided to put standby into service when we have to ta&e main 1PS out of service, for maintenance reasons. 'henever this switch is put to bypass then standby 1PS serves the load, without any brea& in service.

59 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

CHAPTER 14 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

14.1 INTRODUCTION
,uclear power stations reDuire electrical power supply to perform their functions when the reactor is under normal operation, anticipated operational occurrences and emergency situations and accident conditions. "n order to meet the reDuirement at various stages of operation, electrical power supply system is provided with adeDuate redundancy. "t consists of main power evacuation system, off site supplies and associated transformers K distribution boards. This pro5ect report is prepared to educate, and familiari$e on the electrical eDuipments in general and > PP!3KG electrical system in specific. ttempts have been made to elaborate the eDuipment selection

criteria advantages of them whenever it is felt important.

60 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

14.2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM (OB6ECTI5ES!

The electrical power system for > PP!3KG is designed to provide for the following ob5ectives+ a7 To evacuate the power generated from the turbo generators to the off site grid connected to the station at B00?F switchyard. b7 To provide reDuired Duality of power to the station au#iliaries through start!up transformer 6S1T7, unit au#iliary transformers 61 T7, on site diesel generator sets and uninterruptible power supply systems. c7 To provide emergency electric power supply to safety system of the station during simultaneous occurrence of postulated initiating events and single failure of any active=passive electric component=system. d7 To provide station emergency electric power system with reliable off site power from at least two transmission lines preferably connected to two generating stations. e7 To provide fast transfer systems, emergency transfer systems and load shedding schemes so that electrical power supply is restored within the interruption time permitted by the connected loads.
61 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

f7 g7

To provide operational fle#ibility. To provide necessary isolations, alarms and indications for safe operation and maintenance of electrical eDuipment.

h7 i7

To provide fire protection and safety. To provide earthing of electrical systems and eDuipment for personnel and system safety and isolation of defective system.

57 &7

To provide surge suppression, lighting protection. To provide adeDuate lighting during plant operation and during emergency.

GENERAL
The ma5or ob5ective in the design of an electrical power distribution system in a power distribution system in a power plant is to obtain the best possible reliability compatible with economic considerations. further factor which

has influenced the design of distribution system for this system is the fact that there is very high ratio of capital costs to running costs which ma&es downtime due to failure of eDuipment very costly and higher degree of reliability must be built into system than the conventional generating stations or industrial plants.

62 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

14.3 CLASSES OF POWER

CN SS " P9'.>+ The class " power supplies low loads that reDuire a 220 volt 8C voltage, which is un! interruptible. CN SS "" P9'.>+ The class "" power system supplies all loads that must be fed from an C source which is un! interruptible. CN SS """ P9'.>+ The class """ power system covers all loads which may be interrupted for a short period 61!2 minute7 during an outage or disturbance on the system. CN SS "F P9'.>+ The class "F station service system covers all other loads which may be interrupted during outage or disturbance on the system without endangering the plant. Farious au#iliaries 6i.e. electrical loads7 of the power station are provided with power supply from off!site and on!site sources. The station power supply system is connected to transmission networ& with the help of at least 2 independent transmission connected to the 220&F switchyard.

63 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

The system is designed to have adeDuate standby power sources so that in the event of loss of normal supplies, the essential eDuipment reDuired for reactor safety can be &ept running. .ssentially, the power sources for station reDuirement are+ V ,ormal supplies provided from two redundant sources, vi$, from the grid 6off!site power7 or from the unit generator. V Standby diesel generator. V Storage batteries. The station au#iliary power system is classified into four classes as mentioned above. Class " system 6based on batteries7 is the most reliable system and is used for the supply of control power for the circuit brea&ers and control such as diesel engine control schematics, turbine control schematics, static e#citation for turbine generators, control schemes for diesel driven fire fighting pumps etc. Class "" power supply is derived from uninterrupted power supply system consisting of rectifiers, inverters and a dedicated battery ban&. The battery ban& is capable of feeding inverter loads for a period of at least (0 minutes after the failure of ac power supply to the rectifier. )a5or loads on class "" include <) supply pumps, emergency lights, seal oil pumps, flushing oil pump etc.
64 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

Class """ power supply is connected to emergency diesel generator to provide power supply in the event of class "F power has failed. 8iesel generator sets are designed to provide power automatically to the class """ bus whenever class "F bus has failed. Noads connected to the class """ supply can tolerate short interruptions in power supply. The class """ power can be resorted within two minutes from the loss of class "F. The capacity of each on!site emergency diesel generator is 2230 &'. Three 8-s, each of 2230 &' capacity, are provided for each unit. )a5or loads connected to class """ supply are primary feed pumps, power and control uninterrupted power supply, moderator circulating pumps, .CCS pumps air compressors, process water pumps. Class "F power supply is derived from 220&F grid through start up transformer and from turbo generator through unit transformer. The capacity of each transformer is (3 )F and adeDuate to supply all start up and operating loads of the unit. The load connected to this system can withstand prolonged power supply interruption. H<Ps, shutdown cooling pumps and

65 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

CHAPTER 11 SWITCHGEAR
Switchgear is a general term covering a wide range of eDuipment concerned with switching and protection. Switchgear includes switches, fuses circuit brea&ers, isolators, relays, control panels, lightning arresters, current transformer. ?F )etal Clad Switch -ear is combining of circuit brea&ers, instrument transformer relays, meters with there interconnections and enclosures arrange in such a way to open and close that circuit with full safety to the operator whenever reDuired. The most important component of metal clad switchgear is a air magnetic power circuit brea&er in which the circuit interruption ta&es place in a intense magnetic field. The metal clad switchgear assemblies are used to provide power distribution, power switching and relaying facilities for the G.G?F or (.(?F, 30%$, (!phase power to station service eDuipment.

66 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

11.1 6.675 &:+(.;<'-) (C%-&& III & C%-&& I5!

Type >ated voltage >ated insulation 6a7 6b7 9ne minute power freDuency withstand ! "mpulse ! 2I?F G0?F pea& ! ! 2H? 20 I.2?F

>ated bus bar currents 6a7 6b7 Class!"F Class!""" ! ! 2000 mp. G(0 mp.

11.2 415 5/%( &:+(.;<'-) (C%-&& III & C%-&& I5!

Type >ated voltage ! ! )!P CT B13 F 2.3 ?F for 1 min 2300 mp

>ated insulation level ! >ated bus bar currents !

67 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

CHAPTER 12 PROTECTI5E RELAYING AND METERING

12.1 INTRODUCTION
Protective relaying is necessary with almost every electrical plant, and no part of the system is left unprotected. The choice of protection depends upon several aspects such as type and rating of the protected eDuipment, its importance, location probable abnormal conditions, cost etc between generators and final load points, there are several electrical eDuipment and machines of various ratings. .ach needs certain adeDuate protection. The protective relaying senses the abnormal conditions in a part of the power system and gives an alarm or isolates that part from the healthy system. The relays are compact, self!contained devices, which respond to abnormal condition. 'henever an abnormal condition develops the relays close its contacts. Thereby the trip circuit of the circuit brea&er is closed. Current from the battery flows in the trip coil of the circuit brea&er and the circuit brea&er opens and the faulty part is disconnected form the system, is automatic and fast.

68 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

"n > PP!3KG :,umerical >elay; has been used to provide protection to various electrical eDuipments. ,umerical relay has its own memory. "t can store time and various parameters during faulty conditions. Though they are costlier than static relays, but due to their e#traordinary performance, ,PC"N use these relays in > PP!3KG and T PS!(KB.

69 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

CHAPTER 13 IMPORTANT SECTIONS OF RAPP

13.1 EN5IRONMENT SUR5EY LAB (ESL!:

.nvironment survey laboratory located in each nuclear site is continuously monitoring the radioactive release from the plant at various points upto (0 &ms. radius. ny radiological release reDuiring for off!site emergency is notified through the local authority. Proper procedures for off!site emergency have been chal&ed out and necessary plans are chec&ed periodically. %owever public will not be able to come to &now about the releases because of the inherent nature of radioactivity which cannot be felt by sensory organs. Proper instruments are necessary for any one to find out about the presence of radioactivity. lso newer reactors have double containment ma&ing any significant release of radioactivity in public domain highly impossible.

13.2 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SECTION:

Safety organi$ation in the plant is the agency employed by management to assign responsibility for accident preservation and to ensure performance under that responsibility.

70 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

ccording to the factories act, it is the duty of the management to provide a safe wor&ing place and instructions on the ha$ards involved in operations and indicate the safety way of performing the 5ob. ccidents are caused, they do not 5ust happen. ll accidents are preventable because they happen due to the human failure in unsafe act = unsafe conditions. The basic functions of safety committee are+! 6i7. To discuss and formulate safety policies and recommend their adoption by management. 6ii7. To discover unsafe conditions and practices and determine their remedies. 6iii7. To wor& to obtain results by having its management approved recommendations put into practice.

13.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITY:

waste management site for the storage = disposal of low intermediate level solid = solidified waste generated in the e#clusion $one of 1.G &m radius of the reactor which is e#clusively under the control of the power plant. This is a small area of the e#clusion $one and it is isolated from the public use after retiring of the station until the radioactivity decays down to acceptable levels.
71 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

>adioactive wastes can be categori$ed in three types, they are+!

1. SOLID WASTE:
This type of waste is disposed deep inside the earth 61000!1300m7. The least radioactive waste i.e. 0!2 mSv=year is disposed into earth trenches. The radioactive waste from 2 mSv M 30 mSv=year is disposed in >CC trenches and the rest from 30 mSv=year radioactive waste is disposed in the tie holes.

2. LI9UID WASTE:
This type of waste is treated separately in a different plant where after applying ion e#change method we release this water into the la&e.

3. GASEOUS WASTE:
-aseous radio nuclides are generated during the operation of ,PPs fission in fuel and activation product in vault air cooling. These gaseous nuclides are passed through filters and absorbers before releasing them to atmosphere.

72 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

13.4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

The water treatment plant supplies domestic water and demineralised water to fulfill the > PS station reDuirement. The water after filtration, decomposition and chlorination is sent to domestic water tan& to supply within the station. 'ater is ta&en from NP process water supply and feed to the up flow sedimentation tan& where it enters from bottom and flow upwards. Hefore the up flow to the sedimentation tan&, we add alum dose to coagulate the fine dust. fter doing all these processes, clear water is obtained. Then the part of this clear water after chlorination is sent for domestic purposes and from the rest of the clear water, 8) water is obtained by ion e#change method.

13.5 ESTATE MANAGEMENT (EM!:

This department is placed within the colony to rectify all the civil, electrical or any other problems ta&ing place in the houses. nd one of the main wor& is to step M down the 11?F high voltage into 220F or B13F for the domestic purposes. The water treatment plant is also coming under this department.

73 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

13.6 FIRE STATION:

%ere in the fire station, we came to &now about the classification of fire, how these types of fires can be e#tinguished and how the whole safety purposes of the huge power plant are solved.

13.6.1 WHAT IS FIRE=

The combination of %. T, <1.N, and 9EO-., give rise to <">.. <or fire to arise, the presence of all three components is necessary. ,ow as the type of fuel varies the classification of fire also differs and since there are different types of fires, so the methods to e#tinguish these fires are also different as studied below+

13.6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE:

There are four types of fire+!

1. A CLASS FIRE:
'hen grass, paper, cloth, 5ute, etc. act as fuel then the fire which arises is of class type. To e#tinguish this class fire water is used.

74 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

2. B CLASS FIRE:
'hen the liDuid fuels li&e petrol, diesel, oil, and other hydrocarbons are the reason for fire, then foam is used to e#tinguish it. %ere the foam generated is of two types+! 6i7. Chemical foam 6ii7. )echanical foam Chemical foam is formed by mi#ing l2S9B @ ,a%C9(R whereas mechanical foam is obtained by using foam generator.

3. C CLASS FIRE:
'hen gaseous fuels li&e NP-, Hr2, %2S, etc. are the reason for fire, then carbon dio#ide WC92X is used to e#tinguish it. ctually C92 e#tinguishers are used for fire fighting purposes, in which pressuri$ed C92 is filled.

4. D CLASS FIRE:
'hen fire arises due to metals li&e l, <e, Cu, etc, then the dry chemical powder Y8CPZ is used to e#tinguish the corresponding 8 class fire. 8CP is formed by adding ,a @ ? @ Ha @ steroid.

75 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

lso there are some other fire fighting systems which are used in > PP. These can be classified as+!

1. ACTI5E FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS:

These systems are used e#ternally to e#tinguish fire. 8ifferent active fire fighting systems are+ C92 spreading system <ire hidden system <ire brigades 8ilute system 'ater tender .mergency tender

2. PASSI5E FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS:

These systems are placed internally i.e. inside the building, so as to restrict the spreading of fire from one room to other. 8ifferent passive fire fighting systems are+ <ire dampers <ire doors <ire sensor cabins
76 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

 <ire resistor paint <ire barriers Smo&e detectors

13.0 RAPP COBALT OPERATING FACILITY (RAPPCOF!:

> PP cobalt operating facility has been set up at > PS site to handle and process large Duantities of Co!G0 produced in ad5uster rods and fuel channels of power reactors. The facility is designed to handle about 2 mega curies of Co!G0.

USES:
Cobalt ! G0 is used in many fields. These are+! 1. <ood irradiation 2. Treatment of cancer through radiation (. Sterili$ation of medical products B. Fulcani$ation of rubber late# 3. Sprout inhibition in onion and potatoes

77 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

CONCLUSION
n engineer needs to have not 5ust theoretical &nowledge but practical &nowledge also. So every student is supposed to undergo a practical training session after """ year. " have ta&en my summer training from ,1CN. > T> ",",- C.,T>. 6> PP7 where " practically saw that how electric power is generated. " have also got a chance to saw different electrical eDuipments which helps me to enlarge my &nowledge. 8uring our B3 days training session we were acDuainted with the wor&ing of the power plant. t last " would li&e to say that practical training ta&en at ,TC 6> PP7 has broadened my &nowledge and has widened my thin&ing as a professional.

78 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. F.?. )ehta, :Principles of Power Systems; PP 24!(( .dition 200(. 2. H.>. -upta, :-eneration of .lectric Power; PP 13(!1IB .dition 200(. (. )anuals provided by nuclear training centre and > PP 3 K G.

79 DEPARTMENT Of EEE, GWECA