Name : Section :

Laboratory Exercise 2
DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS: TIME-DOMAIN REPRESENTATION
2.1 SIMULATIO N OF DISCRETE- TIME SYSTEMS T e Mo!in" A!era"e S#$te m

Project 2.1

A copy of Program P2_1 is given below : % Program P2_1 % Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter % Generate the input signal n = 0:100 s1 = !os"2#pi#0$0%#n& % A lo'-fre(uen!) sinusoi* s2 = !os"2#pi#0$+,#n& % A high fre(uen!) sinusoi* - = s1.s2 % /mplementation of the moving average filter M = input"01esire* length of the filter = 0& num = ones"12M& ) = filter"num212-&3M % 1ispla) the input an* output signals !lf su4plot"22221& plot"n2 s1& a-is"502 1002 -22 26& -la4el"07ime in*e- n0& )la4el"0Amplitu*e0& title"0Signal 810& su4plot"22222& plot"n2 s2& a-is"502 1002 -22 26& -la4el"07ime in*e- n0& )la4el"0Amplitu*e0& title"0Signal 820& su4plot"22229& plot"n2 -& a-is"502 1002 -22 26& -la4el"07ime in*e- n0& )la4el"0Amplitu*e0& title"0/nput Signal0& su4plot"2222+& plot"n2 )& a-is"502 1002 -22 26& -la4el"07ime in*e- n0& )la4el"0Amplitu*e0& title"0:utput Signal0& a-is An$% er$&

'2.1

The output sequence generated by running the above program for M = 2 with x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] as the input is shown below .
Signal #1 2 1 0 -1 -2 Amplitude Amplitude 2 1 0 -1 -2 Signal #2

50 Time index n Input Signal

100

50 Time index n Output Signal

100

2 1 0 -1 -2 Amplitude 0 50 Time index n 100 Amplitude

2 1 0 -1 -2

50 Time index n

100

The component of the input this program is '2.2

x[n] suppressed by the discrete time system simulated by

Program P2_1 is modified to simulate the !T" system y[n] = 0.5(x[n]x[n 1]) and process the input x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] resulting in the output sequence shown below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) (opy from figure window%s& and

The effect of changing the !T" system on the input is '2.( Program P2_1 is run of the fre quencies generated for these *rom these plots we

for the following values of filter length M and following values of the sinusoidal signals s1[n] and s2[n]' The output different values of M and the frequencies are shown below' ma+e the following observations (opy from figure window%s&s and

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s&s here' paste' ) '2.)

The required modifications to Program P2_1 by changing the input sequence to a swept frequency sinusoidal signal %length 1,1- minimu m frequency ,- and a ma.imu m frequency ,'/& as the input signal %see Program P1_0& are listed below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) The out put signal generated by running this program is plotted below .

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' )

(opy from figure window%s& and

The results of 1uestions 12'1 and 12'2 from the response of this system to the swept frequency signal can be e.plained as follows : Project 2.2 *O+tiona, - A Sim+,e Non,inear Di$crete- Time S#$te m

A copy of Program P2_2 is given below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) An$% er$& '2.. The sinusoidal signals with the following frequencies as the input signals were used to generate the output signals : The output signals generated for each of the above input signals are displayed below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) (opy from figure window%s& and

The output signals depend on the frequencies of the input signal according to the following rules : This observation can be e.plained mathematically as follows : '2./ The output signal generated by using sinusoidal signals of the form

x[n] = sin(on) + K as the input signal is shown below for the following values of o and K # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The dependence of the output signal as (opy from figure window%s& and

yt[n] on the 2( value 3 can be e.plained

Project 2.(

Linear an0 Non,inea r S#$te m$

A copy of Program P2_4 is given below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) An$% er$& '2.1 The outputs y[n]- obtained with weighted input- and yt[n]- ob tained by combining the two outputs y1[n] and y2[n] with the same weights- are shown below along with the difference between the two signals :

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The two sequences are The system is '2.2

(opy from figure window%s& and

Program P2_4 was run for the following three different sets of values of the weighting constants- a and b- and the following three different sets of input frequencies : The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) (opy from figure window%s& and

$ased on these plots we can conclude that the system with different weights is '2.3 Program 2_4 was run with the following non 5ero initial conditions The plots generated are shown below

(opy from figure window%s& and

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' )

$ased on these plots we can conclude that the system with non5ero initial conditions is '2.14 Program P2_4 was run with non5ero initial conditions and for the following three different sets of values of the weighting constants- a and b- and the following three different sets of input frequencies : The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) (opy from figure window%s& and

$ased on these plots we can conclude that the system with non5ero initial conditions and different weights is '2.11 Program P2_4 was modified to simulate the system :

y[n] = x[n]x[n1]
The output sequences y1[n], y2[n],and y[n]of the above system generated by running the modified program are shown below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) (omparing (opy from figure window%s& and

y[n] with yt[n] we conclude that the two se quences are -

This system is

Project 2.)

Time- in!ariant an0 Time- !ar#in" S#$te m$

A copy of Program P2_6 is given below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) An$% er$& '2.12 The output sequences are shown below -

y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_6

(opy from figure window%s& and

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) These two sequences are related as follows The system is Q2.13

The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-D] generated by running Program P2_6 for the following values of the delay variable D are shown below

(opy from figure window%s& and

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' )

"n each case- these two sequences are related as follows The system is '2.1)

The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_6 for the following values of the input frequencies are shown below

(opy from figure window%s& and

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' )

"n each case- these two sequences are related as follows The system is '2.1.

The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_6 for non 5ero initial conditions are shown below # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) These two sequences are related as follows (opy from figure window%s& and

The system is '2.1/

The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_6 for non 5ero initial conditions and following values of the input frequencies are shown below

(opy from figure window%s& and

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' )

"n each case- these two sequences are related as follows The system is '2.11

The modified Program 2_6 simulating the system

y[n] = n x[n] + x[n-1]

is given below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) The output sequences y[n] and Program P2_6 are shown below -

yd[n-10] generated by running modified

(opy from figure window%s& and

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) These two sequences are related as follows The system is

'2.12 *o+tiona, - The modified Program P2_4 to test the linearity of the system of 12'17 is shown below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) The outputs y[n]and shown below :

yt[n] ob tained by running the modified program P2_4 are

(opy from figure window%s& and

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The two sequences are The system is

2.2

LINEAR TIME- IN5ARIANT DISCRETE- TIME SYSTEMS Com+6t a ti on o7 Im+6,$e Re$+on$e$ o7 LTI S#$te m$

Project 2..

A copy of Program P2_/ is shown below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) An$% er$& '2.13 The first 61 samples of the impulse response of the discrete time system of Pro8ect 2'4 generated by running Program P2_/ is given below9 # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) '2.24 (opy from figure window%s& and

The required modifications to Program P2_/ to generate the impulse response of the following causal !T" system :

y[n] + 0.71y[n-1] 0.46y[n-2] 0.62y[n-3] = 0.9x[n] 0.45x[n-1] + 0.35x[n-2] + 0.002x[n-3]

are given below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) The first 6/ samples of the impulse response of this discrete time system generated by running the modified is given below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) '2.21 (opy from figure window%s& and

The MAT!A$ program to generate the impulse response of a causal !T" system of 12'2, using the filter command is indicated below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) The first 6, samples of the impulse response generated by this program are shown below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) (opy from figure window%s& and

(omparing the above response with that obtained in 1uestion 12'2, we conclude

'2.22 The MAT!A$ program to generate and plot the step response of a causal !T" system is indicated below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) The first 6, samples of the step response of the !T" system of Pro8ect 2'4 are shown below :

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' )

(opy from figure window%s& and

Project 2./

Ca$ca0e o7 LTI S#$te m$

A copy of Program P2_: is given below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) An$% er$& '2.2( The output sequences y[n], y2[n], and the difference signal by running Program P2_: are indicated below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The relation between '2.2)

d[n] generated

(opy from figure window%s& and

y[n] and y2[n] is -

The sequences generated by running Program P2_: with the input changed to a sinusoidal sequence are as follows : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The relation between (opy from figure window%s& and

y[n] and y2[n] in this case is -

'2.2.

The sequences generated by running Program P2_: with non 5ero initial condition vectors are now as given below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The relation between (opy from figure window%s& and

y[n] and y2[n] in this case is -

'2.2/

The modified Program P2_: with the two 2nd order systems in reverse order and with 5ero initial conditions is displayed below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) The sequences generated by running the modified program are s+etched below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The relation between (opy from figure window%s& and

y[n] and y2[n] in this case is -

'2.21

The sequences generated by running the modified Program P2_: with the two 2nd order systems in reverse order and with non 5ero initial conditions are displayed below :

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The relation between

(opy from figure window%s& and

y[n] and y2[n] in this case is -

Project 2.1

Con!o,6tion

A copy of Program P2_0 is reproduced below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) An$% er$& '2.22 The sequences below :

y[n] and y1[n] generated by running Program P2_0 are shown

(opy from figure window%s& and

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The difference between The rea son for using generating y1[n] is '2.23

y[n] and y1[n] is -

x1[n] as the input- obtained by 5ero padding x[n], for

The modified Program P2_0 to develop the convolution of a length 1/ sequence h[n] with a length 1, sequence x[n]is indicated below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) The sequences y[n] and are shown below :

y1[n] generated by running modified Program P2_0

(opy from figure window%s& and

# "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The difference between

y[n] and y1[n] is -

Project 2.2

Sta8i,it# o7 LTI S#$te m$

A copy of Program P2_7 is given below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) An$% er$& '2.(4 The purpose of the The purpose of the

for com mand is end com mand is -

'2.(1 '2.(2

The purpose of the

break com mand is -

The discrete time system of Program P2_7 is

The impulse response generated by running Program P2_7 is shown below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The value of ; h(K)| here is (opy from figure window%s& and

*rom this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the system is $y running Program P2_7 with a larger value of < the new value of ; h(K)| is *rom this value we can conclude that the system is '2.((

The modified Program P2_7 to simulate the discrete time system of 12'44 is given below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) The impulse response generated by running the modified Program P2_7 is shown below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) The values of (opy from figure window%s& and

|h(K)| here are -

*rom this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the system is -

Project 2.3

I,,6$tra tion o7 t e Fi,terin" Conce+t

A copy of Program P2_= is given below : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) An$% er$& '2.() The output sequences generated by this program are shown below : # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) (opy from figure window%s& and

The fil ter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency component of the input signal x[n] is -

10

'2.(.

The required modifications to Program P2_= by changing the input sequence to a swept sinusoidal sequence %length 4,1- minimu m frequency ,- and ma.imu m frequency ,'/& are listed below along with the output sequences generated by the modified program : # "nsert program code here' (opy from m file%s& and paste' ) # "nsert MAT!A$ figure%s& here' paste' ) (opy from figure window%s& and

The fil ter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency component of the input signal . [n] is Date : Si"nat6r e

11