Conditions that produced the authoritarian and single party state Cause for revolution: Fundamental structural problems

- Brazil is a large country, but both political power and economic development were concentrated in its capital Buenos Aires. Rural people moved to Buenos Aires. Resulted in slums and poor working conditions (as with the Industrial Revolution in the United States) Lack of power from labor movements, no workers rights laws Wealth was held by few, the majority lived in poverty World War II Argentina was neutral. When the US entered, the US pressured Argentina to break diplomatic relations with the Axis altogether. Some wanted to declare war on the Axis, some wanted to stay neutral, a few (such as some of the armed forces) sympathized with the Axis, but instead of looking terrible, they sided with neutrality. Coup dtat in 1943 which overthrew Ramon Castillo, ending the Infamous decade, in which presidents came to power through coups or fraudulent elections, and who would have declared war on the Axis. Revolution to remove Lack of genuine democracy and the widespread corruption and maintain neutrality. GOU (in English, United Officers Group), a secret military group, led coup. Young officers from middle/low-class, anti-communist, ultra-catholic, and nationalist. Wanted to end corruption, develop national industry, strengthen defenses, introduce improvements to working/living conditions to prevent communism, and maintain neutrality. Juan Pern becomes Secretary of Labor and Welfare in 1943 following the revolution. With Pern, the above aims were directed at the specific problems of Argentina. Pern gains popularity with his big role in a fundraiser following the 1944 San Juan earthquake, getting the support of celebrities (where he meets his future wife, Eva Duarte, a radio star). Aims, ideology, support of leader Popular support of workers: pro-unionism decreases need for left-wing parties and workers rights garnered support for Pern. Pern passed workers rights reform to combat working/living conditions (e.g., paid holidays, wage increases, labor courts for disputes between employer/employee, etc) Pern made the effort to be present in the public eye signed law, hosted ceremonies, visit strikers. CGT General Confederation of Labor protested his arrest, pressured military to release him. Make Argentina self sufficient The state was to control resources for the best outcome of the country, required to be active in social and economic issues.

The aim and extent to which totalitarianism was achieved Trade unions responded to government. National union organization, The CGT1 (in English, General Confederation of Labor. The CGT2, which was present before the coup, was dissolved by Pern) responded to Pern (compared to: Mussolini). Workers owed progress to Pern. Pern unofficially controlled the workers. Unsustainable system, popular support was bought by giving out gov. resources. Methods of force (legal/force) Legal: new constitution increased power of president (1949) and includes social rights Form of government (left/right ideology) Mixed bag: Right- Labor reform to prevent a Bolshevik-type revolution and the anti-religiousness of Marxism Left- social justice concept state should share and distribute wealth, in order to remove class struggle Opposition: their nature, extent, and how the gov treated the opposition Military, landowners, church, foreign investors (e.g., American) 1945 jailed by military opposition in Martn Garca Island Military was greatest opponent Navy attempted coup in 1955, Pern used loyal forces to stop coup Entire military succeeds in a coup Liberating Revolution Pern resigns Structure and organization of the gov. and admin Democracy w/ elected president. Pol., eco., soc., religious, policies Economic nationalism wage increases, more public services, manufactures goods - gov. resources to buy popular support - unsustainable Use of education/arts/media/propaganda Aside from Perns presence in the public during his time as Secretary of Labor and War, little radical use. Status of women, religious groups, and minorities Womens suffrage (1947) Catholic influences

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