An Orphaned Basement Block - The Arequipa-Antofalla Basement of The Central Andean Margin of South America

An orphaned basement block: The Arequipa-Antofalla Basement of the central Andean margin of South America
Staci L. Loewy James N. Connelly

Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
Ian W.D. Dalziel

Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA and Institute for Geophysics, The University of Texas at Austin, 4412 Spicewood Springs Road, Building 600, Austin, Texas 78759, USA
ABSTRACT The Arequipa-Antofalla Basement, a Proterozoic crustal block exposed along the central Andean margin, provides a key to interpreting the pre-Andean history of South America. New U/Pb geochronology and whole-rock Pb and Nd isotope geochemistry from the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement rene the tectonic history and delineate three distinct crustal domains that decrease in age from north to south. The northern domain of southern Peru and western Bolivia contains juvenile Paleoproterozoic 2.021.79 Ga intrusions that were metamorphosed at 1.821.79 Ga. The Mesoproterozoic central domain in northernmost Chile contains a signicant Mesoproterozoic juvenile component that incorporates Paleoproterozoic crust from the northern domain. Rock units from both the northern and central domains were metamorphosed between 1.20 and 0.94 Ga, with coeval magmatism occurring only in the central domain. The southern domain in northern Chile and northwestern Argentina comprises Ordovician rocks, derived from a mix of juvenile material and older crust. Similar Ordovician magmatism (476440 Ma) also occurred in the northern and central domains followed by metamorphism at ca. 440 Ma. Based on this rened geologic and tectonic characterization of the ArequipaAntofalla Basement and comparison with that of Amazonia, we conclude that: (1) the isolated exposures of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement comprise a single basement block
with multiple domains, (2) the ArequipaAntofalla Basement was not derived from Amazonia, and (3) the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement accreted onto Amazonia during the 1.0 Ga Sunsa s Orogeny. Keywords: U/Pb, whole-rock lead, Sm/Nd, Arequipa-Antofalla Basement, Amazonia, isotopes, absolute age. INTRODUCTION The Paleoproterozoic to early Paleozoic Arequipa-Antofalla Basement is situated along the western margin of South America between the Andean Cordillera and presentday PeruChile trench (Fig. 1). The current position and southward crustal growth of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement (Dalmayrac et al., 1977; Lehmann, 1978; Shackleton et al., 1979; Damm et al., 1990; Wasteneys et al., 1995; Wo rner et al., 2000) are at odds with its formation in a simple model of westward growth (Tassinari et al., 2000) of the Amazon craton. These basic observations have inspired at least two models to explain its existence: (1) the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement is allochthonous with respect to Amazonia and was accreted to the preAndean margin (Coira et al., 1982; Nur and Ben-Avraham, 1982; Ramos, 1988; Litherland et al., 1989; Dalziel, 1992, 1993; Ramos et al., 1993; Dalziel, 1994; Bahlburg and Herve , 1997), and (2) the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement is parautochthonous with respect to Amazonia, emplaced along transcurrent faults (Sadowski and Bettencourt, 1996; Tosdal, 1996). An improved understanding of the crustal growth, isotopic character, and tectonic history of the ArequipaAntofalla Basement will facilitate evaluation
of the relationship between the ArequipaAntofalla Basement, Amazonia, and other continents and, thus, provide constraints for paleogeographic reconstructions. This paper integrates new U/Pb geochronologic and isotopic data from southern Peru and northern Chile with the existing data to rene the tectonic history and isotopic character of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement. With these data, we address the following questions: (1) Is the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement a single crustal block?, (2) Is Amazonia the parent craton?, and (3) If allochthonous, when was the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement accreted to Amazonia? REGIONAL GEOLOGY Proterozoic and Early Paleozoic rocks of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement are exposed along the present-day Andean margin in at least 10 known inliers in southern Peru, western Bolivia, northern Chile and northwestern Argentina (Fig. 2). Additional preAndean inliers, apparently unrelated to the ArequipaAntofalla Basement, occur in Colombia (the Garzo n, Santander, and Santa Marta massifs) and Argentina (the Precordillera Terrane) (Fig. 1). The Colombian inliers are interpreted to be the northwestern continuation of the Mesoproterozoic Sunsa s Orogen of Amazonia (Alvarez, 1981; Kroonenberg, 1982; Alvarez, 1984; Litherland et al., 1989; Priem et al., 1989; Restrepo-Pace et al., 1997). The Argentine Precordillera Terrane is interpreted to have originated in or near the Ouachita Embayment of Laurentia and accreted to South America during the Paleozoic (Abbruzzi et al., 1993; Astini et al., 1995; Dalziel et al., 1996; Kay et al., 1996). The Arequipa-Antofalla Base-
E-mail: sloewy@mail.utexas.edu.
GSA Bulletin; January/February 2004; v. 116; no. 1/2; p. 171187; DOI 10.1130/B25226.1; 10 gures; Data Repository item 2004028.
For permission to copy, contact editing@geosociety.org 2004 Geological Society of America
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Figure 1. Map of South America with generalized age provinces. Age of province reects most recent metamorphic event to affect region. Poorly constrained extent of Rio de la Plata Craton is shown as dashed line. Three Proterozoic basement blocks along Andean margin are: (1) Arequipa-Antofalla Basement, (2) Precordillera Terrane, and (3) Colombian inliers (Garzo n (a), Santander (b), Santa Marta (c) massifs). Adapted from Cordani et al. (2000) and Tassinari et al. (2000).
ment is similar to the Colombian and Argentine inliers in areal extent, minimal exposure, and proximity to the Andean Margin, but there is less agreement regarding its origin and evolution. The Arequipa-Antofalla Basement The Arequipa-Antofalla Basement is exposed through Andean volcanic and sedimentary rocks along the Arica Embayment (Fig. 1). Although the inliers contain dissimilar rock types, previous workers cited a coherent whole-rock Pb isotopic signature throughout to dene a single crustal block (Tilton and Barreiro, 1980; Barreiro and Clark, 1984; Wo rner et al., 1992; Aitcheson et al., 1995;
Tosdal, 1996; Wo rner et al., 2000). The relationship of the individual inliers to each other and to Amazonia, the cratonic core of South America, is obscured by the intrusion of younger rocks, deposition of overlying sequences, and deformation of the Andean Orogeny. Based on ages of the oldest rock units exposed, the inliers of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement are divided into three domains (Fig. 2) that young from north to south. The northernmost domain exists in southern Peru from San Juan to Mollendo and east into western Bolivia. The central domain extends from the Peru-Chile border to Quebrada Choja in northern-most Chile. The southern domain is exposed as far south as northwestern Argentina.
According to previous work, the oldest rocks in the northern domain formed at ca. 2.01.9 Ga (Wasteneys et al., 1995; Wo rner et al., 2000) but there has been a debate over the timing of metamorphism of these rocks. Rb/Sr and early U/Pb studies implied granulite to amphibolite facies metamorphism between 1.9 and 1.8 Ga (Cobbing et al., 1977; Shackleton et al., 1979), but more recent U/Pb data from gneisses at Quilca, Mollendo, and Cerro Uyarani (Fig. 2) indicated high-grade metamorphism at ca. 1.21.0 Ga (Wasteneys et al., 1995; Wo rner et al., 2000). Alternatively, Dalmayrac et al. (1977) proposed that these rocks experienced metamorphism during both the Paleoproterozoic (1.9 Ga) and the Neoproterozoic (0.7 Ga). Ages of the oldest rocks in the central domain have been poorly constrained but appear to be Mesoproterozoic. Metavolcanic rocks exposed at Bele n (Fig. 2) yielded an imprecise whole-rock Sm/Nd isochron age of 1460 448 Ma (Damm et al., 1990). At Quebrada Choja (Fig. 2), U/Pb zircon analyses from a migmatite and an orthogneiss suggested crystallization ages of 1254 97/94 Ma and 1213 28/25 Ma, respectively (Damm et al., 1990). In the southern domain, maximum protolith ages range from ca. 476 Ma to 434 Ma, coeval with ca. 440 Ma metamorphism (Mpodozis et al., 1983; Omarini et al., 1984; Damm et al., 1990; Lork and Bahlburg, 1993). Two granites at Cordo n de Lila (Fig. 2) yielded U/Pb crystallization ages of 450 12/11 Ma and 434 2 Ma (Damm et al., 1990). Rb/Sr wholerock analyses and K/Ar analyses of hornblende and biotite from granodiorite at Cordo n de Lila yielded metamorphic ages of 441 14 Ma and 429 11 Ma, respectively (Mpodozis et al., 1983). Intrusions in the Puna inlier (Fig. 2) were dated by U/Pb analyses of monazite fractions at 476 1 Ma, 473 1 Ma, 472 1 Ma, and 467 1 Ma (Lork and Bahlburg, 1993) and by Rb/Sr whole-rock analyses at 471 12 Ma (Omarini et al., 1984). Paleozoic magmatism and metamorphism have also been identied in the northern and central domains. Intrusions in Peru yielded an Rb/Sr whole-rock isochron age of 4407 Ma (Shackleton et al., 1979) and a 44414 Ma K-Ar age from Bele n (Pacci et al., 1980) and a lower intercept age of 415 36/38 Ma from Quebrada Choja (Damm et al., 1990) were interpreted to represent the timing of metamorphism. Younger magmatism has also been identied in Peru, with data including, U/Pb crystallization ages of 4254 Ma and 388 13/18 Ma (Mukasa and Henry, 1990),
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an Rb/Sr whole-rock isochron age of 392 22 Ma (Shackleton et al., 1979) and K-Ar mineral ages of 3746 Ma, 3656 Ma, and 3395 Ma from one intrusion (Cobbing et al., 1977). These younger ages (425339 Ma) may represent post-tectonic magmatism, but have also been interpreted to reect a separate event associated with the convergence of the Chilenia Terrane (Fig. 1; Ramos et al., 1986; Dalziel, 1997). In summary, there is a general younging from north to the south in the ArequipaAntofalla Basement, where protoliths range in age from Paleoproterozoic in southern Peru and western Bolivia through Mesoproterozoic in northernmost Chile to Paleozoic in Chile and northwestern Argentina. Geochronologic data from the northern domain suggest that it was probably metamorphosed during the Mesoproterozoic, but it may have been metamorphosed earlier, during the Paleoproterozoic. All domains experienced Ordovician/Silurian metamorphism and/or magmatism. Relationship to Amazonia Previously published data and consequent magmatic and metamorphic history of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement allow a preliminary evaluation of the relationship between the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement and Amazonia. Southwest Amazonia comprises a series of progressive age domains that young westwards away from an Archean core (Fig. 1; Tassinari et al., 2000; Geraldes et al., 2001). In contrast, the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement youngs southward, away from the Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.01.9 Ga) basement of the northern domain (Fig. 2). In its current position, the age and southward growth of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement are incongruous with westward growth of Amazonia, implying that the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement is either allochthonous or parautochthonous with respect to Amazonia. Allochthonous Models Allochthonous models were based on 2.0 1.9 Ga crust in the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement, west of the ca. 1.31.0 Ga Sunsa s Province and active Andean tectonism (Fig. 1; Nur and Ben-Avraham, 1982; Litherland et al., 1989). According to Dalziel (1994), pervasive 1.21.0 Ga metamorphism in the northern and central domains of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement supports accretion of the ArequipaAntofalla Basement to Amazonia during the Sunsa s Orogeny. Based on the presence of Neoproterozoic to Cambrian (0.70.5 Ga) orogenic belts east of the Arequipa-Antofalla
Figure 2. Map of Arequipa-Antofalla Basement and adjacent crustal provinces. ArequipaAntofalla Basement is divided into three domains (northern, central, and southern). Solid black regions are exposed inliers in Arequipa-Antofalla Basement. Overlapping patterns in Arequipa-Antofalla Basement indicate multiple tectonic events. RNJRio Negro Juruena Province. Adapted from Damm et al. (1990), Tosdal (1996), Pankhurst and Rapela (1998), and Keppie and Bahlburg (1999). Basement (the Pampean orogen and Tucavaca belt; Litherland et al., 1989), several authors have proposed early Cambrian accretion of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement to Amazonia (Ramos, 1988; Ramos et al., 1993). Alternatively, Coira et al. (1982) cited pervasive Ordovician intrusions and deformation throughout the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement to support Ordovician accretion. Based on paleomagnetic data, an alternative model has the northern domain and northern half of the central domain of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement accreting to Amazonia in the Proterozoic, with the southern half of the central domain and southern domain colliding as a separate block during or after the Ordovician Famatinian Orogeny (Rapalini et al., 1999). Parautochthonous Models Tosdals (1996) parautochthonous model is based primarily on a similarity of the wholerock Pb isotopic signatures of the ArequipaAntofalla Basement and the RondoniaSan Igna cio and Rio NegroJuruena provinces of southwestern Amazonia and the Guyana Shield (northern Archean core of Amazonia). If correct, this model implies that the ages of rocks and tectonic events in the ArequipaAntofalla Basement and Amazonia should also be similar, an assertion correct to a rst approximation. According to this model, emplacement as a parautochthonous block occurred at an unspecied time prior to the Paleozoic. RESULTSU/Pb GEOCHRONOLOGY A better understanding of the pre-Sunsa s and Sunsa s magmatic and tectonic history of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement would help identify the parent craton and distinguish between the different hypotheses. We focused on three inliers of the northern and central domains of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement, where Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic rock units had previously been identied: (1) coastal southern Peru from San Juan to Mollendo; (2) an area around the town of Bele n, Chile; and
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Figure 3. Concordia diagrams for samples from northern domain. Ages are dened by linear regression through data except where indicated. See text and Table DR1 for details about individual data points and interpretations. POFprobability of t.
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(3) Quebrada Choja, Chile (Fig. 2). The following section outlines eld observations and geochronological results for each inlier. Analytical results with 2-sigma errors are in Table DR1. Table DR1, geologic maps of each inlier with sample locations (Figs. DR1 and DR2A and B), and a description of analytical methods are in the GSA Bulletin Data Repository.1 Northern Domain, Southern Peru Field Observations The Peruvian Arequipa Massif extends along the coast from San Juan to Mollendo (Caldas, 1978). We focused our work in the San Juan region, where the record is most complete, but samples were also collected in Ocon a and Mollendo (Fig. DR1). San Juan Area. In San Juan, the oldest units are granitic, banded gneisses with amphibolite layers, some of which may have sedimentary protoliths. The entire sequence was recrystallized during at least amphibolite facies metamorphism (M1) indicated by the formation of the gneissic layers comprising elongate, deformed quartz and feldspar ribbons with abundant rotational recrystallization of both minerals and aligned mac minerals (now mostly retrograde chlorite). Banding in the gneisses is cut by potassium-feldspar megacrystic granite that contains a weak amphibolite-facies fabric (M2/S2) dened by alignment of elongate quartz grains and mac minerals (now mostly retrograde chlorite) and minor rotational recrystallization of feldspar. The S2 fabric in the granites is typically parallel to that of the host gneisses. The difference in the degree of fabric development and the lack of migmatization in the crosscutting megacrystic granite indicates that the main banding in the gneisses developed prior to the intrusion of the megacrystic granite and that both rock types were deformed after the granite intruded. These gneisses and granites form the basement below sediments that were deposited after M2. The lowest member in the sequence is the Chiquer o Formation, a well-bedded siltstone tillite, the lower portions of which contain abundant pink granitic and gneissic clasts ranging in size from meters to millimeters. The larger clasts depress wellpreserved bedding in the matrix, implying icerafted dropstones of glacial origin (Harland et
1 GSA Data Repository item 2004028, analytical methods, geologic maps with sample locations (Figs. DR1 and DR2A and B) and data tables (Tables DR1 and DR2), is available on the Web at http: //www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2004.htm. Requests may also be sent to editing@geosociety.org.
Figure 3. (Continued.)
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al., 1966). In the upper portion, across an abrupt transition, clasts change from granite to carbonate. The Chiquer o Formation is immediately overlain by 12 m of nely-laminated, alternating pink and gray carbonate layers that are, in turn, overlain by a thick, intensely altered sequence of carbonates. The nely laminated pink and gray carbonate layers strongly resemble globally observed Neoproterozoic cap carbonates (Fairchild and Hambrey, 1984), including their characteristic negative 13C values (Frank Corsetti, 2001, personal commun.). Published geologic maps identify two distinct carbonate units with similar character, the Neoproterozoic San Juan Formation and the Paleozoic Marcona Formation (Caldas, 1978). More recent mapping by the Marcona Mining Corporation (Juan Aranibar Loaysa, 2000, personal commun.) reinterprets them to be a single formation that they name the San Juan Formation. Unable to identify signicant differences between rocks mapped as San Juan and Marcona formations, we agree with their interpretation. Deformation in both the Chiquer o and San Juan formations includes folding, elongation of carbonate clasts, and formation of a greenschist facies cleavage (M3) dened by the alignment of micas and chlorite draped around larger grains with quartz-rich pressure shadows. Gneissic and granitic basement rocks were pervasively retrogressed to greenschist facies during this event. The entire sequence is cut by undeformed intrusions, which, in the San Juan region, are bimodal, ne-grained granite and diabase dikes. Ocon a and Mollendo. Portions of the geological record at San Juan are exposed to the south at Ocon a and Mollendo (Fig. DR1). In Mollendo, the inlier contains pink and graygreen, banded gneiss metamorphosed to at least amphibolite facies and undeformed potassium-feldspar granite porphyry. The gneiss is correlated with the banded gneiss at San Juan and similarly contains alternating bands of aligned chlorite and elongate quartz and feldspar ribbons. At Ocon a, foliated megacrystic granite is intruded by amphibolite dikes. Although the megacrystic granite looks similar to the foliated megacrystic granite exposed at San Juan (our observations and those of Shackleton et al., 1979), U/Pb ages presented below demonstrate that the granites at Ocon a are signicantly younger. Geochronology Basement. Two samples of the banded gneisses were analyzed, one from San Juan
(U/Pb-1) and one from Mollendo (U/Pb-2). U/ Pb-1 is a pink, granitic gneiss with welldeveloped gneissic layering. Most of the feldspar was sericitized and mac minerals were retrogressed to chlorite and epidote during M3. The sample represents a felsic layer in an exposure of heterogeneous banded gneiss with bands that ranged in composition from gabbroic to granitic. Five zircon fractions from U/ Pb-1 dene a line between 1819 17/16 Ma and 1033 31 Ma (14% probability of t (POF); Davis, 1982; Fig. 3A). Z3 was a single prism with no visible inclusions and contained concentric zonation (visible in plane polarized light) typical of magmatic growth. The other zircons analyzed were similar in morphology to Z3. Thus, the upper intercept is interpreted to be the crystallization age of the granitic protolith. The lower intercept is interpreted to represent the time of Pb loss or overgrowth of zircon during metamorphism. U/Pb-2 is a sample of pink and gray-green layered gneiss from Mollendo, in which quartz and sericitized feldspar-rich bands are interlayered with epidote and chlorite-rich bands. Eight zircon fractions from U/Pb-2 dene a line between 1851 5 Ma and 935 14 Ma (72% POF; Fig. 3B). Four other fractions (Z4, Z7, Z9, Z11) that lie close to, but not on, this line are interpreted either to contain older inheritance or to have been affected by a younger thermal event. Z1 comprises elongate euhedral prisms consistent with magmatic growth and plots closest to the upper intercept. Z6, a single grain imaged by cathodoluminescence (CL) before analysis, exhibited concentric zonation typical of magmatic growth (Fig. 3B, inset). Z2, Z3, Z4, and Z5 were similar in shape and size to Z6, suggesting similar growth histories. Because the morphologies and internal zonation of these fractions that lie on the line near the upper intercept are consistent with magmatic growth, we interpret the upper intercept to represent the crystallization age of the gneiss protolith. Z10, Z11, and Z12 lie closest to the lower intercept. Z11 and Z12 comprised very small anhedral equant grains, typical of zircon grown during metamorphism. Z10, a single grain imaged by CL before analysis, showed a large, unzoned rim around a small, zoned core (Fig. 3B, inset). The lack of zonation in the rim suggests metamorphic growth of the rim around a magmatic core. The position of these three fractions nearest the lower intercept suggests that the lower intercept represents the timing of zircon growth during metamorphism. U/Pb-3 is a sample of the foliated megacrystic granite at San Juan. It is a pink,
potassium-feldspar-rich granite porphyry with a weakly developed foliation dened by the elongation of quartz-feldspar lenses and alignment of chlorite and muscovite. Feldspars are mostly sericitized with muscovite rims and mac minerals have retrogressed to chlorite, presumably during M3. Analyses of eight zircon fractions from U/Pb-3 yield a discordia line between 1793 6 Ma and 1052 12 Ma (23% POF; Fig. 3C). That eight fractions of zircons with morphologies consistent with a magmatic growth fall on a single line implies that the upper intercept represents a crystallization age. The high degree of discordance toward the lower intercept is consistent with metamorphism and Pb loss or zircon overgrowth at ca. 1 Ga. Chiquer o Tillite. Three samples of granitic clasts from the Chiquer o Tillite were analyzed (U/Pb-4, -5, -6). U/Pb-4 and U/Pb-5 are both round clasts of pink, potassiumfeldspar-rich, megacrystic granite that is similar in appearance to the megacrystic granite in the basement but with poorly-developed foliations. U/Pb-6 is similar in composition to the other two but has a gneissosity that was folded prior to its incorporation into the tillite. Three zircon fractions (Z1, Z2, Z3) from U/ Pb-4 dene a line with intercepts of 1168 9/ 6 Ma and 147 238/260 Ma (90% POF; Fig. 3D). Z4 is interpreted to contain a minor amount of inherited zircon. The zircon population from U/Pb-5 is more complex than that from U/Pb-4. Z1, Z4, and Z5 dene a discordia line from 1162 6 Ma to 367 76 Ma (16% POF; Fig. 3E). Z2, Z3, Z6, and Z7 apparently contain inherited Paleoproterozoic zircon and were not included in the regression. All ve fractions of U/Pb-6 have middle Mesoproterozoic 207Pb/206Pb ages but do not dene a discordia or mixing line. Two zircon fractions (Z4 and Z5) from U/Pb-6 suggest an upper intercept age of ca. 1165 Ma projected from a lower intercept of 440 Ma (Fig. 3F), the metamorphic age of the tillite (see below). Z1, Z2, and Z3 lie close to this upper intercept but are interpreted to contain minor inheritance from an older source. Late Granites. Three samples of late granite were collected: an undeformed, pink potassium-feldspar granite porphyry at Mollendo (U/Pb-7); a weakly-foliated, megacrystic potassium-feldspar granite at Ocon a (U/Pb8); and an undeformed, ne-grained granite with abundant partially resorbed feldspar and quartz xenocrysts at San Juan (U/Pb-9). The late granite at Mollendo cuts the basement gneiss. The late granite at San Juan cuts both the gneisses and the Chiquer o Tillite. At Ocon a, there are no other rocks exposed.
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Four zircon fractions from U/Pb-7 cluster ca. 460 Ma (Fig. 3G). By pinning the lower intercept at 0 Ma, a line regressed through Z1, Z2, and Z3 yields an upper intercept of 468 4 Ma (55% POF). Three zircon fractions from U/Pb-8 fall near or at the bottom of a line with a lower intercept of ca. 464 Ma (Fig. 3H). One analysis (Z1) is concordant with an age and analytical error of 464 4 Ma (average of 206Pb*/238U and 207Pb*/235U errors). Because all three fractions from this unmigmatized granite represent the dominant population of large, beige, subhedral grains with minimal inclusions, we interpret the lower intercept to be the crystallization age. Z2 and Z3 apparently contain a minor amount of inherited zircon of slightly different age or Pb loss histories such that we use the concordant fraction to dene an age of 464 4 Ma for this granite. Z8 and Z2 from U/Pb-9 are both nearly concordant at ca. 500 Ma and 1050 Ma, respectively (Fig. 3I). Given that the host sediments were deposited and deformed after ca. 1.03 Ga (the age of basement metamorphism), the 1050 Ma zircon must be inherited. CL images of grains with similar morphologies to Z8 show euhedral, magmatic rims around inherited cores (Fig. 3I, inset). Thus, Z8 is interpreted to approximate the crystallization age with a minor amount of inheritance. Differing degrees and ages of inherited components preclude derivation of a mixing line and, consequently, determination of a precise age. However, projection of mixing lines from each fraction though Z8 constrains the range of possible lower intercepts between 468 and 440 Ma (Fig. 3I). Thus, the San Juan granite belongs to the same suite as the Ordovician granites at Mollendo (U/Pb-7) and Ocon a (U/ Pb-8). Implications Protoliths of the basement gneisses at San Juan and Mollendo crystallized between ca. 1851 and 1819 Ma. These ages are similar to previously published ca. 1.9 Ga protolith ages for the basement rocks of San Juan, Quilca, and Mollendo (Cobbing et al., 1977; Dalmayrac et al., 1977; Shackleton et al., 1979; Wasteneys et al., 1995). The gneissic fabric (M1) formed prior to the ca. 1793 Ma intrusion of the megacrystic granite. Mesoproterozoic metamorphism (M2) occurred between ca. 1052 and 935 Ma, as recorded by zircon in both the gneisses and the megacrystic granite at San Juan. Wasteneys et al. (1995) reports a metamorphic age of 970 23 Ma at Mollendo and a slightly older age of 1198 6/4 Ma at Quilca. This range in metamorphic ages
may represent real temporal variation along the margin, variation in cooling histories between sites, and/or timing of different zirconforming reactions (Connelly, 2001). Most previous work suggested that only one Proterozoic metamorphic event occurred in Peru, either at ca. 1.9 Ga or ca. 1.0 Ga (Cobbing et al., 1977; Shackleton et al., 1979; Wasteneys et al., 1995). Only Dalmayrac et al. (1977) proposed two episodes of metamorphism at 1.9 and 0.7 Ga. Our new data require that metamorphism and deformation occurred at both ca. 1.8 Ga and ca. 1.0 Ga with no evidence for a ca. 0.7 Ga event. Despite the complex zircon systematics of these samples, there is a clear indication that all three clasts fall in the range 1.171.16 Ga, requiring an extrabasinal source. No Mesoproterozoic rocks have been identied in southern Peru, although evidence of Mesoproterozoic crystalline basement at depth can be inferred from inherited zircons in the Ordovician granites at San Juan and Ocon a. In the central domain, ca. 1.1 Ga rocks are discussed below and similar-aged rocks may exist to the west in Bolivia (Lehmann, 1978). The Sunsa s Province of Amazonia also contains ca. 1.1 Ga rocks (Tassinari et al., 2000). No precise age has been determined for the deposition of the tillite. It must be younger than the ca. 1.03 Ga M2 recorded in its basement and older than the Ordovician granite at San Juan. Less denitive constraints include: (1) stromatolite-like structures in the overlying San Juan Formation (Injoque and Romero, 1986) that the authors correlate with late NeoproterozoicEarly Cambrian stromatolites, and (2) a possible Neoproterozoic cap carbonate at the top of the tillite. M3 metamorphism occurred after intrusion of the 464 4 Ma megacrystic granite at Ocon a but before emplacement of undeformed granites at Mollendo (468 4 Ma). Although M3 and Ordovician magmatism may have been diachronous across this belt, M3 is constrained as Ordovician. Central Domain, Bele n, Northern Chile Field Observations The Arequipa-Antofalla Basement at Bele n is exposed in cores of breached anticlines of layered Andean volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks. The largest single basement exposure is 3 km (east-west) by 8 km (north-south) and extends north from Bele n (Fig. DR2A). Three smaller exposures lie south-southeast of Bele n. The oldest rocks in these inliers are concordant layers of muscovite schist and
quartzo-feldspathic and mac gneisses. The concordant, alternating, compositional layers and remnant sedimentary features, such as cross beds, preserved in less deformed layers suggest that this unit comprises amphibolite facies metasedimentary and mac metavolcanic rocks. In the northwestern portion of the exposure, near Chapiquin a (Fig. DR2A), these rocks are associated with partially serpentinized ultra-mac units that crop out in a northnortheast linear trend. The majority of outcrops display an S1 foliation parallel to primary S0 layering. In a few locations, S0/ S1 is tightly folded (F2) and the muscovite schist exhibits a second foliation, S2, that is axial planar to folds. The only age constraint for these sediments is a 1460 448 Ma age from a whole-rock Sm/Nd isochron from the metavolcanic layers (Damm et al., 1990). Massive granodiorites, diorites, and gabbros are the most abundant rocks in the Bele n inliers. They cut the S1 fabric in the metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks and contain xenoliths of these rock units. Fabric development in the intrusions is variable and ranges from rocks with no preferred orientation to those with a well-developed foliation (including protomylonites) dened by alignment of amphibole and/or biotite that is correlated with S2 in the metasedimentary rocks. This fabric (S2) in the younger intrusive rocks ranges from straight to tightly folded (F3), but there is no fabric developed axial planar to these folds (no S3). Geochronology Ages of clastic sedimentary rocks are difcult to determine directly by radiometric methods, but ages of cross-cutting igneous units and metamorphism constrain the timing of deposition. Two samples of the massive granodiorite were collected: one from the large northern exposure, near Bele n (U/Pb10), and one from a smaller southern exposure (U/Pb-11) (Fig. DR2A). Five zircon fractions from U/Pb-10 dene a line from 1559 21 Ma to 473 2 Ma (43% POF; Fig. 4A). CL images indicate that zircons from this sample mainly have magmatic zonation, suggesting that the analyzed zircons are igneous (Fig. 4A, inset). Four of the ve fractions analyzed are nearly concordant at the lower intercept, suggesting that this is the crystallization age of the granodiorite. Z5 contained a signicant inherited component. Two fractions (Z1 and Z2) from U/Pb-11 overlap concordia with an averaged 206Pb/238U age of 4733 Ma, which is interpreted to be the crystallization age. Z4 reects a combi-
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nation of inheritance and Pb loss (Fig. 4B), and Z1 may have lost Pb. A felsic dike (U/Pb-12) intrudes a thick, folded unit of muscovite schist. The dike, composed mainly of quartz, feldspar, and muscovite, cuts S1 in the schist and contains an F2-axial-planar foliation (S2). This sample was collected to constrain the timing of D1 and D2. Zircons from this sample yielded unexpected Paleoproterozoic 207Pb/206Pb ages and Z2, Z3, and Z5 dene a line from 1866 2 to 227 17 (Fig. 4C). CL images of zircons from U/Pb-12 identify fractured, partially resorbed cores with subhedral to euhedral overgrowths that commonly contain magmatic zonation (Fig. 4C, inset). This morphology suggests that the overgrowths formed during dike crystallization around inherited cores. Thus, the upper intercept age reects inheritance from a ca. 1.91.8 Ga source, similar in age to the granitic gneisses in southern Peru. The lower intercept may reect the intrusion age of the dike but more likely does not date a specic event and reects a complex combination of overgrowth and Pb-loss. Cores in these zircons are sizeable and U-rich, such that the rims are likely metamict and, as such, have lost Pb. Implications The age of deposition and deformation (D1) of the metasedimentary rocks at Bele n have not been well constrained with the addition of this new data. Denitive ages from the massive granodiorite intrusions (473 2 and 473 3 Ma) require the metasedimentary rocks and D1 to be older than ca. 473 Ma. The only other constraint on the age of the metasedimentary rocks is the poorly dened 1460 480 Ma age from the amphibolite layers (Damm et al., 1990) that suggests deposition occurred some time between 1.9 and 1.0 Ga, followed by D1 deformation. Central Domain, Quebrada Choja, Northern Chile Field Observations Proterozoic rocks are exposed in the eastwesttrending Quebrada (Canyon) Choja (Fig. DR2), where the oldest units include a sequence of migmatitic gneisses containing quartz-biotite paragneiss and granodioritic orthogneiss. Both gneisses are included as xenoliths in younger megacrystic granite, indicating that a phase of high-grade metamorphism (M1) occurred after formation of the gneiss protoliths but before intrusion of the megacrystic granite. The megacrystic granite has a variably developed foliation (S2/
Figure 4. Concordia diagrams for samples from Bele n area. Ages are dened by linear regression through data except where indicated. See text and Table DR1 for details about individual data points and interpretations. POFprobability of t.
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M2) dened by aligned biotite, muscovite, and elongate quartz. The paragneiss contains two neosomes, an earlier wispy tonalitic type (N1) and a second, more coherent granitic type (N2). N1 neosomes occur in outcrops of paragneiss and gneissic xenoliths in the megacrystic granite, indicating that they formed prior to crystallization of the granite and likely during M1/D1. N2 neosomes are folded and boudinaged in paragneiss outcrops and are not found in paragneiss xenoliths in the megacrystic granite. Thus, formation of N2 neosomes postdates M1/D1 but predates M2/D2. Postdating both M1 and M2, a massive, undeformed tonalite cuts both neosomes in the paragneiss. West of the gneisses and granite, a 500m-thick metasedimentary sequence contains metasiltstone with relict graded bedding, quartz-rich chlorite-muscovite paragneiss, interbedded muscovite schist and phyllite, layered carbonates, and an irregularly banded amphibolite unit. The protolith to the amphibolite is uncertain, but banding suggests a volcanic-volcaniclastic protolith. This composite sedimentary package has a bedding parallel foliation dened by aligned micas, chlorite, amphiboles, and elongate quartz. Similarities of this metamorphic fabric to that in the megacrystic granite suggest that this is an S2 fabric. However, a sharp discordance between foliation orientations in this package and those in the megacrystic granite suggests a fault contact (Fig. DR2B). The amphibolite unit is intruded by dacite dikes that cut across layering. The dacite dikes contain a moderate foliation that is parallel to S2 in the host amphibolites, indicating that a single foliation (S2) in both rocks post-dates the dacite dikes. The rock units in the western portion of the canyon are overlain by a variably deformed intrusive suite of diorites and tonalites that are intruded by late, undeformed hornblendite dikes. The boundary at the base of this intrusive suite is a sharp, subhorizontal, planar contact that we interpret to be a low-angle fault (Fig. DR2B). Because this boundary has not been deformed, faulting occurred after M2. Based on similarities in mineralogy and texture, tonalite in this intrusive suite is correlated with the undeformed tonalite that cuts both neosomes in the paragneiss. A suite of pegmatites of varying composition cuts all units in the area, except the amphibolites. Geochronology Samples of the migmatized granodiorite orthogneiss (U/Pb-13), the foliated megacrystic granite (U/Pb-14), a dacite dike that cuts the
layered amphibolite (U/Pb-15), a granite neosome (N2) from the paragneiss (U/Pb-16), and the undeformed tonalite from the fault-bound intrusive suite (U/Pb-17) were analyzed for U/ Pb geochronology (Fig. DR2B). Four of nine zircon fractions (Z1, Z5, Z6, Z9) from the orthogneiss (U/Pb-13) dene a line between 1067 4 and 497 16 (78% POF; Fig. 5A). CL analyses of a representative sample of the zircon population indicate that ellipsoidal, pitted grains have the bestdeveloped magmatic zonation compared to the rest of the zircon population. Z1 was a pale pink, ellipsoidal, pitted grain and is the most concordant point. Therefore, we interpret the upper intercept to represent the crystallization age of the gneiss protolith. CL imaging of more euhedral grains commonly shows discontinuous overgrowths on rounded cores with magmatic growth zoning (Fig. 5A, inset). Fractions of these euhedral zircons plotted lower on the mixing line, suggesting varying proportions of core and overgrowth. The overgrowths are interpreted to be metamorphic such that the lower intercept represents the timing of metamorphism. Fractions lying below the mixing line (Z2, Z3, Z7, and Z8) apparently contained an inherited component. Z4 lies above the mixing line and may reect Mesoproterozoic migmatization of the orthogneiss. Migmatization occurred after crystallization at 1067 Ma and prior to intrusion of the foliated granite (1024 Ma, see below). A mixing line (not shown) from 497 Ma through Z4 intersects concordia at ca. 1040 Ma, a reasonable age for migmatization. Four zircon fractions (Z1, Z2, Z6, Z7) from a sample of the foliated megacrystic granite (U/Pb-14) dene a line from 10245 Ma to 4448 Ma (26% POF; Fig. 5B). Most fractions (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, and Z7) were pink to light brown, euhedral to subhedral, multifaceted, equant, clear single grains. Because this granite is not migmatized and the clear, euhedral-subhedral fractions lie near the upper intercept, we interpret the upper intercept to represent the crystallization age. Z6 falls signicantly lower on discordia and comprised smaller equant grains, typical of metamorphic growth. This analysis and the degree of discordance of other fractions indicate that the lower intercept is the metamorphic age. Z8 apparently contained inherited zircon, and Z3, Z4, and Z5 apparently experienced minor recent Pb loss. The heterogeneous zircon population of the dacite dike (U/Pb-15) includes equant to elongate grains that range from pale-beige to light brown, and CL images indicate a range of core and rim textures. Zircon fractions (Z4, Z5, Z6,
Z7) representing a range of morphologies dene a line from 1697 48 Ma to 635 5 Ma (42% POF; Fig. 5C). Concordant fraction Z7 was a single light-brown elongate grain with no inclusions. Because this sample is unmigmatized, has a single metamorphic fabric, and most zircon fractions from this population fall near the lower intercept, we interpret 635 5 Ma to be the crystallization age. Z1, Z2, and Z3 contained a signicant component of inherited zircon of various ages. Zircons from N2 (U/Pb-16) are mainly euhedral, brown prisms comprising dark, euhedral tips and pale, rounded cores. CL images of these grains show rims with concentric zonation around inherited cores (Fig. 5D, inset). Two analyses of tips broken off of euhedral grains yielded nearly concordant points with 207 Pb/206Pb ages of 470 2/1 Ma and 470 3/1 Ma (Fig. 5D). We interpret these to be the formation age of the neosome. Two zircon fractions (Z1 and Z2) from the tonalite (U/Pb-17) dene a mixing line between ca. 1070 Ma and ca. 450 Ma with a third fraction (Z3) lying only slightly below the line. CL analysis of representative zircons indicates a heterogeneous population composed of zircons with zoned and unzoned cores and rims. The complex morphology and the position of all three fractions equidistant from either intercept make interpretation difcult. However, because the tonalite is undeformed, it crystallized after Ordovician D2/ M2 deformation. Also, the correlative tonalite in the paragneiss cuts the 470 Ma neosome. Thus, the lower intercept must approximate the age of intrusion. Implications The age of the paragneiss protolith is not independently constrained but must have been older than 1067 Ma, the crystallization age of the orthogneiss protolith that intrudes it. Both gneisses are included in the 1024 Ma unmigmatized megacrystic granite, requiring migmatization (M1) to have occurred between 1067 and 1024 Ma. Deposition of the metasedimentary rocks and extrusion/intrusion of the amphibolite protolith occurred between M1 and 635 Ma, the age of the crosscutting dacite dikes. Metamorphism (M2) of all units occurred during the Ordovician/Silurian, constrained by zircon tips from N2 (ca. 470 Ma) and lower intercept ages from the samples of orthogneiss and megacrystic granite (ca. 497 Ma and ca. 444 Ma, respectively). No precise age was determined for the fault-bound intrusive suite, but a lower intercept for the undeformed tonalite suggests an Ordovician (ca. 450 Ma) age. Because the main focus of this
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Figure 5. Concordia diagrams for samples from Quebrada Choja. Ages are dened by linear regression through data. See text and Table DR1 for details about individual data points and interpretations. POFprobability of t.
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Figure 6. Summary of tectonic history of Arequipa-Antofalla Basement. Data are from this study and references cited in text. work was the older tectonic history, undeformed pegmatites were not dated, but they are presumed to post-date Ordovician deformation and metamorphism. The fault-bounded intrusive suite was emplaced either during late Ordovician deformation or, more likely given the undeformed nature of the fault, during later Andean deformation. Summary of the Sequence of Events in the Northern and Central Domains Figure 6 summarizes pre-existing and new U/Pb data. In the northern domain, Paleoproterozoic intrusions with ages in the range of 18511819 Ma and possibly as old as 2024 Ma (Wo rner et al., 2000) were metamorphosed during M1 to at least amphibolite facies between 1819 and 1793 Ma. In the central domain, sediments and volcanics were deposited and plutons were emplaced during the midlate Mesoproterozoic. Both domains experienced Grenvillian-age metamorphism between 1200 and 935 Ma. During the Neoproterozoic, sediments were deposited in both domains (San Juan and Quebrada Choja), but evidence of magmatism was only identied at one location in the central domain (Quebrada Choja). During the Ordovician, magmatism, metamorphism, and deformation occurred in both the northern and central domains between ca. 473 and 440 Ma with metamorphism beginning as early as 497 Ma. WHOLE-ROCK ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS To provide a regional characterization of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement, whole-rock samples were analyzed for Pb and Nd isotopic compositions. Pb isotopic compositions appear to dene distinct signatures of crustal provinces (for example, Kay et al., 1996; Tosdal, 1996; Sinha and McLelland, 1997), and Sm/Nd isotopic systematics (Nd(0) values and TDM ages) are commonly used to indicate source reservoirs of intrusions and ages of crustal provinces (e.g., Farmer and DePaolo, 1984; Bennett and DePaolo, 1987; Murphy and Nance, 2002; Payolla et al., 2002; Singletary et al., 2003). This regional signature can be used in conjunction with the ages and sequences of events to compare inliers in the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement and to compare the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement with Amazonia. Lead Whole-rock powders from 12 samples from the northern domain, 39 samples from the central domain (22 from Bele n and 17 from Quebrada Choja), and one sample from the southern domain were analyzed for Pb (Table DR2; see footnote 1). These samples were selected and analyzed to complement existing wholerock Pb isotopic analyses of basement rocks (Proterozoic boulders found in younger sedimentary rocks have not been included.) (Tilton and Barreiro, 1980; Aitcheson et al., 1995; Tosdal, 1996; Bock et al., 2000; Wo rner et al., 2000). Data from the three domains dene distinct, but overlapping elds in uranogenic space (206Pb/204Pb versus 207Pb/204Pb; Fig. 7A). Paleoproterozoic samples from the northern do-
main have the highest 207Pb/204Pb ratios (relative to 206Pb/204Pb), plotting above Stacey and Kramers (1975) crustal evolution curve. Mesoproterozoic samples from the central domain have lower 207Pb/204Pb ratios (relative to 206 Pb/204Pb) and overlap Stacey and Kramers (1975) crustal evolution curve (Fig. 7A). Along the central domain eld, Mesoproterozoic samples from Bele n are less radiogenic (lower 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb) than those from Quebrada Choja and overlap those of the northern domain. Ordovician samples from the southern domain (Bock et al., 2000) plot between Stacey and Kramers (1975) crustal evolution curve and overlap the central domain samples (Fig. 7A). Neoproterozoic and Ordovician intrusions in both the northern and central domains plot along the trend of the central domain between the compositions of the Mesoproterozoic units (Fig. 7A). Most rocks from all three domains have 208Pb/204Pb ratios between 42 and 37. Thus, in thorouranogenic Pb space, Pb isotopic compositions dene two distinct regions based on the 206 Pb/204Pb ratio (Fig. 7B). Samples from the northern domain and the northern central domain (Bele n) have low 206Pb/204Pb ratios, whereas samples from the southern central domain (Quebrada Choja) and the southern domain have high 206Pb/204Pb ratios. Samarium-Neodymium Whole-rock Sm/Nd analyses of 21 samples from southern Peru, Bele n, and Quebrada Choja (Table DR2; Fig. 8A, B, and C) yield a continuous range of TDM ages that, in general, young from north to south. Samples from the northern domain (with the exception of the Ordovician intrusions and one ca. 1.8 Ga amphibolite) have TDM ages of 2.31.9 Ga and Nd(0) values of33.18 to17.87 (Table DR2; Fig. 8A, B, and C). The similarity of TDM ages and crystallization ages (TU/Pb; Table DR2; Fig. 8C) suggests that the Paleoproterozoic units were predominantly derived from juvenile mantle. Samples from the central domain (including Mesoproterozoic and younger units) and samples of Ordovician intrusions from the northern domain (all plotting along the central domain Pb trend) have younger TDM ages (2.21.3 Ga with two as young as 0.5 Ga and one anomalously old age of 3.6 Ga) and more positive Nd(0) values (-15.86 to3.41 with one positive value of 2.15) (Table DR2; Fig. 8A, B, and C). For most of these samples, the TDM ages are older than their U/Pb crystallization ages (TU/Pb; Table DR2; Fig. 8C), suggesting contamination of a juvenile mantle source by Paleoproterozoic
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Figure 7. Whole-rock Pb data from Arequipa-Antofalla Basement. Data arranged by location. New data (dark symbols) are distinguished from data previously published (light symbols). Previously published data are from Tilton and Barreiro (1980), Aitcheson et al. (1995), Tosdal (1996), Bock et al. (2000), and Wo rner et al. (2000). Stacey and Kramers (1975) average crust evolution curve is given for reference with ages in Ga. (A) Uranogenic Pb. Fields distinguish domain signatures. Central domain eld is divided to distinguish juvenile Mesoproterozoic signature from rock compositions likely to contain a signicant component of Paleoproterozoic crust. Numbered data points are discussed in text and listed in Table DR2. (B) Thoro-uranogenic Pb. Fields denote different signatures.
Figure 8. Sm/Nd data. Values are listed in Table DR2 and in Bock et al. (2000). TDM ages for data from Bock et al. (2000) were recalculated by method used in this study. (A) Histogram of TDM ages from ArequipaAntofalla Basement. (Anomalously old TDM ages of P3 and B8 are not included. TDM ages could not be calculated for B3 and Q13.) (B) Histogram of Nd(0) values from Arequipa-Antofalla Basement. (Anomalously low Nd(0) of P3 is not included.) (C) Compositional elds dened by Sm/Nd isotopic systematics of each domain. Symbols are Nd at TU/Pb (Table DR2). Thick dashed line separates compositions from Bele n and Quebrada Choja. (Compositions of Q7 and Q8 are not included. They appear to be mantle-derived Neoproterozoic intrusions and, thus, their compositions are not related to Mesoproterozoic crustal reservoir.) highest Nd(0) values (13.42 to 5.77) (Table DR2; Fig. 8A, B, and C). These TDM ages are older than the known crystallization ages, also implying contamination of a juvenile mantle source by Paleoproterozoic or Mesoproterozoic crust or derivation entirely from older crust.
and/or Mesoproterozoic crust or derivation entirely from older crust. Samples from Bele n have older TDM ages than those from Quebrada Choja, suggesting a greater Paleoproterozoic crustal component. The distribution of TDM ages from the Bele n samples matches that of the northern domain (Fig. 8A). For some samples from Quebrada Choja (for example, Q2
(U/Pb-13), Q7, and Q8), the TDM age approximates the U/Pb crystallization age, suggesting a juvenile source for these samples. Data from the southern domain (one sample from this study and samples from Bock et al. [2000], recalculated using the depleted mantle model curve of DePaolo [1981]), dene the youngest TDM age group (1.9 Ga0.5 Ga) and
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Implications of Whole-Rock Isotopic Data The coherent, but different, Pb isotopic signatures of the northern and central domains indicate that each domain had isotopically distinct source reservoirs. Correlation of Paleoproterozoic U/Pb and Sm/Nd TDM ages in the northern domain rocks suggests a Paleoproterozoic mantle source. In the central domain, the oldest rocks are Mesoproterozoic and may be as old as ca. 1.5 Ga. In addition to the poorly-dened ca. 1.5 Ga Sm/Nd isochron age of the metavolcanic rocks at Bele n, an Ordovician granodiorite at Bele n contains ca. 1.5 Ga inherited zircon, suggesting that crust of this age exists at depth. Mesoproterozoic rocks (Q1, Q2, and Q5) from Quebrada Choja commonly have Mesoproterozoic TDM ages. Thus, Mesoproterozoic mantle appears to be the isotopically distinct Pb source at Quebrada Choja. The lower 206Pb/204Pb ratios from Bele n relative to those from Quebrada Choja (Fig. 7A) suggest that the Mesoproterozoic Bele n rocks may have had a slightly different source. Paleoproterozoic Sm/Nd TDM ages of the Bele n rocks and the overlap of the Bele n and northern domain Pb isotopic composition support incorporation of a signicant component of Paleoproterozoic crust from the northern domain. As mentioned previously, U/Pb zircon analyses indicate that a felsic dike at Bele n (U/Pb-12; B9) contains inherited ca. 1.87 Ga zircon (Fig. 4C), suggesting ca. 1.87 Ga crust at depth. Thus, the Mesoproterozoic Bele n rocks may have been derived entirely from or were strongly contaminated by 1.91.8 Ga northern domain crust. The intermediate Pb isotopic compositions of the Neoproterozoic and younger rocks at both Bele n and Quebrada Choja and their Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic TDM ages suggest that these rocks comprise a mixture of Bele n and Quebrada Choja crust. The four Ordovician intrusions in the northern domain (P8, P9, P11, P12) have central domain Pb isotopic signatures (Fig 7A) and Nd(0) values (Fig. 8B) and all four intrusions (three granites and one gabbro), three of which are dated by U/Pb geochronology, yield ca. 1.5 Ga Sm/Nd TDM ages (Table DR2, Fig. 8A). U/Pb data from U/Pb-8 (P12) and U/Pb-9 (P8) provide evidence for Mesoproterozoic inherited components (Figs. 3H and I). Nd(0) values, TDM ages, Pb isotopic compositions, and Mesoproterozoic ages of the northern domain Ordovician intrusions indicate that they were derived from a Mesoproterozoic (possibly ca. 1.5 Ga), central domain-like lower crustal reservoir. Thus, the Mesoproterozoic
Pb isotopic reservoir that denes the central domain may extend beneath the northern domain at depth. The division of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement into three domains was originally based upon the ages of the oldest units exposed. Uranogenic Pb isotopic compositions (Fig. 7A), Nd(0) values, and TDM ages (Fig. 8, A, B, and C) support the distinction of these three temporal domains. Previous work on Pb isotopic compositions of Andean volcanics in the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement identied the two signatures in thoro-uranogenic Pb compositions (Fig. 7B) and used them to divide the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement into two terranes (Wo rner et al., 1992). However, as proposed above, incorporation of different amounts of older crust in rocks at Bele n and Quebrada Choja would account for the observed distinction in the 206Pb/204Pb ratios. The existence of three domains is supported by mapping, U/Pb geochronology, uranogenic whole-rock Pb isotopes and Sm/Nd isotopic systematics (Nd(0) values and TDM ages). DISCUSSION The main goals of this paper were to rene the tectonic history and characterize the isotopic signature of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement to address the following questions: (1) Is the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement a single crustal block? (2) Is Amazonia the parent craton?, and (3) if allochthonous, when was the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement accreted to Amazonia? The next section summarizes the evolution of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement as rened by the new data and then addresses each of these questions. Tectonic History U/Pb ages of the oldest rocks exposed and Pb and Sm/Nd whole-rock isotopic compositions delineate three distinct domains in the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement that decrease in age from north to south. The northern domain of southern Peru and western Bolivia (Fig. 2) formed from juvenile material between 1.85 and 1.79 Ga, may have components as old as 2.02 Ga, and was rst metamorphosed between 1.82 and 1.79 Ga (Figs. 6 and 9). A second stage of crustal growth occurred during the Mesoproterozoic, possibly as early as ca. 1.5 Ga, along the southern margin of the northern domain (Fig. 9). Although no exposed rocks of this age have been precisely dated, Sm/Nd and Pb isotopic evidence suggest that 1.51.4 Ga crust forms the basement of the central domain and underplates the 1.9
1.8 Ga basement of the northern domain (Ordovician intrusive rocks in the northern domain with ca. 1.5 Ga TDM ages and central domain Pb signature and Nd(0)). Ca. 1.5 Ga continental volcanism at Bele n was part of this magmatic event, although isotopic compositions indicate contamination from Paleoproterozoic (northern domain) crust. A third stage of growth began in the central domain by 1.07 Ga. It was associated with metamorphism and deformation in both the northern and central domains between 1.20 Ga and 0.94 Ga (Fig. 9). A fourth stage of growth formed the southern domain during the Ordovician (Fig. 9). Igneous rocks of the southern domain were derived from juvenile material variably contaminated by Paleo- and/or Mesoproterozoic crust. Coeval intrusions in the northern domain were derived from a Mesoproterozoic reservoir similar to that of the central domain. Coeval intrusions in the central domain were derived from a mix of the Mesoproterozoic central domain crust and low- northern domain-like Paleoproterozoic crust. All domains were metamorphosed at ca. 0.44 Ga. Comparison Between Inliers U/Pb geochronology indicates that juvenile material was added to the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement in discontinuous stages from north to south between at least 1.85 Ga to 0.44 Ga. Furthermore, deformation and metamorphism occurred in the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement in three distinct pulses: (1) 1.82180 Ga, (2) 1.200.94 Ga, and (3) ca. 0.44 Ga (Fig. 9). Each successive thermotectonic event affected all rock units in domains formed by that time. Whole-rock isotopic data indicate that younger rock units incorporated components that resemble older crust from other domains during this progressive growth (i.e., central domain rocks with a northern domain signature and Ordovician northern domain rocks with a central domain signature). This observation suggests that one domain was built upon the other. This history of systematic growth and progressive deformation strongly suggests that the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement grew as a single, coherent crustal block. Relationship to Amazonia Citing gross similarities in ages and similarities in Pb isotopic compositions, Tosdal (1996) interpreted the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement to be a parautochthonous block of Amazonia. To a rst approximation, ages of rock units broadly correlate with known ages
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Figure 9. Schematic model of tectonic evolution of Arequipa-Antofalla Basement (AAB) shown in map view and north-southstriking cross section. NDnorthern domain, CD central domain, SDsouthern domain.
of provinces in Amazonia. Paleoproterozoic protolith and metamorphic ages of the northern domain of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement are close to those of the VentuariTapajo s Province of Amazonia and rocks in both are juvenile. Ca. 1.51.4 Ga and ca. 1.1 1.0 Ga rocks of the central domain of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement are similar in age to those of the RondoniaSan Igna cio and Sunsa s provinces in Amazonia (Tassinari et al., 2000; Geraldes et al., 2001). The Mesoproterozoic orogenic event recorded in the northern and central domains of the ArequipaAntofalla Basement is coeval with events in the Sunsa s Province (Tassinari et al., 2000). However, existing protolith ages for units in the Ventuari-Tapajo s Province are between 1943 and 1830 Ma (Gaudette et al., 1996; Tassinari et al., 2000), with metamorphism between 1943 and 1883 Ma (Gaudette et al., 1996). Therefore, in detail, the Paleoproterozoic intrusive and metamorphic events in
Amazonia are generally older than those in the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement (Fig. 6). From a chronological perspective, four problems exist with correlating the ArequipaAntofalla Basement with Amazonia: (1) Paleoproterozoic events occurred at distinctly different times, (2) the Ventuari-Tapajo s Province (2.01.8 Ga) did not experience Sunsa s (1.31.0 Ga) metamorphism, (3) the VentuariTapajo s Province is not juxtaposed against either the RondoniaSan Igna cio or Sunsa s provinces in Amazonia, and (4) no units in the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement have ages that correspond to those of the Rio NegroJuruena Province (1.81.5 Ga). The rst point could be accounted for by diachroneity along the length of a once-continuous Ventuari-Tapajo s province or insufcient data from this province, but the second, third, and fourth would require a complex fault emplacement scenario. To produce the observed sequence in the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement from Amazon-
ia, a piece of the Ventuari-Tapajo s Province would have to have been emplaced next to the RondoniaSan Igna cio margin during ca. 1.5 1.4 Ga magmatism, rotated and emplaced next to the preSunsa s margin, deformed with outboard rocks during the Sunsa s Orogeny, detached, and then rotated into its current position along the modern margin. Although physically possible, it is a complex sequence of events involving a signicant amount of transcurrent and rotational motion for which there is little evidence in the ArequipaAntofalla Basement. Additionally, this would have to be accomplished without incorporation of the intervening Rio NegroJuruena Province (1.81.5 Ga). Based on previously published Pb data, signatures of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement and Amazonia appear similar. However, the newly constrained Pb isotopic signatures of the northern and central domains only partially overlap data from Amazonia/Colombia and the trends of the data sets are distinct (Fig. 10). Thus, the Pb isotopic compositions of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement and Amazonia are not sufciently similar to provide evidence for correlation. However, differences in the ages and metamorphic histories of the rocks in the two data sets may account for differences in the Pb isotopic compositions. Thus, the current Pb isotopic data sets are not sufciently different to distinguish the ArequipaAntofalla Basement from Amazonia. Ambiguity in the interpretation of the existing Pb isotopic data precludes the use of Pb isotopes to constrain the relationship of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement to Amazonia. Thus, we rely only on the chronological comparison. Given the required complex history and differences in the Paleoproterozoic ages, we prefer a model in which the ArequipaAntofalla Basement is allochthonous to Amazonia. Timing of Arrival of the ArequipaAntofalla Basement If the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement were not derived from Amazonia, then it must have collided with Amazonia and would likely have caused deformation and metamorphism in the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement (AAB). As such, there are three potential times for accretion: (1) Paleoproterozoic (D1/M1AAB; 1.82 1.80 Ga), (2) Mesoproterozoic (D2/M2AAB; 1.200.94 Ga), and (3) Ordovician/Silurian (D3/M3AAB; 0.500.43 Ga) (Fig. 6). Looking outside the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement, Ramos (1988) and Ramos et al. (1993) noted Neoproterozoic-Cambrian deformation to the
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a K-Ar age of 530 30 Ma from a metagranite at the base of the San Andreas borehole in Bolivia (Lehmann, 1978) are roughly coeval with the Pampean orogeny (0.70.5 Ga). Second, paleomagnetic data suggest that the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement lay along the southwest margin of Amazonia throughout the Pampean orogeny (Forsythe et al., 1993). This interpretation is consistent with current models explaining Pampean orogenesis that mainly assume the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement to have been proximal to Amazonia at the onset of this event (Rapela et al., 1998; Alkmim et al., 2001). Sunsa s Accretion Elimination of all other possible collisions implies that accretion of the ArequipaAntofalla Basement to Amazonia occurred during the Sunsa s Orogeny (1.200.94 Ga), consistent with the current position of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement adjacent to the collisional Sunsa s Province (1.31.0 Ga) in southwestern Amazonia. Two scenarios are possible: (1) the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement collided as part of a larger continent, or (2) it collided as a microcontinent. The pattern of pre-collisional growth from north to south, parallel to the length of the ArequipaAntofalla Basement, suggests that the ArequipaAntofalla Basement evolved within a larger continent rather than as a microcontinent. Thus, we prefer the rst scenario. Potential correlations with other continents are discussed in Loewy et al. (2003). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In summary, we interpret that the ArequipaAntofalla Basement formed as a single basement block. It comprises three age domains that young from north to south. An integrated data set that includes precise U/Pb geochronology, growth polarity, and the sequence of adjacent provinces suggests that the ArequipaAntofalla Basement was not Amazonian and was, therefore, accreted. We believe that docking occurred during the Sunsa s Orogeny at ca. 1.05 Ga, when the combined juvenile ca. 1.9 1.8 and 1.51.4 Ga crust of the ArequipaAntofalla Basement collided with Amazonia. The convergence and collision caused magmatism and metamorphism in the ArequipaAntofalla Basement and Sunsa s Province. The Arequipa-Antofalla Basement likely collided as part of a larger craton and, as such, it may be a tectonic tracer (Dalziel, 1993) holding clues to the identity of its parent craton.
Figure 10. Comparison of uranogenic Pb compositions from Amazonian and ArequipaAntofalla Basement. Amazonia Pb data are from metamorphosed ca. 1.71.6 Ga basement rocks from Rio NegroJuruena Province (RNJ) (Tassinari, 1984), ca. 1.61.0 Ga A-type granites from RNJ and RondoniaSan Ignacio Province (RSI) (Tosdal and Bettencourt, 1994), feldspars from a 1.45 Ga batholith in RSI with predicted modern whole-rock compositions (Geraldes et al., 2001) and ca. 1.1 Ga rocks from Colombian Garzo n and Santa Marta inliers (Ruiz et al., 1999). Independent evidence suggests that rocks in Proterozoic inliers of Colombia are along-strike equivalents of Sunsa s Province of Amazonia (Alvarez, 1981; Kroonenberg, 1982; Alvarez, 1984; Litherland et al., 1989; Priem et al., 1989; Restrepo-Pace et al., 1997). This hypothesis, although not directly testable by mapping, is supported by colinearity of Pb data from deformed Sunsa s-aged rocks in Colombian inliers with similar-aged A-type intrusive rocks in Amazonia. Individual data points for northern and southern domains of Arequipa-Antofalla Basement and Amazonian A-type granites are not shown. Stacey and Kramers (1975) curve provided for reference with ages in Ga.
east of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement and proposed accretion of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement during the Pampean Orogeny (0.6 0.5 Ga). Given arguments above for the independent growth history of the ArequipaAntofalla Basement between 1.9 and 1.0 Ga, accretion during the Paleoproterozoic is immediately discounted. Accepting this leaves only the Mesoproterozoic Sunsa s, the Neoproterozoic Pampean, and the Ordovician Famatinian orogenies as possible times of accretion. These are discussed below, from youngest to oldest. Famatinian Accretion The consumption of ocean crust beneath the South American plate related to the approach of the Precordillera Terrane fueled continental, subduction-related magmatism along the western margin of South America (i.e., the Famatina province and the western Sierras Pampeanas) between 515 and 450 Ma (Astini et al., 1995; Pankhurst et al., 1998; Saavedra et al., 1998; Quenardelle and Ramos, 1999). The eventual collision of the Precordillera Terrane
caused widespread metamorphism between 470 and 450 Ma (Pankhurst et al., 1998; Ramos et al., 1998; Quenardelle and Ramos, 1999). In the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement, Famatinian arc rocks and related metamorphism were previously recognized only in the southern domain. Our work identies this magmatism and metamorphism across the entire Arequipa-Antofalla Basement (Fig. 6), requiring the entire Arequipa-Antofalla Basement to have been part of the Famatinian continental arc founded on the western margin of South America by 515 Ma (Fig. 9). Consequently, accretion of the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement must have been pre-Famatinian. Pampean Accretion We believe that several lines of evidence argue against accretion during the Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian Pampean Orogeny. First, no evidence of late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian metamorphism has been identied anywhere in the Arequipa-Antofalla Basement (Fig. 6). Only the intrusion of dacite dikes in Quebrada Choja at 635 5 Ma and
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LOEWY et al. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was partially funded by National Science Foundation grant EAR 94 18236. Additional support was provided by The University of Texas Geology Foundation, The University of Texas Institute of Latin American Studies, South Central Section of the Geological Society of America, and the Tectonics Special Research Centre at the University of Western Australia. Field logistics greatly beneted from the assistance of Rio Tinto Mining and Exploration Limited in northern Chile, thanks to Alasdaire Pope, George Steele, and Osvaldo Ponce. We thank Victor Ramos of Rio Tinto and Patrick Mickler for their invaluable assistance in the eld, Kathryn Manser and Todd Housh for their assistance in the isotopic facilities, Lisa Gahagan for help with Rodinia reconstructions using PLATES, and Eric North and Johnathan Bumgarner for their assistance with sample processing. Sharon Mosher, Randy Van Schmus, and Sam Mukasa provided helpful and constructive reviews of previous drafts. Comments from journal reviewers Kent Condie and Lang Farmer and associate editor J. Doug Walker greatly enhanced the nal manuscript.
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An Orphaned Basement Block - The Arequipa-Antofalla Basement of The Central Andean Margin of South America

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An orphaned basement block: The Arequipa-Antofalla Basement of the central Andean margin of South America

Staci L. Loewy James N. Connelly

Ian W.D. Dalziel

For permission to copy, contact editing@geosociety.org 2004 Geological Society of America

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

Geological Society of America Bulletin, January/February 2004

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