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Chemistry Lesson #1 The Kinetic Particle Theory Pre-Test!

! When water evaporates, the particles _______ (a) (b) (c) (d) Lose Energy to the surrounding Gain energy from the surrounding Move about in fixed positions Move close to each other

Gases can be compressed because (a) (b) (c) (d) Gas molecules are in constant motion The size of a gas molecule is very small compared to the space between molecules There are no forces of attraction between gas molecules Gas molecules slow down when they become cooler

The table below gives information about five elements, A to E Melting Point / C 660 29 -7 -219 -189 Boiling Point / C 2450 222 58 -183 -186

A B C D E

At room temperature (30 C), which element(s) is/are Solid(s) ______ Liquid(s) ______ Gas(es) ______ Matter Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter can exist as a solid, liquid or gas, these are referred to as the states of matter. The Kinetic Particle Theory The Kinetic Particle Theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles which are always in constant, random motion. These particles have Kinetic Energy. Temperature is the measure of Kinetic Energy of the particles: when matter is heated or cooled, heat released or absorbed causes the kinetic particles to change. Melting and Boiling: Heat absorbed overcomes forces of attraction Freezing and Condensation: Heat released as forces of attraction become stronger

It can be used to explain (i) The states of matter, (ii) Changes of state and (iii) Diffusion

The States of Matter State of Matter Solids Structure Particles are closely packed together and arranged regularly in a 3D pattern. Forces of attraction between the particles are very strong. Particles do not move about freely and instead vibrate about their fixed positions. Forces of attraction between the particles of a liquid are weaker than in a solid. Move freely and slide over one another. Still packed quite closely together. Particles are spread far apart Particles move about rapidly and randomly Properties Fixed shape and volume Cannot be compressed

Liquids

Do not have a fixed shape, but have a fixed volume Cannot be compressed No fixed shape or volume Can be compressed

Gases

Changes of State

Heat Energy Absorbed: Sublimation, boiling/evaporation, melting Heat Energy Condensation, Deposition Released: Freezing,

Melting (Solid liquid) On heating, heat energy absorbed by the solid particles is converted into kinetic energy. The solid particles vibrate more strongly about their fixed positions as they gain kinetic energy, and the temperature rises! Heat energy is needed to overcome the forces of attraction between the solid particles, and is absorbed from the surroundings. Hence, the temperature remains constant during melting even though heating continues. During melting, the vibrations of the solid particles are so strong that the forces of attraction between them are too weak to hold the particles in an orderly arrangement, and the solid melts As heating continues, the liquid particles continues to gain kinetic energy, hence the temperature rises. The liquid particles move and glide over each other with increasing speed.

Boiling and Evaporation (liquid gas) On heating, the _________ absorbed by the liquid particles is converted into __________. The liquid particles gain kinetic energy and move faster, hence the temperature _____. Heat energy is needed to break the ____________ between the liquid particles and is absorbed from the surroundings. Hence, the temperature remains _________ during boiling even though the heating continues. During boiling, the forces of attraction between particles are so _____ and the particles move far apart from one another and become completely free to form a ____. As heating continues, the gas particles continue to _____ heat energy, hence the temperature of the substance ________.

Factors affecting the Melting Point and Boiling Point Impurities lower melting point and increase boiling point: adding salt to water can reduce the melting point to as low as -18 C. Also causes the substance to melt/boil over a wider range of temperatures

Below is a heating curve. Fill in on the curve the different processes (heating, melting, boiling) as well as the state or changes of state (solid, solid liquid, liquid gas, gas)

Now, what is the difference between boiling and evaporation? :D

Now, with reference to the explanation for the change of state during Melting and Boiling/Evaporation, write your own explanation for what occurs during freezing (liquid solid)! ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

Now try it for Condensation (gas liquid)! :D ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

Sublimation (solid gas) Diffusion When a bottle of perfume is left open, a fragrant scent spreads throughout the entire room after a while. This happens because the vapours given out by perfumes and spices are made up of tiny gas particles which move freely around the room during diffusion. Diffusion in gases is the tendency of a gas to spread uniformly from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. The rate of diffusion is faster at higher temperatures as the gas particles possess more kinetic energy. However, not all gases diffuse at the same rate. Gases differ in terms of their molecular mass, which is basically the mass of a gaseous particle. The smaller the molecular mass of the gas, the lighter it is. For example, helium (Relative molecular mass of 2) is much lighter than chlorine (relative molecular mass of 71). Particles of solid vibrate with enough energy to boil, hence the solid turns directly into a gas without forming a liquid Deposition, the reverse of sublimation, is the process where a gas transforms directly into a solid. E.g. Iodine, frost, dry ice, ammonium chloride

The following experiment demonstrates the difference in the rate of diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen chloride.

Two cotton wool plugs are separately soaked in concentrated aqueous ammonia and hydrochloric acid solutions respectively and sealed in a long tube with rubber bungs. The aqueous ammonia will give off ammonia fumes and the conc. hydrochloric acid gives off hydrogen chloride fumes which will diffuse down the tube towards each other. Ammonia (g) + Hydrogen chloride (g) Ammonium Chloride (s) Since the white cloud of ammonium chloride is formed nearer the hydrogen chloride end of the tube, ammonia molecules move faster than they hydrogen chloride molecules. Ammonia molecules have a relative molecular mass of 17 and Hydrogen chloride have a relative molecular mass of 36.5. Hence, gases with low molecular masses diffuse faster than those with high molecular masses . Diffusion also occurs more slowly in liquids than in gases, because the particles of a liquid are more closely packed together than the particles of a gas. Physics Extension! :D Brownian Motion Brownian motion is the random and continuous motion of microscopic particles suspended in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) Provides clear evidence for the Kinetic Model of Matter
Procedure 1. 2. Enclose smoke in a glass cell Brightly illuminate glass cell using a lamp and focus on the smoke particles using the microscope

Observations 1. Bright specks of smoke articles move in erratic, random manner Smoke particles do not often collide, they are knocked about by invisible particles

2.

Conclusion The irregular movement of the visible particles of smoke is explained as being due to an uneven bombardment of the particles by the invisible molecules of air due to Brownian motion. To observe Brownian motion in liquids, observe the movement of tiny graphite particles in water. Latent heat At the melting or boiling point, additional heat supplied causes melting without any temperature rises After a pure solid becomes a pure liquid, or a pure liquid becomes a pure gas, further heating raises temperature Latent heat is the amount of energy absorbed or released by a substance during change of state that occurs without the change of temperature

Specific Latent heat of Fusion Amount of heat required to change a unit mass of the substance from solid to liquid state without a change in temperature Applicable for melting solids or freezing liquids

Specific Latent heat of Vapourisation Amount of heat required to change a unit mass of the substance from liquid to gas state without a change in temperature

Refer to your heating curve. Notice that it takes a much longer time to boil a substance than to melt it? :D During melting, some of the intermolecular bonds between the molecules are overcome. During vaporisation, the intermolecular bonds have to be broken completely, as gaseous particles are much further apart than liquid particles. Also, the particles need to do work to expand against the atmosphere. Hence, the latent heat of vaporization is much bigger than the latent heat of fusion. :D

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