H21SEM

SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT IN A BEAM

1.0

INTRODUCTION

Beams could be explained as a structural element which tolerates force or load. Actually beams are structural membranes that are designed to support loads. Moreover, beams are really important in building structural elements, and a few types of beams are single hanging beam, cantilevered beam simply supporting beam and etc. Shear force which is also known as shear stress is defined as the force acting at the beam that tends to slide one portion of the beam against the other portion. Shear force is also known as sliding action as it results in making a portion of the object or beam to slide over the other portion. Some applications like in buildings need beams that are used to support loads that can withstand the shear force acting, so it is necessary to study and observe the behaviour of the beams under shear forces and which parameters might result in changing the behaviour of the beam. Examination must be done to the beam to study and observe the maximum shear force that it can withstand because if it wasnt examined it might result in the failure of the structure and a serious and big damages and failure in building might occur. In this experiment the machine have many numbers of hooks and the load was to be applied at a specific distance. The force generated was measured by a digital meter and the value of force was displayed on a digital display. The purpose of this experiment was to examine how shear force varies with an increasing point load and the results of data was collected to make a report and check the amount of possible errors that might be made.

Generally, test is carried out for this experiment to determine the shear force at different load applied for PART A. As for PART B, the load is applied with varying position to see the behaviour of the shear so that the students understand the concept behind the shear experiment conducted.

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2.0

PROCEDURE

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 2

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2.1

Procedure for Part A Shear in a Beam (Fixed Position of Load)

In the beginning, all the components were checked to work correctly especially electrical leads were double-checked to make sure it was under good condition. All the components were secured correctly and screwed sufficiently tight to confirm the beam was stabled throughout the entire experiment. The electrical connections were secured and connected properly to the right port and carry out a safe experiment.

After that, the Digital Force Display was adjusted to zero value when no hanger and masses were applied on the beam. The hanger and each weight were measured with digital balance to confirm it has mass of 10 g. Then, a hanger consisted of 9 weights with total of 100 g was placed 40mm away to the left of the cut. The Digital Force Display reading was recorded after the reading was stabled for few seconds. All the steps were repeated by replacing masses of 200 g, 400 g and 500 g. The mass was converted into a load (in N).

Then, the readings were recorded in the table provided. The load readings were placed in load column and the Digital Force Display readings were placed in Experimental shear force column. Besides that, the theoretical shear force at cut was calculated as:

Afterward, the shear force varies at the cut position of the beam for various loading conditions were examined by placing weights at different location. Experiments were carried out as FIGURE 4, FIGURE 5 and FIGURE 6 at the next page:

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FIGURE 4

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 6

On figure 4, the hangers and weights with total of 400 g were loaded on the beam in the positions shown in diagram. The Digital Force Display reading was recorded in the table provided. The support reactions (RA and RB) and theoretical shear force at the cut were calculated and return in the table provided. The procedure was repeated with the beam loaded as in Figure 5 and Figure 6.

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3.0

RESULTS Part A Shear in a Beam (Fixed Position of Load)

3.1

The result below shows the measurements of the experiment for shear force of the beam. Load with different mass are recorded and taken as average, calculation for experimental and theoretical shear force is calculated. Percentage difference between the experimental and theoretical shear force is evaluated and shown in the last column of the result below. Please refer to Appendix - TABLE 1.0 for the results below.

Experimental Mass (g) 1st 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 0.98 1.96 2.94 3.92 4.91 2nd 0 0.98 1.96 2.94 3.92 4.91 3rd 0 0.98 1.96 2.94 3.92 4.91 Load (N) Shear force (N) 0.1 Average 0 0.98 1.96 2.94 3.92 4.91 0 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8

Percentage Theoretical Shear force (N) Difference Experimental and Theoretical Shear Force (%)

0 0.58 1.16 1.74 2.32 2.90

0 - 3.4 5.2 2.3 5.2 3.5

TABLE 1.0

PART A RESULTS OF SHEAR IN A BEAM

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3.2

Calculation of Results Part A

FIGURE ( ) FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF THE BEAM SUBJECTED TO FORCE

a = Distance to the load = 260 mm W = Load = Support reaction of A = Support reaction of B = Distance between and = 440 mm

Note that a is the distance to the Load, W not to the cut which is break line as shown in FIGURE ( ) above.

The mass of the hanger weighted is multiplied by the constant 9.8 which is the gravitational force to obtain the Load (N), the formula is given as below. ( ) ( )

In order to obtain Theoretical shear force at cut, the formula is given by:

Where, = Shear Force = Load a = Distance to the load = 260 mm = Distance between
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and

= 440 mm
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The Load (N) is multiplied by the distance a which is 260 mm, from the support

Load applied on the beam as shown in FIGURE ( ). The equation is then divided by the length between support which is indicated as .

Example of Calculation is as shown below for more understanding.

Take mass as 200 g

Load, (N) =

9.8 = 1.96 N (Note that the mass is converted to Kg)

Applying Theoretical shear force, ( ( ) ( ) )

= 1.16 N

Taking the Theoretical Shear Force (N) which is the actual shear force for the respective load applied and is compared to Experimental Shear Force (N). The difference is computed in terms of percentage given by the formula below:

Percentage error =

x 100%

Percentage error =

= 5.2 %

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For further clarification of the results obtained, FIGURE ( ) below shows the plotting of graph between Experimental Shear Force obtained from the experiment directly and Theoretical Shear Force obtained by formula calculation.

Shear Force (N) againts Load (N)

3.5 3 Shear Force (N) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0 0.58 0.6 1 2 3 Load (N) 4 5 6 1.16 1.1 1.74 1.7 2.32 2.2 2.9 2.8 Theoretical Shear force (N) Experimental Shear force (N) Linear (Theoretical Shear force (N)) Linear (Experimental Shear force (N))

FIGURE ()

SHEAR FORCE (N) AGAINTS LOAD (N) GRAPH

In FIGURE () shown above, the symbol of Triangle shows the Theoretical Shear Force (N) with indicated force value above its symbol. Moreover, rectangle symbol indicates the Experimental Shear Force (N) with the force value below the symbol as shown in the graph. Horizontal axis indicates the load of 0 N, 0.98 N, 1.96 N, 2.97 N, 3.92 N and 4.90 N.

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3.3

Part B - Shear in a Beam (Varying Position of Load)

The Results below are similar to Part A but the position of the Load and the amount of Load applied is different. The reaction at and has computed and shown below TABLE 2.0

PART B RESULTS OF SHEAR IN A BEAM

Percentage Difference Force (N) (N) (N) Experimental Shear Force (N) Theoretical Shear Force (N) Experimental and Theoretical Shear Force (%) 4 5 6 3.92 1.96 4.91 3.92 3.92 -1.2 3.2 2.2 -1.2 3.2 2.2 5.17 2.58 2.59 -1.25 3.30 6.24 -1.25 3.30 2.32 4 3 5.2

Figure

TABLE 2.0

PART B RESULTS OF SHEAR IN A BEAM

3.4

Calculation of Results Part B

Two sample of calculation has been computed below, the full calculation for the respective figure which is FIGURE 6 is shown in APPENDIX ()

FIGURE 4
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FIRST LOAD FOR SHEAR IN BEAM

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For FIGURE 4 Take the moment about ,

140mm W1 W1 = 3.92 N =0 =0 = RA

Cut RB =0 + 3.92 = 0

1.25 3.92 = 0

Cut

RB

Fy = 0 -RB + V = 0 V = RB = -1.25 N ( Theoretical Shear Force )

Percentage error = = = 4.0%

( )

X 100% X 100%

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FIGURE 5

SECOND LOAD FOR SHEAR IN BEAM

Taking moment about

220mm 260mm RA W1 = 1.96 N W2 = 3.92 N =0 W1 W2

Cut

RB

RB = 0 RB = 3.30 N

Fy = 0 Cut V RB RB - V = 0 V = RB = 3.30 N
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Percentage error = = = 3.0%

4.0 DISCUSSION

X 100% X 100%

1. What results were expected? What results were obtained? If there were any discrepancies, how can you account for them? From the figure () shown in, the graph plotted between theoretical and experimental was found to be linear form. The two linear lines were compared and a slight difference of error in average percentage of 3.3% was found. From the collected () shown in, a slight difference of error in average percentage of 4.1% was found. It is acceptable since the values are very close to each other. Hence, the equation of theoretical shear force is valid and complies with the results obtained. From the overall results for part (), the shear force is increased as mass varies from 100 grams to 500 grams. As shown in TABLE 1.0, the theoretical shear force increased by 0.58N constantly for each 100 grams of load is added. However, experimental shear force increased disorderly for each 100 grams of load is added. This leads into different circumstances. One of the essential factors would be the inaccurate precision of the digital force display as only one decimal point is displayed. Moreover, experimental shear force is only recorded once and no repetition was done. The values obtained are slightly deviated from theoretical values since average of results is not taken into consideration. Furthermore, the presence of wind is also considered one of the factors. Air-conditioner turned on during the experiments caused air movement in the laboratory which further provoke a minor oscillation on the load. 2. Do any of your results have particular technical or theoretical interest? The technical interest is the difficulties to maintain the load at rest due to air movement. This can be solved by turning off air-conditioner as well as wait until the load to stay resting.

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3. How do your results relate to your experimental objective(s)? From the figure (), the load is directly proportional to the force. When the load applied to the hanger gradually increased, the force will also be affected as more loads indicate more shear forces will be applied to the beam. Moreover, three errors are pointed out to be taken into considerations. Hence, the results obtained fulfil the objective of the experiment. 4. How do your results compare to those obtained in similar investigations? Comparison is made between several laboratory groups and the results obtained are almost similar. Graphs pattern of directly proportional has been achieved among most of the laboratory groups. 5. What are the strengths and limitations of your experimental design? One of the limitations in this experimental design is the fluctuation of readings approximately 0.1N due to the minor movement of air in the laboratory which could not be avoided. Furthermore, low sensitivity of the digital force display affects the results obtained since 0.1 is more imprecise than 0.01. Conversely, the significant strength in this experimental design is the efficiency of the digital force display. Value of force is shown as soon as the load is applied. Besides that, the existence of a centre slot which enables a hanger to be hung on it. This will restrict the mobility of the hanger and thus accurate results are obtained. 6. If you encountered difficulties in the experiment, what were their sources? How might they be avoided in future experiments? In this experiment, it is very difficult to reset the reading of the digital display to zero. This can be solved by having a more advance device so that recalibrating the reading back to zero will not be a problem. Another difficulty encountered was that there is too much vibration or oscillation on the load. This is due to the carelessness when placing the load onto the hanger. This can be solved by being more careful when placing the load. Besides, there is draught in the laboratory, causing the air movement in the laboratory to be one of the causes for the unstable load. The air movement in the laboratory can be lessened by turning off the airconditioning system or fan. In addition, the sensitivity of digital display is too low thus causing the slight difference between the experimental value and theoretical value. This can be overcome by having a more sensitive device. Lastly, experiment is only done for once,
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therefore the reading obtained may not be accurate. This can be avoided by repeating the experiment for three times, and calculate the average of the three readings obtained. 5.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion from the experiment conducted, when the load applied increases, the shear force of the beam will also increase which is directly proportional. Errors has been identified such as improvement should be made for this experiment like providing a good condition of load, providing advance device so that recalibrating the reading back to zero will not be a problem, turning off the air conditioner and also the fan can increase the accuracy on getting the actual value of the shear force.

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6.0

INTRODUCTION

Beams could be explained as a structural element which tolerates force or load. Actually beams are structural membranes that are designed to support loads. Moreover, beams are really important in building structural elements, and a few types of beams are single hanging beam, cantilevered beam simply supporting beam and etc. Bending moment is defined as the measure of the bending effect due to forces applied acting on a beam and causing it to bend. Some applications need beams that are used to support loads that can bend the beams, so it is necessary to study and observe the behaviour of the beams under bending forces and which parameter will cause an effect on its behaviour. If the maximum deflection that the beam can withstand were not taken in thought in the design process, it might result in the failure of the structure which ends up causing some serious outcomes. The easiest way to examine the bending moment is to do an experiment using a known length of a wooden bar placed on two supports at both of its ends. When a force is applied at the centre or other point, the bar will tend to bend and generates a bending moment. The resultant internal couple is known as the bending moment. Hence, to make the system (wooden bar or structural element) balanced the applied loads must be placed at a proper distances and then the resultant moments of the loads is equal to zero and then the system is said to be in equilibrium. In this experiment the machine have many numbers of hooks and the load was to be applied at a specific distance showing a force on a digital force display. The purpose of the experiment was to examine how the bending moment varies with the point of loading. It was done to collect data for the report and check the amount of possible errors.

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7.0

PROCEDURE

FIGURE () : BENDING MOMENT IN A BEAM Figure () shows a Bending Moment machine which consist of a beam which is cut by a pivot. A 125mm long moment arm is bridge onto the cut to prevent the beam from collapsing and at the same time reacting to the bending moment force when load cell is hung. A force sensor on the moment arm detects the force and sends the informations to a digital display and thus showing the force from the load cell. A row of hanger supports are positioned along the beam. The hanger supports are 20mm apart and have a centre slot which enables a hanger to be hung onto it.

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FIGURE ()

BENDING MOMENT OF A BEAM EXPERIMENT IN THE STRUCTURES FRAME

Before the experiment starts, the equipment was well inspected to make sure that every component that are in positioned are safely fastened and tighten. Besides, all the electrical connections such as electric wires and device were well connected to ensure a safe experiment. Lastly, the test frame was safely positioned onto an easily accessible and steady solid surface.

The experiment started by adjusting the reading of the digital force display to zero as there is no load in the beginning. A hanger with a mass of 100g was then placed 40mm away to the left of the cut. The reading displayed on the digital force display was recorded into the table. The process was then repeated using the different mass of 200g, 400g and 500g.

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The recorded mass was all converted into load (in N). The recorded force reading was converted into bending moment (in Nm) by using the formula provided in the lab manual, Bending moment at the cut (in Nm)= Display force x 0.125. The theoretical bending moment at the cut was also calculated by using the following formula,
( )

. A graph was then plotted to identify the differences between the experimental and

theoretical value.

We then examine how bending moment reacts differently at the cut position of the beam under different loading conditions. The positions and loads for the following experiment were guided by the force diagram figures shown below.

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The experiment on figure 4 was started by placing a 400g load 140mm away to the left of

The reading on the digital force display was recorded. We then proceed to the experiment on figure 5 by placing 2 loads, one of 200g and 220mm to the right of 260mm to the right of , one of 400g and

. The reading was being recorded. Lastly for the experiment on

figure 6, both loads of 500g and 600g with distance of 240mm and 400mm are placed to the right of followed by recording the reading displayed on the digital force display. ) and theoretical bending moment.

Calculations were then done for support reaction (

Lastly, percentage error was being calculated by using the experimental and theoretical bending moment.

8.0

RESULTS Part A Bending moment in a Beam (Fixed Position of Load)

8.1

The result below shows the measurements of the experiment for bending moment of the beam. Load with different mass are recorded and taken as average, calculation for experimental and theoretical bending moment is calculated. Percentage difference between the experimental and theoretical bending moment is evaluated and shown in the last column of the result below. Please refer to Appendix - TABLE 3.0 for the results below. Percentage Experimental Mass (g) Load (N) Bending Moment (N) 0.1 1st 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 0.98 1.96 2.94 3.92 4.91 2nd 0 0.98 1.96 2.94 3.92 4.91 3rd 0 0.98 1.96 2.94 3.92 4.91 Theoretical Bending Moment (N) Difference Experimental and Theoretical Bending Moment (%) Average 0 0.98 1.96 2.94 3.92 4.91 0 0.08 0.15 0.24 0.31 0.40 0 0.094 0.187 0.281 0.374 0.469 0 14.9 19.8 14.6 17.1 14.7

TABLE 3.0
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PART A RESULTS OF BENDING MOMENT IN A BEAM

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8.2

Calculation of Results Part A

FIGURE ( ) FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF THE BEAM SUBJECTED TO FORCE

a = Distance to the load = 300 mm W = Load = Support reaction of A = Support reaction of B = Distance between and = 440 mm

Note that a is the distance to the Load, W not to the cut which is break line as shown in FIGURE ( ) above.

The mass of the hanger weighted is multiplied by the constant 9.8 which is the gravitational force to obtain the Load (N), the formula is given as below. ( ) ( )

In order to obtain Theoretical shear force at cut, the formula is given by: ( )

Where, = Bending Moment = Load a = Distance to the load = 300 mm

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= Distance between

and

= 440 mm
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The Load (N) is multiplied by the distance a which is 300 mm, from the support is then subtracted by a and the equation is then divided again by .

Load applied on the beam as shown in FIGURE ( ). The length between support which is indicated as

Example of Calculation is as shown below for more understanding.

Take mass as 200 g

Load, (N) =

9.8 = 1.96 N (Note that the mass is converted to Kg)

Applying Theoretical bending moment, ( )

)(

= 0.187 Nm

Taking the Theoretical Bending Moment (Nm) which is the actual Bending Moment for the respective load applied and is compared to Experimental Bending Moment (Nm). The difference is computed in terms of percentage given by the formula below:

Percentage error =

x 100%

Percentage error =

= 19.8 %

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For further clarification of the results obtained, FIGURE ( ) below shows the plotting of graph between Experimental Bending Moment obtained from the experiment directly and Theoretical Bending Moment obtained by formula calculation.

Bending Moment (Nm) againts Load (N)

0.5 0.4 Bending Moment (Nm) 0.3 0.2 0.094 0.1 0 0 0 -0.1 1 2 3 Load (N) 4 5 6 0.08 0.15 0.187 0.24 0.281 0.31 0.374 0.4 Theoretical Bending Moment (Nm) Experimental Bending Moment (Nm) Linear (Theoretical Bending Moment (Nm)) Linear (Experimental Bending Moment (Nm)) 0.469

FIGURE ()

BENDING MOMENT (Nm) AGAINTS LOAD (N) GRAPH

In FIGURE () shown above, the symbol of Triangle shows the Theoretical Bending Moment (Nm) with indicated force value above its symbol. Moreover, rectangle symbol indicates the Experimental Bending Moment (Nm) with the force value below the symbol as shown in the graph. Horizontal axis indicates the load of 0 N, 0.98 N, 1.96 N, 2.97 N, 3.92 N and 4.90 N.

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8.3

Part B Bending Moment in a Beam (Varying Position of Load)

The Results below are similar to Part A but the position of the Load and the amount of Load applied is different. The reaction at and has computed and shown below TABLE 4.0

PART B RESULTS OF BENDING MOMENT IN A BEAM

Percentage Theoretical Bending Moment (Nm) Difference Experimental and Theoretical Bending Moment (%) 4 5 6 3.92 1.96 4.91 3.92 3.92 -1.5 3.6 3.8 -0.19 0.45 0.48 5.17 2.58 2.59 -1.25 3.30 6.24 -0.175 0.462 0.482 -8.6 2.6 0.4

Figure

Force (N) (N) (N)

Experimental Bending Moment (Nm)

TABLE 4.0

PART B RESULTS OF BENDING MOMENT IN A BEAM

8.4

Calculation of Results Part B

Two sample of calculation has been computed below, the full calculation for the respective figure which is FIGURE 6 is shown in APPENDIX ()

FIGURE 4
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FIRST LOAD FOR BENDING MOMENT IN BEAM

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For FIGURE 4 Take the moment about ,

140mm W1 W1 = 3.92 N =0 =0 =

Cut RA RB =0 + 3.92 = 0

1.25 3.92 = 0

Cut

V =0
( (

RB

) ) ( Theoretical Bending Moment )

Percentage error = = = - 8.6%

( )

X 100% X 100%

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FIGURE 5

SECOND LOAD FOR SHEAR IN BEAM

Taking moment about

220mm 260mm RA W1 = 1.96 N W2 = 3.92 N =0 W1 W2

Cut

RB

RB = 0 RB = 3.30 N

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Cut

V =0
(

RB

) ( ) ( Theoretical Bending Moment )

Percentage error = = X 100% = 2.6 %

9.0 DISCUSSION

X 100%

1. What results were expected? What results were obtained? If there were any discrepancies, how can you account for them? From the figure () shown in, the graph plotted between theoretical and experimental was found to be linear form. The two linear lines were compared and a slight difference of error in average percentage of 13.5% was found. From the collected () shown in, a slight difference of error in average percentage of 3.9% was found. It is acceptable since the values are very close to each other. Hence, the equation of theoretical shear force is valid and complies with the results obtained. From the overall results for part (), the bending moment is increased as mass varies from 100 grams to 500 grams. As shown in TABLE 3.0, the theoretical bending moment and the experimental bending moment increased disorderly for each 100 grams of load is added. This leads into different circumstances. One of the essential factors would be the inaccurate precision of the digital force display as only one decimal point is displayed. Moreover, experimental bending moment is only recorded once and no repetition was done. The values obtained are slightly deviated from theoretical values since average of results is not taken into consideration. Furthermore, the presence of wind is also considered one of the

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factors. Air-conditioner turned on during the experiments caused air movement in the laboratory which further provoke a minor oscillation on the load. 2. Do any of your results have particular technical or theoretical interest? The technical interest is the difficulties to maintain the load at rest due to air movement. This can be solved by turning off air-conditioner as well as wait until the load to stay resting. 3. How do your results relate to your experimental objective(s)? From the figure (), the load is increasing linearly with the force. The results showed that the bending moment at a cut section is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments acting to the left or right of the section. Moreover, three errors are pointed out to be taken into considerations. Hence, the results obtained fulfil the objective of the experiment. 4. How do your results compare to those obtained in similar investigations? Comparison is made between several laboratory groups and the results obtained are almost similar. Graphs pattern of increasing linearly has been achieved among most of the laboratory groups. 5. What are the strengths and limitations of your experimental design? One of the limitations in this experimental design is the fluctuation of readings approximately 0.1N due to the minor movement of air in the laboratory which could not be avoided. Furthermore, low sensitivity of the digital force display affects the results obtained since 0.1 is more imprecise than 0.01. Conversely, the significant strength in this experimental design is the efficiency of the digital force display. Value of force is shown as soon as the load is applied. Besides that, the existence of a centre slot which enables a hanger to be hung on it. This will restrict the mobility of the hanger and thus accurate results are obtained. 6. If you encountered difficulties in the experiment, what were their sources? How might they be avoided in future experiments? In this experiment, it is very difficult to reset the reading of the digital display to zero. This can be solved by having a more advance device so that recalibrating the reading back to zero will not be a problem. Another difficulty encountered was that there is too much vibration or
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oscillation on the load. This is due to the carelessness when placing the load onto the hanger. This can be solved by being more careful when placing the load. Besides, there is draught in the laboratory, causing the air movement in the laboratory to be one of the causes for the unstable load. The air movement in the laboratory can be lessened by turning off the airconditioning system or fan. In addition, the sensitivity of digital display is too low thus causing the slight difference between the experimental value and theoretical value. This can be overcome by having a more sensitive device. Lastly, experiment is only done for once, therefore the reading obtained may not be accurate. This can be avoided by repeating the experiment for three times, and calculate the average of the three readings obtained. 10.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion from the experiment conducted, when the load applied increases, the bending moment of the beam will also increase. Errors has been identified such as improvement should be made for this experiment like providing a good condition of load, providing advance device so that recalibrating the reading back to zero will not be a problem, turning off the air conditioner and also the fan can increase the accuracy on getting the actual value of the bending moment.

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