International Journal of Electronics,

Communication & Instrumentation Engineering

Research and Development (IJECIERD)
ISSN(P): 2249-684X; ISSN(E): 2249-7951
Vol. 4, Issue 1, Feb 2014, 97-108
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

A DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF MINIATURIZED LOW PASS FILTER USING
DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE TECHNIQUE WITH WIDE STOPBAND
INDER PAL SINGH
1
, PRAVEEN BHATT
2
& AJAY S. YADAV
3
1
Shinas College of Technology, Shinas, Oman, India
2
SGI, Panipat, India
3
SRM University, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
A novel fifth order Chebyshev stepped impedance low pass filter is designed, simulated and fabricated.
Parameters of circuit are extracted from the EM design equations and then values are optimized. Defected ground
structures (DGS) have been developed to enhance different characteristics like wide stop band, frequency response, flat
pass band and minimum ripples etc. of many microwave devices. In this paper we designed and fabricated fifth order low
pass filter and the characteristic of this low pass filter is improved when this filter is designed with dumbbell Shaped Slot
Defected Ground Structure (DGS). The response of the filter is analyzed with respect to variation in dimension of the GS
unit. The variation of dimensions of defects studied with their corresponding change in capacitance, inductance as well as
frequency response. The defects dimensions are modeled with respect to the frequency. Chebyshev stepped impedance five
pole DGS is adopted to increase the bandwidth of stopband and decrease the size of the filter. This proposed low pass filter
achieves a wide stop band with overall 38-dB attenuation up-to 10 GHz. The frequency response of the micro strip filter is
modeled with respect to the variation in dimension of DGS also using CST microwave studio
KEYWORDS: Filters, Defected Ground Structures, CST Microwave Studio, Wide Stop Band, Stepped Impedance,
Wide Stop Band, Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG)
INTRODUCTION
A microwave filter is a two- port network used to control the frequency response at a certain point in a microwave
system by providing transmission at frequencies within the pass band of the filter and attenuation in the stop band of the
filter. Defected ground structures (DGS) are recently one of the hottest topics which are researched in microwave domain,
which developed from the photonics band gap (PBG) structures [1].
In modern telecommunication systems, high-performance microwave circuits with compact size, low insertion
loss, steep rejection, and wide stop band are widely required. In [2], a PBG for micro strip lines is proposed for achieving
steep and wide stop band in the photonic frequency band. The conventional PBG structures have constraints in the wide
stop band performance and high pass band ripples caused by the periodicity of PBG patterns, thus non uniform dimensions
of PBG patterns are investigated to improve the pass band ripples [3][4]. In [5], fractal EBG is introduced to achieve wide
band gap characteristic, but the structure is still large as nine period patterns are employed. Therefore, it is imperative for
investigating a method to miniaturize the EBG structure with good performance. Recently, defected ground structures
(DGSs) have been gaining interests for its planar structure and easy fabrication with photolithographic technique. DGS is
an etched lattice which makes one or a few of PBG etched ground elements in the ground plane. Periodic or non periodic
DGSs show property of rejecting microwave in some frequency, so it has a potentially great applicability to restrain
spurious response by rejecting harmonic in the microwave circuits. Any defect such as dumbbell elliptical, square etc.
98 Inder Pal Singh, Praveen Bhatt & Ajay S. Yadav

etched in the ground plane of the micro strip line disturbs its current distribution and can give rise to increasing effective
capacitance and inductance. A broader area attached to simple slot heads etched in the ground plane of a micros trip line
increases its effective length [67]. DGS can achieve high-performance which cannot be obtained by conventional
technology. By etching DGS on the ground plane it is possible for the designer to increase the equivalent inductance L
highly and to decrease the equivalent capacitance C at the same time, and finally to raise the impedance of the micro strip
line to a level more than 200 [8].
But the problem arises, as there is no fixed mathematical model in order to relate the frequency response with
respect to the change in dimension of DGS Unit cell. In order to derive the equivalent circuit parameters of DGS unit at the
reference plane, the S-parameters vs. frequency should be calculated by full-wave electromagnetic (EM)-simulation to
explain the cut off and attenuation pole characteristics of the DGS section.
The full-wave analysis does not give any physical insight of the operating principle of DGS. The flow chart in
Figure.1 shows the conventional design and analysis methods of DGSs. [12]. The size of DGS is determined by accurate
curve-fitting results for equivalent-circuit elements to correspond exactly to the required inductance. In this paper Iterative
method is applied to achieve the optimized results.

Figure 1: Conventional Design and Analysis Method of Dumbbell DGS
STRUCTURE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
EBG Structure
Figure 4 shows the schematic of the one-dimensional EBG structure. The planar EBG structure consists of an
array of uniform square patterns etched on the micro strip line. In Figure 2, d
1
is the distance between two adjacent EBG
cells, represents the side length of square pattern. According to the photonic crystal theory, the planar EBG structure
exhibits a band gap characteristic while the following Bragg reflection condition is satisfied. [9]
t | =
1
.d (1)
g

t
|
2
= (2)
eff
g
f
c
c

.
0
=
A Design and Realization of Miniaturized Low Pass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure Technique with Wide Stop band 99
Where | is the guided wave number of the substrate,
g
is the guided wavelength,
0
f represents the central
frequency of the stop band, c is the speed of light in free space,
eff
c is the effective permittivity that can be estimated from
[10].
w
h
r r
eff
12
1 2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
+

+
+
=
c c
c (3)
Where
r
c and h are the relative dielectric constant and the thickness of the substrate, respectively, and w is the
width of the micro strip line. Substituting (2) into (1) yields
2
.
.
2
1
0
1
g
eff
f
c
d

c
= = (4)
The filling factor
1
d
a
plays an important role in the attenuation performance [9]. Bandwidth and suppression level
of the stop band are mainly influenced by a. As shown in Figure.2, the transmission responses of the stop band can be
improved significantly as a increases. With increasing of a, the capacitance of the square pattern will become larger.
This will result in the decrease of central frequency and increase of bandwidth within the stop band. However, the ripple in
the Pass band increases simultaneously with the larger filling factor. In present paper
1
d
a
is optimized to be 0.35 in case of
conventional low pass filter and 0.45 when DGS low pass filter is realized which is very close to 0.5.

Figure 2: Simulated
21
S Parameters of the Fifth-Order EBG Structure for Different Values of a

Figure 3: Simulated
21
S Parameters of the EBG Structure for Different Orders

Figure.3 shows the transmission responses of the planar EBG structures for different orders
(number of etched square patterns). The attenuation level and selectivity of the transmission responses become better with
increasing order of EBG patterns, whereas the dimension of structure will be larger accordingly. Moreover, as can be seen
100 Inder Pal Singh, Praveen Bhatt & Ajay S. Yadav

from Figure 2, the ripples in the pass band near the cut off frequencies are large, which is caused by the periodicity of EBG
structure. Many methods have been presented to reduce the size of EBG structures [3], [11], [5]. However, so far a large
number of cells of EBG structure are still required to improve the stop band performance. Therefore, an effective way to
modify the propagation behaviour without increasing the structure size must be taken into consideration.

Figure 4: Schematic of the One-Dimensional EBG Structure

Figure 5: Micro Strip Transmission Line with Single DGS on the Ground Plane
Modelling Equivalent Circuit of DGS

Figure 6: Shows the Micro Strip Configurations Consisting of a 50 Ohm
Transmission Line and a Single DGS Underneath the Micro Strip Line

Figure 7: Equivalent Circuit Models of (a) A Prototype LPF (N=1) and (b) A Single DSS
Once that frequency information is found, the equivalent inductance and capacitance of the DGS can be calculated
by the general insertion loss method LPF design equation and a resonator theory. Figure 5 shows the micro strip
configurations consisting of a 50 ohm transmission line and a single DSS underneath the micro strip.
Figure 7 shows a lumped equivalent circuit model of a maximally flat prototype LPF (N=1) and a single DSS in
the ground plane. Equations (5) and (6) can be found from Figure 7.
c
L
Z g
j L j jX
e
e e
0 1
1
. . = =
(5)
A Design and Realization of Miniaturized Low Pass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure Technique with Wide Stop band 101
|
.
|

\
|

=
r
r
DGS r
DGS
C
j jX
e
e
e
e
e
1
.
(6)
Since (5) and (6) have the same reactance at =c, the following holds:
DGS L
jX jX = (7)
Equation (7) results in (8), which gives the equivalent capacitance. Once the capacitance is found, the other
equivalent circuit component, inductance can be easily calculated from (9).
|
.
|

\
|

=
r
c
c
r
r
DGS
Z g
C
e
e
e
e
e . .
1
0 1
(8)
DGS r
DGS
C
L
.
1
2
e
= (9)
In LPF design with a DGS, the cut off frequency of the DGS dimensions must be equal to the specified design cut
off frequency.
Modelling Losses of DGS
As shown in Figure. 8 the anti-resonant peak points of the circuit simulations and measured are different.
The difference of these peak points is caused due to losses of the micro strip transmission line and a loss of slotted ground
section. In practical case, micro strip transmission line has the dielectric, conductor, and radiation losses.
The conductor loss caused by the finite conductivity of the conducting micro strip line and ground plane is
represented by the series resistance, and the dielectric loss caused by the complex permittivity of dielectric material is
represented by the shunt conductance [16]. Normally, a radiation loss is generated due to the impedance mismatching and
discontinuity of a transmission line. [17]
Thus, if the equivalent circuit simulation of the dumbbell shaped-slotted ground section, which includes a
radiation and mismatch loss, matches the measured data, it proves that this circuit model presents the exact

Figure 8: Circuit Simulation and Measured S-Parameters of a DSS with the Dimensions of
D=5 Mm and G=0.7mm H=30 Mil and =2.2, C
DGS
=0.096 PF, L
DGS
=3.4072 NH


102 Inder Pal Singh, Praveen Bhatt & Ajay S. Yadav


Figure 9: Circuit Simulation of the Complete Equivalent Circuit Model and
Measurement of DGS with theDimensions of D=5mm and G=0.7mm,
L
DGS
= 3.407nh, C
DGS
= 0.096pf, R
DGS
=2142.2 ohm
The impedance of DSS section in the ground can be expressed as equation (10)
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
DGS
DGS
DGS
DGS
DGS
L
C j
R
Y
Z
e
e
1
1
1 1
(10)
At resonance the imaginary part of (10) is zero. Equation (10) can be expressed as (11) at its resonance.
DGS DGS
R Z = at
0
e e = (11)
The series resistance
DGS
R representing the radiation and mismatch loss can be determined through measured or
EM simulated
21
S .
( )
21
21 0
1 2
S
S Z
R
DGS

=
(12)
With the definition of the insertion loss in (13), (12) can be shown as (14)
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
21
0
1
log 20
S
dB IL
(13)
( )
( )
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
20
20
0
0
0
10
10 1 2
dB IL
dB IL
DGS
Z
R
(14)
The insertion loss is found as 27dB, i.e.,
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
21
0
1
log 20
S
dB IL
=27dB in Figure. 9, so
21
S is determined as
0.0446 by (13). Thus,
DGS
R is also determined as 2142.2 ohm by (14). Finally, the resulting lumped equivalent circuit
model is shown in Figure. 9 which proves the circuit simulation and measurement results are in agreement
DESIGN OF FILTER AND RESPONSE DUE TO DEFECTED GROUND
The low pass filter configuration having five sections of alternating high and low impedances is shown in the
Figure 10. The order of filter designed is of 5
th
order. The Dumbbell Shaped Slot DGS section is fully described by two
parameters the etched lattice dimension and gap distance. The influences of these two parameters on frequency
A Design and Realization of Miniaturized Low Pass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure Technique with Wide Stop band 103
characteristics of a micro strip are shown by simulations. All simulations were carried out on CST Microwave studio.
The dimension of DGS slot are given below in Figure. 10 as l, w, g respectively.

Figure 10: Design of Low Pass Filter Figure 11: Design of Low Pass Filter with Defects
When the single dumbbell shaped slot is placed at the centre, it provides inductance and hence by placing the
DGS in the structure, effective inductance increases and the cut off frequency decreases. The line width is chosen to be the
characteristic impedance of 50 micro strip line for simulations. Three DGS unit circuits were simulated with the different
dimensions. In order to investigate the influence of the square lattice dimension, the etched gap, which is related with the
gap capacitance, was kept constant to 0.1 mm for all three cases and the etched square area was varied. The substrate with
0.762 mm thick and a dielectric constant of 3.2 and thickness of metal 0.01mm is used for all simulations. We observed
that employing the proposed etched lattice increases the series inductance to the micro strip line. This effective series
inductance introduces the cut off characteristic at certain frequency. As the etched area of the unit lattice is increased, the
effective series inductance increases, and increasing the series inductance gives rise to a lower cut off frequency, as seen in
Table 1 The capacitance values are identical for all cases due to the identical gap distance. However, the attenuation pole
location, which corresponds to the resonance frequency of the parallel LC circuit, also becomes lower because as the series
inductance increases, the resonance frequency of the equivalent parallel LC circuit decreases. [13].
Table 1: Variation of Length Slot and Gap is Constant (G = 0.1mm) in DGS
Gap g =0.1mm
Slot length (Variable) d =7mm d =8mm d =9mm
Inductance(nH) 5.24 6.39 7.56
Capacitance(pF) 0.70 0.70 0.70
Cut off freq (GHz) 1.70 1.48 1.34
Center freq (GHz) 2.59 2.36 2.21

Table 2: Variation of Gap and Length Slot is Constant (D = 5mm) in DGS
Slot Length d=5mm
Gap G=0.1 mm G=1 mm G=2 mm
Inductance(nH) 3.58 3.58 3.58
Capacitance(pF) 0.72 0.18 0.08
Cut off freq (GHz) 2.25 3.4 3.52
Center freq (GHz) 3.16 7.14 8.5

The lattice dimension (d) is kept constant to 5 mm for all three cases and the etched gap (g) distance is varied.
Due to the constant lattice dimensions, we can expect that the effective series inductances are also constant for all cases.
There is no change in cut off frequency despite the variation of the gap distance. This means that the gap distance does not
affect the effective series inductance of a micro strip. Variation of the effective capacitance only affects the attenuation
pole location [1]. As the etched gap distance increases, the effective capacitance decreases so that the attenuation pole
location moves up to higher frequency, seen in Table 2.

104 Inder Pal Singh, Praveen Bhatt & Ajay S. Yadav

Table 3: Variation in Cut off Frequency with Respect to the Change in d
S. No. D(mm) Cut Off Frequency (GHZ) Slope(DB/GHZ)
1 6.3 2.4214 7.4808
2 6.1 2.4434 7.3361
3 5.9 2.4787 7.13

Table 3 shows the effect of change in d.
According to the Quasistatic Theory of DGS depicted in [13] the electric and magnetic fields are mostly confined
under the micro strip line. The return current on the ground plane is the mirror image of the current distribution occurred at
the strip line. The maximum surface current lies over the ground plane and the width of side filament arm which contribute
to the inductance of DGS [13]. The gap is represented by the equivalent capacitances, the inductances and capacitances are
derived from the physical dimensions using quasi-static expressions for micros trip crosses, lines and gaps given in [14].
The electrical equivalent model of DGS is given below in Figure 12 [13, 15].

Figure 12: Equivalent Circuit of DGS

Figure 13: (a) Fabricated Defected Ground Low Pass Filter

Figure 13: (b). Fabricated Dumb Bell Shape DGS
Low Pass Filter (Back Side of Filter)

SIMULATION AND MEASURED RESULTS
To validate the above analysis and design, the prototypes as shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11 is fabricated with
the standard PCB technology. In Figure 10 two EBG rectangular patterns are alternatively connected with three high
impedance lines and at the ends the 50 lines are connected.
The optimized dimensions and other parameters of conventional fifth order low pass filter are as follows Substrate
thickness h= 0.762mm, Dielectric Constant = 3.2, Metal Thickness t = 0.01mm, W
1
= 0.293 mm, W
2
= 6.352 mm
A Design and Realization of Miniaturized Low Pass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure Technique with Wide Stop band 105
l
1
= 2.917 mm l
2
= 7.1323 mm, l
3
=11.036mm, Lumped Element values L
1
= 2.05nH, C
2
=2.1472 pF, L
3
= 6.634nH, C
4
=
2.146 pF, L = 2.05nH. Stepped impedance low pass filter of order five with cut off frequency 2.3 GHz, the width W
0
of
micro strip lines for input and output is 1.5 mm, corresponding to a characteristic impedance of 50 .

Figure 14: Fabricated Low Pass Filter

Figure 15: Response (S11and S21) of Conventional Low Pass Filter, Substrate Thickness
H= 0.762mm, Dielectric Constant
r
= 3.2, Metal Thickness T = 0.01mm, W
1
= 0.293 Mm,
W
2
= 6.352 Mm L
1
= 2.917 Mm L
2
= 7.1323 Mm L
3
=11.036mm, W
0
=1.5mm

Figure 14 shows the fifth order fabricated conventional low pass filter and Figure 15 shows the simulation result
of this filter , which has 3 dB cut off frequency 2.24 GHz which is very close to designed cut off frequency 2.3 GHz with
0.01 dB ripple level and the return loss is -52dB. The stop band below -20 dB of the simulated planer fifth-order
Chebyshev low pass filter ranges from 4.24 to 7 GHz.

Figure 16: Measured Response of Conventional Low Pass Filter
Figure 16 shows measured results for the fabricated stepped impedance low-pass filter has cut off frequency
2.54 GHz which is 0.24 GHz higher than with calculated cut off frequency with 0.01dB and the return loss is -38 dB. Stop
band of the fabricated structure ranges from 4.6 to 7.65 GHz. Insertion loss -24 dB is observed in simulation and measured
Insertion loss -28dB which higher due to some radiation loss. Measured and simulated result are close to each other.
106 Inder Pal Singh, Praveen Bhatt & Ajay S. Yadav

In this paper, we proposed a compact DGS low pass filter structure. Wide stop band and compact size are realized
with defected ground structure (DGS). Low pass filter of order five with dumbbell shape defected ground with the
gap g= 0.1mm and length of square patch d=7mm with cut off frequency 2.3 GHz is designed and fabricated and then
compared the simulated and measured result from vector network analyzer. Dimensions and other parameters are Substrate
thickness h = 0.762mm, Dielectric Constant = 3.2, Metal Thickness t= 0.01mm, W
1
= 0.293 mm, W
2
= 6.352 mm,
l
1
= 2.917 mm, l2= 7.1323 mm l3=7mm, L
DGS
= 3.87 nH, C
DGS
=0.7F, R
DGS
= 1487.3 .

Figure 17: Response of Low Pass Filter with Dumbbell Shaped Defect in the Ground

Figure 18: Measured Response of Defected Ground Low Pass Filter
Figure 17 shows the simulation result of proposed DGS structure, which has 3 dB cut off frequency 2.268 GHz
with 0.01 dB ripple level and the return loss is -47dB .The difference between designed cut off frequency and simulated is
0.032 GHz which is almost close. Response is improved in terms of sharpness because of decrease in the capacitance.
As the area of the slot is kept constant, there is no change in effective inductance and hence the cut off frequency is
constant. When the length of the etched slot is decreased effective inductance is decreased because of which cut off
frequency is increased. Figure.18 shows measured results for the fabricated DGS low-pass filter using the stepped
impedance has the cut off frequency 2.1 GHz which is 0.168GHz less than that the simulated result with 0.01dB and the
return loss is -38 dB. The wide stop band below -20 dB of the planer fifth-order Chebyshev low pass filter ranges from
4 to 9 GHz, while that of the fabricated structure ranges from 3.6 to 10.4 GHz. Moreover, the suppression level is deepened
from 10 to 25 dB.
CONCLUSIONS
The total length of the proposed DGS low pass filter is reduced by 4.036 mm when compared conventional low
pass filter. There is good cut off frequency matching in simulation and measured result. Low pass filter with DGS has wide
stop band which is good achievement with proposed DGS low pass filter.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors of this paper would like to thank Dr. Mahesh P. Abegaonkar, Centre of Applied Research in
A Design and Realization of Miniaturized Low Pass Filter Using Defected Ground Structure Technique with Wide Stop band 107
Electronics (CARE), IIT- Delhi, New Delhi, India, for fabrication and measurement support.
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