College of Engineering and Computer Science

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 370
Thermodynamics
Fall 2010 Course Number: 14319
Instructor: Larry Caretto
Unit Ten Homework Solutions, November 18, 2010
1 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 800 psia and 900
o
F and leaves at a pressure of 40
psia Determine the ma!imum amount of "or# that can be delivered b$ this turbine
Assume that the turbine is a steady flo de!ice ith ne"li"ible chan"es in #inetic and $otential
ener"ies% For this adiabatic turbine& ith one inlet and one outlet& the first la "i!es the or# as
' hin ( hout% )he ma*imum or# in an adiabatic $rocess occurs hen the outlet entro$y is the
same as the inlet entro$y% +se the steam tables to find the $ro$erties%
In this case& hin ' h,-00 $sia 900
o
F. ' 14/0%0 1tu2lbm and sin ' s,-00 $sia 900
o
F. ' 1%0413
1tu2lbm3% At the outlet $ressure of 40 $sia& the entro$y !alue of 1%0413 1tu2lbm3 is seen to be in
the mi*ed re"ion& so e ha!e to com$ute the 4uality to find the outlet enthal$y%
9725 . 0
28448 . 1
39213 . 0 6413 . 1
) 40 (
) 40 (

K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
R lb
Btu
psia s
psia s s
x
m
fg
f out
out
m m m
fg out f out
lb
Btu
lb
Btu
lb
Btu
psia h x psia h h
2 . 1144 69 . 933
) 9725 . 0 (
14 . 236
) 40 ( ) 40 (

,
_

+ +
5e can no com$ute the ma*imum or#%
m m
out in
lb
Btu
lb
Btu
h h w
2 . 1144 0 . 1456

m
lb
Btu
w
9 . 311

% &ir is compressed steadil$ b$ a '(#) compressor from 100 #*a and 1+

o
C to ,00 #*a and
1,+
o
C at a rate of 1, #g-min During this process some heat transfer ta#es place bet"een
the compressor and the surrounding medium at 1+
o
C Determine the rate of entrop$
change of air during this process
It a$$ears that e ha!e a lar"e amount of e*traneous information in this $roblem% 6ince e are
only as#ed to find the entro$y chan"e of the air and the $rocess is steady& the desired entro$y
chan"e is "i!en by the folloin" e4uation if e use the air tables to find the entro$y chan"e&
accountin" for the !ariable heat ca$acity%
( )
1
]
1

,
_

1
2
1 2
ln ) ( ) (
P
P
R T s T s m s s m S
o
air
o
air air in out air air

+sin" the !alues of s

o
from the air tables and 3 ' 0%2-7 #82#"9 for air "i!es the anser as
follos%
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1
]
1

,
_

K kg
kJ
s
kg
P
P
R K s K s m S
o
air
o
air air air
0877 . 2
60
min
min
6 . 1
ln ) 15 . 290 ( ) 15 . 440 (
1
2

kJ
s kW
kPa
kPa
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
1 100
600
ln
287 . 0 66802 . 1
1
]
1

,
_

K
kW
S
air
00250 . 0

. &ir enters a no//le steadil$ at %80 #*a and ++

o
C "ith a velocit$ of '0 m-s and e!its at 8'
#*a and .%0m-s 0he heat losses from the no//le to the surrounding medium at %0
o
C are
estimated to be .% #1-#g Determine 2a3 the e!it temperature and 2b3 the total entrop$
change for this process
?ere e ha!e a steady flo system ith one inlet and one outlet% )here is no useful or# in the
no@@le% 5e ne"lect chan"es in $otential ener"y and rite the first la as follos
in out
h h q

,
_

,
_

+
2 2
2 2
V V
5e use the air tables to account for the tem$erature !ariation of the heat ca$acity and e note
that 4 ' =3%2 #82#" since this is a heat loss% 5ith the inlet enthal$y& hin ' h,3/0 9. ' 3/0%49 #82#"
from the air tables& e can sol!e our first la for the outlet enthal$y as follos%
2
2
2 2
2 2
1000 2
320 50
49 . 350 2 . 3
2 m kg
s kJ s
m
s
m
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
h q h
out in
in out

,
_

,
_

+ +

+ +
V V
)his "i!es hout ' 297%34 #82#"% Inter$olatin" in the air tables to find this enthal$y& e find that it
occurs at 0out 4 %9+% 5%
)he total entro$y chan"e& stotal is the sum of the entro$y chan"e of the air& sair& $lus that of the
surroundin"s& ssurround% 5e find the entro$y chan"e of the air from the usual e4uation for the air
tables%
K kg
kJ
kPa
kPa
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
kPa
kPa
R K s K s
P
P
R T s T s s
o
air
o
air
o
air
o
air air

,
_

,
_

,
_

1775 . 0
280
85
ln
287 . 0 6924 . 1
280
85
ln ) 350 ( ) 2 . 297 ( ln ) ( ) (
1
2
1 2
)he entro$y chan"e of the surroundin"s ,$er #ilo"ram of air. is the heat transfer di!ided by the
constant tem$erature of 293%1/ 9 for the surroundin"s% Note that the heat transfer to the
surroundin"s is the ne"ati!e of the heat transfer to the no@@le: 4surround ' 3%2 #82#"%
K kg
kJ
K
kg
kJ
T
q
s
surr
surr
surr

0109 . 0
15 . 293
2 . 3
Addin" the entro$y chan"e of the air and the surroundin"s "i!es the total entro$y chan"e%
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
s s s
surr air total

+
0109 . 0 1775 . 0
K kg
kJ
s
total

1884 . 0
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4 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 8 M*a and '00
o
C "ith a mass flo" rate of . #g-s and
leaves at .0 #*a 0he isentropic efficienc$ of the turbine is 906 7eglecting the #inetic
energ$ change of the steam8 determine 2a3 the temperature at the turbine e!it and 2b3 the
po"er output of the turbine
5e assume that e ha!e a steady flo $rocess in hich the #inetic and $otential ener"ies are
ne"li"ible% 5e are "i!en that the turbine is adiabatic and e note that is has only one inlet and
one outlet% 5e thus ha!e the sim$le form of the first la& ' hin ( hout% )his e4uation a$$lies to
both the actual and the ideal $rocess%
5e first com$ute the ideal or#& s ' hin ( hout&s% From the steam tables e find that hin ' h,-
;<a& /00
o
C. ' 3399%/ #82#" and sin ' s,- ;<a& /00
o
C. ' 0%7200 #82#"9% )he ideal outlet state
of 30 #<a and sout&s ' sin is seen to be in the mi*ed re"ion& so e ha!e to com$ute the 4uality to
find the outlet enthal$y%
84745 . 0
8234 . 6
9441 . 0 7266 . 6
) 30 (
) 30 (

K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
kPa s
kPa s s
x
fg
f out
out
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kPa h x kPa h h
fg out f out
3 . 2268 3 . 2335
) 84745 . 0 (
27 . 289
) 30 ( ) 30 (

,
_

+ +
5e can no com$ute the ma*imum or#%
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
h h w
s out in s
2 . 1131 3 . 2268 5 . 3399
,

;ulti$lyin" this by the isentro$ic efficiency "i!es the actual or# and multi$lyin" that result by the
mass flo rate "i!es the $oer out$ut of the turbine%
( )
kJ
s MW
kg
kJ
s
kg
w m w m W
s s
1000
2 . 1131
% 90
3

MW W 054 . 3
A$$lyin" the first la to the actual $rocess "i!es hout&a as follos%
kg
kJ
kJ
s MW
s
kg
MW
kg
kJ
m
W
h w h h
in in a out
4 . 2381
1000
3
054 . 3 5 . 3399
,

At the outlet $ressure of 30 #<a& the !alue of hout ' 23-0%9 #82#" is seen to be in the mi*ed re"ion
so the final tem$erature& 0out 4 0sat2.0 #*a3 4 ,909
o
C%
' 9efrigerant 1.4a enters an adiabatic compressor as a saturated vapor at 1%0 #*a at a rate
of 0. m
.
-min and e!its at 1 M*a pressure :f the isentropic efficienc$ of the compressor is
8068 determine 2a3 the temperature of the refrigerant at the e!it of the compressor and 2b3
the po"er input in #) &lso8 sho" the process on a 0(s diagram "ith respect to the
saturation lines
5e assume a steady $rocess ith ne"li"ible chan"es in #inetic and $otential ener"ies% 5e are
"i!en that the com$ressor is adiabatic and e see that it has one inlet and one outlet% )hus the
first la for this com$ressor reduces to ) (
out in
h h m W

% 5e use the $ro$erty tables for

refri"erant 134a% An a $er unit mass basis e can com$ute the ideal or#& s ' hin ( hout&s and the
actual or# a ' hin ( hout%
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At the inlet state& a saturated !a$or at 120 #<a& e find the folloin" $ro$erties: hin ' h",120 #<a.
' 230%97 #82#"B sin ' s",120 #<a. ' 0%94779 #82#"9B !in ' !",120 #<a. ' 0%10212 m
3
2#"% 5e can
use the inlet !olume flo rate and the inlet s$ecific !olume to com$ute the mass flo rate%
s
kg
kg
m
s
m
v
V
m
in
in
03084 . 0
16212 . 0
60
min
min
3 . 0
3
3

At the ideal outlet state of <out ' 1 ;<a and sout&s ' sin ' 0%94779 #82#"9& e find the ideal outlet
state to be beteen 40
o
C and /0
o
C% 5e ould "et the ideal outlet enthal$y by inter$olation%
kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
h
out
25 . 281 9179 . 0 94779 . 0
9179 . 0 9525 . 0
71 . 271 74 . 282
71 . 271

,
_

+
5e can no com$ute the ideal or# $er unit mass%
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
h h w
s out in s
27 . 44 25 . 281 97 . 236
,

)he ne"ati!e or# confirms out understandin" that this is a or# in$ut de!ice so that e ha!e to
di!ide the ideal or# by the isentro$ic efficiency to find the actual or#% ;ulti$lyin" the actual
or# by the mass flo rate "i!es the $oer%
% 80
1
27 . 44 03084 . 0
kJ
s kW
kg
kJ
s
kg
w m
w m W
s
s

,
_

kW W 707 . 1
A$$lyin" the first la to the actual $rocess "i!es hout&a as follos%
( )
kg
kJ
kJ
s kW
s
kg
kW
kg
kJ
m
W
h w h h
in in a out
31 . 292
1
03084 . 0
707 . 1 97 . 236
,

At the outlet $ressure of 1 ;<a& the !alue of hout ' 292%31 is beteen tem$eratures of /0
o
C and
00
o
C% Inter$olation "i!es the corres$ondin" outlet tem$erature as follos:

,
_

+
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
C C
C T
o o
o
out
74 . 282 31 . 292
74 . 282 38 . 293
50 60
50
0out 4 '90
o
C%
, &ir is compressed steadil$ b$ a '(#) compressor from 100 #*a and %90 5 to an outlet
pressure at a rate of 1, #g-min During this process the heat transfer bet"een the
compressor and the surrounding medium is negligible Determine the ma!imum pressure
that can be delivered b$ the compressor Do the calculation for 2a3 constant heat
capacities and 2b3 using air tables
)he ma*imum $ressure ould occur in an ideal $rocess% 6uch a $rocess ould be a re!ersible
$rocess% 6ince there heat transfer is ne"li"ible& e can assume that the $rocess is adiabatic so
an ideal $rocess ill be an adiabatic re!ersible or isentro$ic $rocess% )his means that sout ' sin%
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)he first la analysis of this $roblem uses the e4uation for a steady o$en system ith one inlet
and one outlet% If e i"nore chan"es in #inetic and $otential ener"ies and use the assum$tion
that the ne"li"ible heat transfer can be assumed to be @ero e ha!e the folloin" result% ,Note
that e set the $oer to =/ #5 since it is a $oer in$ut%.
( )
kg
kJ
h
s kW
kJ s
kg
kW
h
m
W
h h h h m W
in in in out out in
5 . 187
1
min
60
min
6 . 1
5
+

From the air tables on $a"e 934 e find the folloin" data at )in ' 290 9: hin' h,290 9. ' 290%10
#82#" and <r,)in ' 290 9. ' 1%2311% From the first la abo!e e find outlet enthal$y as hout ' hin C
1-7%/ #82#" ' 290%10 #82#" C 1-7%/ #82#" ' 477%00 #82#" 5e can find the ideal ,isentro$ic. outlet
$ressure from the e4uation <out ' <in<r,)out.2<r,)in.% 5e already #no <in ' 100 #<a and hout '
477%00 #82#"% 5e ha!e to find the !alue of <r that corres$onds to this !alue of hout from the air
tables% 5e can inter$olate in the air tables to find the folloin" !alue of <r,)out.
( ) 9899 . 6
24 . 472 66 . 477
24 . 472 49 . 482
742 . 6 268 . 7
742 . 6

,
_

+
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
T P
out r
)his "i!es the ideal outlet $ressure as <out ' <in<r,)out.2<r,)in. ' ,100 #<a.,0%9-99.2,1%2311. so the
ideal outlet $ressure is Pout,ideal = 567.7 kPa%
+sin" constant heat ca$acities e ha!e the first la result as follos%
( ) ( )
p
in out out in p out in
m
W
T T T T m h h m W

+
+sin" the lo tem$erature !alue of c$ ' 1%00/ #82#" "i!es
K
s kW
kJ s
K kg
kJ kg
kW
K
m
W
T T
p
in out
6 . 476
1
min
60
005 . 1
min
6 . 1
5
290

)he isentro$ic $ressure for this outlet tem$erature and the "i!en inlet conditions is found from the
folloin" e4uation usin" # ' 1%4 for air%
( )
1 4 . 1
4 . 1
1
1
290
6 . 476
100

,
_

,
_

,
_

K
K
kPa
T
T
P P
P
P
T T
k
k
in
out
in out
k
k
in
out
in out
Pout,ideal = 568. kPa
9epeat both calculations to determine the actual outlet pressure if the compressor has the
same actual "or# input 2' #)3 and an isentropic efficienc$ of 8'6
5hen e ha!e an isentro$ic efficiency& e ha!e to use the basic idea that the outlet $ressure is
the same for both the actual $rocess and the hy$othetical isentro$ic $rocess% 5e can thus
re$eat the com$utations abo!eB usin" the hy$othetical isentro$ic $rocess% In this $rocess the first
com$ute isentro$ic or# from the actual or# that is "i!en% For a or# in$ut de!ice& s ' s2 so
s ' s %
( )
kg
kJ
s kW
kJ s
kg
kW
m
W
w w
s s s
45 . 159
1
min
60
min
6 . 1
5
% 85

+sin" the air tables e ha!e the same !alues for hin' h,290 9. ' 290%10 #82#" and <r,)in ' 290 9.
' 1%2311 found abo!e% 5e then use the first la to find hout&s ' hin ( ,=1/9%4 #82#". ' 290%10 #82#"
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C 1/9%4 #82#" ' 449%/4 #82#"% )he !alue of <r,)out&s. that corres$onds to this !alue of hout is found
by inter$olation as follos%
( ) 6765 . 5
61 . 441 54 . 449
61 . 441 80 . 451
332 . 5 775 . 5
332 . 5
,

,
_

+
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
T P
s out r
)his "i!es the outlet $ressure for the hy$othetical isentro$ic $rocess as <out ' <in<r,)out&s.2<r,)in. '
,100 #<a.070/.2,1%2311. so the outlet $ressure is Pout = !6"." kPa%
+sin" constant heat ca$acities e ha!e the first la result for the hy$othetical isentro$ic outlet
state for this or# in$ut de!ice as follos%
( ) ( )
p
s
in
p
s
in s out s out in p s out in s
m
W
T
m
W
T T T T m h h m W

+ +
, , ,
+sin" the lo tem$erature !alue of c$ ' 1%00/ #82#" "i!es
( )( )
K
s kW
kJ s
K kg
kJ kg
kW
K
m
W
T T
p
s
in s out
6 . 448
1
min
60
005 . 1
min
6 . 1
5 % 85
290
,

)he isentro$ic $ressure for this outlet tem$erature and the "i!en inlet conditions is found from the
folloin" e4uation usin" # ' 1%4 for air%
( )
1 4 . 1
4 . 1
1
,
1
,
,
290
6 . 448
100

,
_

,
_

,
_

K
K
kPa
T
T
P P
P
P
T T
k
k
in
out
in s out
k
k
in
s out
in s out
Pout,ideal = !60.3 kPa
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