CA Solution Set 2

PS301
Quantum Physics 2
Solutions to Take Home Problem Assignment #2
Due Date Tuesday 16th December
Problem 1
An electron is in a finite potential well with a width of 0.5nm and depth 2eV. Determine
the energy of all the bound states in this potential using an EXCEL spreadsheet method
shown in lectures.
II
III
U0 = 2eV
L=0.5nm
-a
The solution to Schrodingers equation will be of the form

2
2mE
II = A sin(kx) or B sin(kx) where k =
=
in region II. Classically regions I
h2
and III are forbidden since E < U0 but applying quantum mechanics the wavefunctions
2m
(U 0 E ) .We
are of the form I = Ce x + De x and III = Fe x + Ge x where =
h2
give in this form so that it is always real. To normalize the wavefunction D = F = 0 so
that the wave does not expand indefinitely towards infinity.
Next we look at the boundaries. At x=a and x=-a both the wave and its derivative must
be continuous. We will look at even functions for the wave in region II. We get at x=-a :
I = II Ce a = A cos(ka ) = A cos ka
d I d II
And
=
Ce a = kA sin(ka ) = kA sin ka .
dx
dx
We combine these to find the logarithmic derivative to get

For odd solutions we do similar calculations to get
= tan(ka ) for even solutions.
= cot an(ka ) for odd solutions.

k
We could do the same for region II and region III but we already have enough
information in the above equations to find the quantised values of E. We substitute our
earlier equations for and k to get
2mE
U0 E
= cot an
a for odd solutions and
2
E
h
2mE
U0 E
= tan
a for even solutions.
2
E
h
We can evaluate the exponent in the tan and cotan functions

2mE
a=
h2
2 9.11 10 31 kg E 1.609 10 19 J .eV 1
(1.0545 10
34
J .s
0.5 10 9 m = 2.562 E
where the energy is in units of eV.

We substitute our values for a, U0 and E into these equations and use excel as below:
U E
U E
Tan (2.562* E )
Tan 2.562 * E
E
E
E
5.00000E-02
1.00000E-01
1.50000E-01
2.00000E-01
2.50000E-01
3.00000E-01
3.50000E-01
4.00000E-01
4.50000E-01
5.00000E-01
5.50000E-01
6.00000E-01
6.50000E-01
7.00000E-01
7.50000E-01
8.00000E-01
8.50000E-01
9.00000E-01
9.50000E-01
1.00000E+00
1.05000E+00
1.10000E+00
1.15000E+00
1.20000E+00
1.25000E+00
1.30000E+00
1.35000E+00
1.40000E+00
1.45000E+00
1.50000E+00
1.55000E+00
1.60000E+00
6.24500E+00
4.35890E+00
3.51188E+00
3.00000E+00
2.64575E+00
2.38048E+00
2.17124E+00
2.00000E+00
1.85592E+00
1.73205E+00
1.62369E+00
1.52753E+00
1.44115E+00
1.36277E+00
1.29099E+00
1.22474E+00
1.16316E+00
1.10554E+00
1.05131E+00
1.00000E+00
9.51190E-01
9.04534E-01
8.59727E-01
8.16497E-01
7.74597E-01
7.33799E-01
6.93889E-01
6.54654E-01
6.15882E-01
5.77350E-01
5.38816E-01
5.00000E-01
6.44724E-01
1.05016E+00
1.52991E+00
2.20670E+00
3.34744E+00
5.89346E+00
1.79385E+01
-2.04243E+01
-6.74552E+00
-4.08452E+00
-2.93392E+00
-2.28239E+00
-1.85711E+00
-1.55367E+00
-1.32340E+00
-1.14055E+00
-9.90187E-01
-8.63038E-01
-7.53032E-01
-6.56016E-01
-5.69047E-01
-4.89972E-01
-4.17177E-01
-3.49420E-01
-2.85723E-01
-2.25304E-01
-1.67521E-01
-1.11839E-01
-5.78045E-02
-5.02108E-03
4.68609E-02
9.81580E-02
5.60027E+00
3.30874E+00
1.98198E+00
7.93295E-01
-7.01691E-01
-3.51298E+00
-1.57673E+01
2.24243E+01
8.60144E+00
5.81657E+00
4.55761E+00
3.80991E+00
3.29827E+00
2.91644E+00
2.61439E+00
2.36529E+00
2.15335E+00
1.96858E+00
1.80435E+00
1.65602E+00
1.52024E+00
1.39451E+00
1.27690E+00
1.16592E+00
1.06032E+00
9.59103E-01
8.61409E-01
7.66493E-01
6.73686E-01
5.82371E-01
4.91955E-01
4.01842E-01
1.65000E+00
1.70000E+00
1.75000E+00
1.80000E+00
1.85000E+00
1.90000E+00
1.95000E+00
2.00000E+00
4.60566E-01
4.20084E-01
3.77964E-01
3.33333E-01
2.84747E-01
2.29416E-01
1.60128E-01
0.00000E+00
1.49163E-01
2.00153E-01
2.51396E-01
3.03156E-01
3.55700E-01
4.09305E-01
4.64260E-01
5.20876E-01
3.11403E-01
2.19931E-01
1.26569E-01
3.01776E-02
-7.09529E-02
-1.79889E-01
-3.04132E-01
-5.20876E-01
From this table we see that there is a change in sign between energies of 0.20 and 0.25 eV
and again between 1.80 and 1.87 eV. So we zoom in on these energy ranges to obtain
U E
U E
Tan (2.562* E )
Tan 2.562 * E
E
E
E
2.00000E-01
2.05000E-01
2.10000E-01
2.15000E-01
2.20000E-01
2.25000E-01
2.30000E-01
2.35000E-01
2.40000E-01
2.45000E-01
2.50000E-01
3.00000E+00
2.95907E+00
2.91956E+00
2.88138E+00
2.84445E+00
2.80872E+00
2.77410E+00
2.74055E+00
2.70801E+00
2.67643E+00
2.64575E+00
2.20670E+00
2.29293E+00
2.38382E+00
2.47982E+00
2.58144E+00
2.68925E+00
2.80389E+00
2.92612E+00
3.05678E+00
3.19684E+00
3.34744E+00
7.93295E-01
6.66140E-01
5.35738E-01
4.01557E-01
2.63015E-01
1.19470E-01
-2.97911E-02
-1.85569E-01
-3.48768E-01
-5.20415E-01
-7.01691E-01
and
E
1.80000E+00
1.80500E+00
1.81000E+00
1.81500E+00
1.82000E+00
1.82500E+00
1.83000E+00
1.83500E+00
1.84000E+00
1.84500E+00
1.85000E+00
U E
E
3.33333E-01
3.28684E-01
3.23994E-01
3.19262E-01
3.14485E-01
3.09662E-01
3.04789E-01
2.99864E-01
2.94884E-01
2.89846E-01
2.84747E-01
Tan 2.562 * E
U E
Tan 2.562* E
E
3.03156E-01
3.08370E-01
3.13593E-01
3.18824E-01
3.24064E-01
3.29313E-01
3.34571E-01
3.39838E-01
3.45116E-01
3.50403E-01
3.55700E-01
3.01776E-02
2.03137E-02
1.04012E-02
4.37897E-04
-9.57871E-03
-1.96512E-02
-2.97821E-02
-3.99746E-02
-5.02316E-02
-6.05565E-02
-7.09529E-02
From this we see that the even solutions are at energies of

E1 = 0.2275 0.0025 eV and E3 = 1.8175 0.0025 eV
Next we calculate the solutions for the odd functions given by

2mE
U E
0
= cot an
a
2
E
h
E
5.00000E-02
1.00000E-01
1.50000E-01
2.00000E-01
2.50000E-01
3.00000E-01
3.50000E-01
4.00000E-01
4.50000E-01
5.00000E-01
5.50000E-01
6.00000E-01
6.50000E-01
7.00000E-01
7.50000E-01
8.00000E-01
8.50000E-01
9.00000E-01
9.50000E-01
1.00000E+00
1.05000E+00
1.10000E+00
1.15000E+00
1.20000E+00
1.25000E+00
1.30000E+00
1.35000E+00
1.40000E+00
1.45000E+00
1.50000E+00
1.55000E+00
1.60000E+00
1.65000E+00
1.70000E+00
1.75000E+00
1.80000E+00
1.85000E+00
1.90000E+00
1.95000E+00
2.00000E+00
U E
E
-6.24500E+00
-4.35890E+00
-3.51188E+00
-3.00000E+00
-2.64575E+00
-2.38048E+00
-2.17124E+00
-2.00000E+00
-1.85592E+00
-1.73205E+00
-1.62369E+00
-1.52753E+00
-1.44115E+00
-1.36277E+00
-1.29099E+00
-1.22474E+00
-1.16316E+00
-1.10554E+00
-1.05131E+00
-1.00000E+00
-9.51190E-01
-9.04534E-01
-8.59727E-01
-8.16497E-01
-7.74597E-01
-7.33799E-01
-6.93889E-01
-6.54654E-01
-6.15882E-01
-5.77350E-01
-5.38816E-01
-5.00000E-01
-4.60566E-01
-4.20084E-01
-3.77964E-01
-3.33333E-01
-2.84747E-01
-2.29416E-01
-1.60128E-01
0.00000E+00
cot an 2.562 * E
1.55105E+00
9.52237E-01
6.53634E-01
4.53164E-01
2.98736E-01
1.69680E-01
5.57459E-02
-4.89614E-02
-1.48247E-01
-2.44827E-01
-3.40841E-01
-4.38138E-01
-5.38470E-01
-6.43638E-01
-7.55630E-01
-8.76770E-01
-1.00991E+00
-1.15870E+00
-1.32797E+00
-1.52435E+00
-1.75733E+00
-2.04093E+00
-2.39706E+00
-2.86189E+00
-3.49989E+00
-4.43846E+00
-5.96941E+00
-8.94139E+00
-1.72997E+01
-1.99160E+02
2.13398E+01
1.01877E+01
6.70407E+00
4.99617E+00
3.97779E+00
3.29864E+00
2.81136E+00
2.44316E+00
2.15396E+00
1.91984E+00
U E
cot an ( 2.562* E )
E
-7.79605E+00
-5.31114E+00
-4.16552E+00
-3.45316E+00
-2.94449E+00
-2.55016E+00
-2.22699E+00
-1.95104E+00
-1.70767E+00
-1.48722E+00
-1.28285E+00
-1.08939E+00
-9.02683E-01
-7.19132E-01
-5.35364E-01
-3.47975E-01
-1.53249E-01
5.31560E-02
2.76650E-01
5.24353E-01
8.06136E-01
1.13640E+00
1.53734E+00
2.04539E+00
2.72530E+00
3.70466E+00
5.27552E+00
8.28674E+00
1.66838E+01
1.98583E+02
-2.18786E+01
-1.06877E+01
-7.16463E+00
-5.41626E+00
-4.35576E+00
-3.63197E+00
-3.09610E+00
-2.67258E+00
-2.31409E+00
-1.91984E+00
From this table we see that there is a change in sign between energies of 0.85 and 0.90 eV
So we zoom in on this energy ranges to obtain
UE
U E
cot an ( 2.562* E )
cot an 2.562 * E
E
E
E
8.50000E-01
8.55000E-01
8.60000E-01
8.65000E-01
8.70000E-01
8.75000E-01
8.80000E-01
8.85000E-01
8.90000E-01
8.95000E-01
9.00000E-01
-1.16316E+00
-1.15723E+00
-1.15134E+00
-1.14549E+00
-1.13967E+00
-1.13389E+00
-1.12815E+00
-1.12245E+00
-1.11678E+00
-1.11114E+00
-1.10554E+00
-1.00991E+00
-1.02402E+00
-1.03828E+00
-1.05271E+00
-1.06731E+00
-1.08208E+00
-1.09703E+00
-1.11216E+00
-1.12748E+00
-1.14299E+00
-1.15870E+00
-1.53249E-01
-1.33214E-01
-1.13057E-01
-9.27750E-02
-7.23622E-02
-5.18136E-02
-3.11238E-02
-1.02876E-02
1.07006E-02
3.18466E-02
5.31560E-02
From this we see that the even solutions is at

E2 = 0.8875 0.0025 eV
There is only one even solution.
So the energy levels for this potential well are
E1 = 0.2275 0.0025 eV
E2 = 0.8875 0.0025 eV
E3 = 1.8175 0.0025 eV
This problem is solved graphically in Problem 2, so it is good to check the answer.
Problem 2
An electron is in a finite potential well with a width of 0.5nm and depth 2eV. Determine
the energy of all the bound states in this potential using the graphical method described in
lectures.
From our lecture notes we see that the energies of a particle of mass m in a finite
potential well of width L are given by
= cot an (ka ) for even solutions and

k
= tan (ka ) for odd solutions and

k
where =
2m
2
(U 0 E )
and k =
h
For the values given we find
2m
(U 0 E ) = 5.123 10 9
=
2
h
2mE
h2
(U 0 E )
2mE
k=
h2
= 5.123 E
and
U0 E
=
k
E
We now plot these functions with E as the independent variable and look for the points of
intersection
First look at the cotan solutions
10
8
Cotan(kx) and sqrt(U/E-1)
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Energy
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
There is a solution (intersection) between 0.8 and 1.0 eV. If we zoom in to the region
around 0.8 and 1.0 we get
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
So the energy of this state is E = 0.888 eV

Now look at the odd (tan) solutions
10
8
6
4
Tan(ka)
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Energy
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
There is a solution between 0.1 and 0.3 eV and a second solution close to 1.8 eV. If we
zoom in to the region around 0.0 to 0.2 we get
3.5
2.5
2
0.2
0.205
0.21
0.215
0.22
0.225
0.23
0.235
0.24
0.245
0.25
Which gives an energy of 0.228 eV for E1. If we zoom in to the region around 1.8 eV we
get
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.8
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
So there is a solution at E = 1.815 eV

The three eigenstates are then E1 = 0.228 eV, E2 = 0.888 eV and E3 = 1.815 eV
In agreement with the values found in Problem 1
Problem 3
An electron is in a finite potential well with a width of 1.0 nm and depth 3 eV. Determine
the energy of all the bound states in this potential using an EXCEL spreadsheet method
shown in lectures.
This problem is solved in exactly the same manner as problem 1. We look for even and
odd solutions. The odd solutions are found from
2mE
U E
0
= cot an
a
2
E
h
while the even solutions are obtained from

2mE
U0 E
= tan
a for even solutions.
2
E
h
We can evaluate the exponent in the tan and cotan functions

2mE
a=
h2
2 9.11 10 31 kg E 1.609 10 19 J .eV 1
(1.0545 10
34
J .s
1.0 10 9 m = 5.124 E
where the energy is in units of eV.

We substitute our values for a, U0 and E into these equations and use excel as below:
Odd (tan) solutions
U E
U E
Tan (2.562* E )
Tan 2.562 * E
E
E
E
5.00000E-02
1.00000E-01
1.50000E-01
2.00000E-01
2.50000E-01
3.00000E-01
3.50000E-01
4.00000E-01
4.50000E-01
5.00000E-01
5.50000E-01
6.00000E-01
6.50000E-01
7.00000E-01
7.50000E-01
8.00000E-01
8.50000E-01
9.00000E-01
9.50000E-01
7.68115E+00
5.38516E+00
4.35890E+00
3.74166E+00
3.31662E+00
3.00000E+00
2.75162E+00
2.54951E+00
2.38048E+00
2.23607E+00
2.11058E+00
2.00000E+00
1.90142E+00
1.81265E+00
1.73205E+00
1.65831E+00
1.59041E+00
1.52753E+00
1.46898E+00
2.20933E+00
-2.01632E+01
-2.27759E+00
-1.13849E+00
-6.54586E-01
-3.48191E-01
-1.10642E-01
9.94353E-02
3.04621E-01
5.22675E-01
7.73652E-01
1.08783E+00
1.52204E+00
2.20752E+00
3.54593E+00
7.68816E+00
-8.54253E+01
-6.67694E+00
-3.45330E+00
5.47181E+00
2.55483E+01
6.63648E+00
4.88015E+00
3.97121E+00
3.34819E+00
2.86226E+00
2.45007E+00
2.07585E+00
1.71339E+00
1.33693E+00
9.12171E-01
3.79372E-01
-3.94869E-01
-1.81388E+00
-6.02984E+00
8.70157E+01
8.20446E+00
4.92227E+00
1.00000E+00
1.05000E+00
1.10000E+00
1.15000E+00
1.20000E+00
1.25000E+00
1.30000E+00
1.35000E+00
1.40000E+00
1.45000E+00
1.50000E+00
1.55000E+00
1.60000E+00
1.65000E+00
1.70000E+00
1.75000E+00
1.80000E+00
1.85000E+00
1.90000E+00
1.95000E+00
2.00000E+00
2.05000E+00
2.10000E+00
2.15000E+00
2.20000E+00
2.25000E+00
2.30000E+00
2.35000E+00
2.40000E+00
2.45000E+00
2.50000E+00
2.55000E+00
2.60000E+00
2.65000E+00
2.70000E+00
2.75000E+00
2.80000E+00
2.85000E+00
2.90000E+00
2.95000E+00
3.00000E+00
1.41421E+00
1.36277E+00
1.31426E+00
1.26834E+00
1.22474E+00
1.18322E+00
1.14354E+00
1.10554E+00
1.06904E+00
1.03391E+00
1.00000E+00
9.67204E-01
9.35414E-01
9.04534E-01
8.74475E-01
8.45154E-01
8.16497E-01
7.88430E-01
7.60886E-01
7.33799E-01
7.07107E-01
6.80746E-01
6.54654E-01
6.28768E-01
6.03023E-01
5.77350E-01
5.51677E-01
5.25924E-01
5.00000E-01
4.73804E-01
4.47214E-01
4.20084E-01
3.92232E-01
3.63422E-01
3.33333E-01
3.01511E-01
2.67261E-01
2.29416E-01
1.85695E-01
1.30189E-01
0.00000E+00
Even (cotan) solutions

U E
E
E
5.00000E-02
1.00000E-01
1.50000E-01
2.00000E-01
-7.68115E+00
-5.38516E+00
-4.35890E+00
-3.74166E+00
-2.29070E+00
-1.67528E+00
-1.28395E+00
-1.00584E+00
-7.92457E-01
-6.19147E-01
-4.71913E-01
-3.42117E-01
-2.24026E-01
-1.13557E-01
-7.59273E-03
9.64406E-02
2.00857E-01
3.07925E-01
4.20077E-01
5.40124E-01
6.71559E-01
8.18981E-01
9.88789E-01
1.19037E+00
1.43827E+00
1.75658E+00
2.18853E+00
2.82047E+00
3.85417E+00
5.89693E+00
1.20131E+01
-1.03991E+03
-1.18647E+01
-5.95598E+00
-3.95301E+00
-2.93490E+00
-2.31205E+00
-1.88712E+00
-1.57532E+00
-1.33414E+00
-1.13991E+00
-9.78380E-01
-8.40445E-01
-7.19994E-01
-6.12761E-01
3.70491E+00
3.03805E+00
2.59821E+00
2.27418E+00
2.01720E+00
1.80236E+00
1.61546E+00
1.44766E+00
1.29307E+00
1.14746E+00
1.00759E+00
8.70764E-01
7.34558E-01
5.96609E-01
4.54398E-01
3.05030E-01
1.44937E-01
-3.05514E-02
-2.27903E-01
-4.56568E-01
-7.31162E-01
-1.07584E+00
-1.53388E+00
-2.19171E+00
-3.25115E+00
-5.31958E+00
-1.14614E+01
1.04043E+03
1.23647E+01
6.42978E+00
4.40022E+00
3.35498E+00
2.70428E+00
2.25055E+00
1.90865E+00
1.63565E+00
1.40717E+00
1.20780E+00
1.02614E+00
8.50183E-01
6.12761E-01
U E
cot an ( 2.562* E )
E
4.52625E-01
-4.95953E-02
-4.39062E-01
-8.78353E-01
-8.13377E+00
-5.33557E+00
-3.91984E+00
-2.86330E+00
cot an 2.562 * E
2.50000E-01
3.00000E-01
3.50000E-01
4.00000E-01
4.50000E-01
5.00000E-01
5.50000E-01
6.00000E-01
6.50000E-01
7.00000E-01
7.50000E-01
8.00000E-01
8.50000E-01
9.00000E-01
9.50000E-01
1.00000E+00
1.05000E+00
1.10000E+00
1.15000E+00
1.20000E+00
1.25000E+00
1.30000E+00
1.35000E+00
1.40000E+00
1.45000E+00
1.50000E+00
1.55000E+00
1.60000E+00
1.65000E+00
1.70000E+00
1.75000E+00
1.80000E+00
1.85000E+00
1.90000E+00
1.95000E+00
2.00000E+00
2.05000E+00
2.10000E+00
2.15000E+00
2.20000E+00
2.25000E+00
2.30000E+00
2.35000E+00
2.40000E+00
2.45000E+00
2.50000E+00
2.55000E+00
2.60000E+00
2.65000E+00
-3.31662E+00
-3.00000E+00
-2.75162E+00
-2.54951E+00
-2.38048E+00
-2.23607E+00
-2.11058E+00
-2.00000E+00
-1.90142E+00
-1.81265E+00
-1.73205E+00
-1.65831E+00
-1.59041E+00
-1.52753E+00
-1.46898E+00
-1.41421E+00
-1.36277E+00
-1.31426E+00
-1.26834E+00
-1.22474E+00
-1.18322E+00
-1.14354E+00
-1.10554E+00
-1.06904E+00
-1.03391E+00
-1.00000E+00
-9.67204E-01
-9.35414E-01
-9.04534E-01
-8.74475E-01
-8.45154E-01
-8.16497E-01
-7.88430E-01
-7.60886E-01
-7.33799E-01
-7.07107E-01
-6.80746E-01
-6.54654E-01
-6.28768E-01
-6.03023E-01
-5.77350E-01
-5.51677E-01
-5.25924E-01
-5.00000E-01
-4.73804E-01
-4.47214E-01
-4.20084E-01
-3.92232E-01
-3.63422E-01
-1.52768E+00
-2.87199E+00
-9.03820E+00
1.00568E+01
3.28277E+00
1.91324E+00
1.29257E+00
9.19262E-01
6.57011E-01
4.52996E-01
2.82013E-01
1.30070E-01
-1.17061E-02
-1.49769E-01
-2.89578E-01
-4.36548E-01
-5.96916E-01
-7.78845E-01
-9.94198E-01
-1.26190E+00
-1.61513E+00
-2.11904E+00
-2.92297E+00
-4.46378E+00
-8.80618E+00
-1.31705E+02
1.03691E+01
4.97868E+00
3.24754E+00
2.38052E+00
1.85143E+00
1.48907E+00
1.22103E+00
1.01134E+00
8.40077E-01
6.95280E-01
5.69287E-01
4.56928E-01
3.54550E-01
2.59459E-01
1.69580E-01
8.32424E-02
-9.61625E-04
-8.42838E-02
-1.67899E-01
-2.52972E-01
-3.40727E-01
-4.32517E-01
-5.29907E-01
-1.78894E+00
-1.28013E-01
6.28657E+00
-1.26063E+01
-5.66324E+00
-4.14930E+00
-3.40315E+00
-2.91926E+00
-2.55843E+00
-2.26565E+00
-2.01406E+00
-1.78838E+00
-1.57871E+00
-1.37776E+00
-1.17940E+00
-9.77666E-01
-7.65855E-01
-5.35413E-01
-2.74145E-01
3.71534E-02
4.31910E-01
9.75492E-01
1.81743E+00
3.39473E+00
7.77227E+00
1.30705E+02
-1.13363E+01
-5.91409E+00
-4.15207E+00
-3.25499E+00
-2.69658E+00
-2.30557E+00
-2.00946E+00
-1.77222E+00
-1.57388E+00
-1.40239E+00
-1.25003E+00
-1.11158E+00
-9.83318E-01
-8.62482E-01
-7.46930E-01
-6.34920E-01
-5.24962E-01
-4.15716E-01
-3.05905E-01
-1.94242E-01
-7.93568E-02
4.02844E-02
1.66485E-01
10
2.70000E+00
2.75000E+00
2.80000E+00
2.85000E+00
2.90000E+00
2.95000E+00
3.00000E+00
-3.33333E-01
-3.01511E-01
-2.67261E-01
-2.29416E-01
-1.85695E-01
-1.30189E-01
0.00000E+00
-6.34792E-01
-7.49547E-01
-8.77263E-01
-1.02210E+00
-1.18985E+00
-1.38890E+00
-1.63196E+00
3.01458E-01
4.48036E-01
6.10002E-01
7.92682E-01
1.00415E+00
1.25871E+00
1.63196E+00
From EXCEL Tables we see that there are solutions at

E1 = 0.675 0.025 eV
E2 = 1.175 0.025 eV
E3 = 1.825 0.025 eV
E4 = 2.575 0.025 eV
These solutions can be refined (as in Problem 1) to obtain more significant figures if
required.
11
Problem 4
A particle of mass m is moving in the following potential
for x <0
0
V( x )= U 0 for 0 x L
0 for x >L
a) Sketch this potential

b) Write down the form of the Schrdinger equation in each region of this potential
c) Write down the form of the solutions in each region of this potential for E > U0
d) Write down the form of the continuity conditions at x = 0 and at x = L
e) Write down the form of the logarithmic derivative at x = 0 and x = L
II
III
Uo
0
b) Schrdinger Equation
h 2 d 2
d 2 2m
d 2
Region I:
+ U o = E 2 + 2 (E U o ) = 0 2 + k12 = 0
2
2m dx
dx
h
dx
2m
(E U o )
where k1 =
h2
h 2 d 2
d 2 2m
d 2
Region II:
+ 0 = E 2 + 2 E = 0 2 + k 22 = 0
2
2m dx
dx
h
dx
2m
E
where k 2 =
h2
h 2 d 2
d 2 2m
d 2
Region III:
+ U o = E 2 + 2 (E U o ) = 0 2 + k12 = 0
2
2m dx
dx
h
dx
c) Form of the solutions for E > U0:
Region I: = Ae ik1x + Be ik1x
Region II: = Ce ik2x + De ik2x

Region III: = Fe ik1x + Ge ik1x
d) Boundary condition at x = 0:
12
I (x = 0 ) = II (x = 0) A + B = C + D
d I (x = 0 ) d II (x = 0 )
=
ik1A ik1B = ik 2 C ik 2 D
dx
dx
Boundary condition at x = L:
II (x = L ) = III (x = L ) Ce ik2 L + De ik2 L = Fe ik1L + Ge ik1L
d II (x = L ) d III (x = L )
=
ik1Ce ik1L ik1Be ik1L = ik 2 Fe ik1L ik 2 Ge ik1L
dx
dx
e) Logarithmic derivative
1 d
. Therefore at x = 0 the log derivative
The logarithmic derivative is defined as
dx
becomes
ik A ik1B ik 2 C ik 2 D
1 d I (x = 0 )
1 d II (x = 0)
1
=
=
dx
dx
A+B
C+D
II
I
while at x = L the log derivative is
ik Ce ik 2L ik1Be ik2 L ik 2 Fe ik1L ik 2 Ge ik1L
1 d II (x = L )
1 d III (x = L )
1 ik L
=
=
dx
III
dx
II
Ce 2 + De ik 2L
Fe ik1L + Ge ik1L
Problem 5
for x <0
0
V( x )= U 0 for 0 x L
0 for x >L

e) Write down the form of the logarithmic derivative at x = 0 and x = L
II
III
Uo
0
b) Schrdinger Equation (for E > U0)

d 2
h 2 d 2
d 2 2m
Region I:
+
0
=
E
+
E
=
0
+ k12 = 0
2
2
2
2m dx 2
h
dx
dx
13
2m
E
h2
h 2 d 2
d 2 2m
d 2
(
)
Region II:
+
U
=
E
+
E
=
0
+ k 22 = 0
o
o
2
2
2
2
2m dx
dx
h
dx
2m
(E U o ) is real and positive
where k 2 =
h2
h 2 d 2
d 2 2m
d 2
Region III:
+
0
=
E
+
E
=
0
+ k12 = 0
2m dx 2
dx 2 h 2
dx 2
where k1 =
c) Form of the solutions for E > U0:

Region I: = Ae ik1x + Be ik1x
Region II: = Ce ik2x + De ik2x

Region III: = Fe ik1x + Ge ik1x
d) Boundary condition at x = 0:
I (x = 0 ) = II (x = 0) A + B = C + D
d I (x = 0) d II (x = 0)
=
dx
dx
Boundary condition at x = L:
II (x = L ) = III (x = L ) Ce ik2 L + De ik2 L = Fe ik1L + Ge ik1L
d II (x = L ) d III (x = L )
=
ik1Ce ik1L ik1Be ik1L = ik 2 Fe ik1L ik 2 Ge ik1L
dx
dx
1 d
. Therefore at x = 0 the log derivative
The logarithmic derivative is defined as
dx
becomes
ik A ik1B ik 2 C ik 2 D
1 d I (x = 0)
1 d II (x = 0)
=
1
=
I
II
dx
dx
A+B
C+D
while at x = L the log derivative is
ik Ce ik 2L ik1Be ik2 L ik 2 Fe ik1L ik 2 Ge ik1L
1 d II (x = L )
1 d III (x = L )
=
1 ik L
=
II
dx
III
dx
Ce 2 + De ik 2L
Fe ik1L + Ge ik1L
Problem 6
for x <0
V( x )= U 0 for 0 x L
0 for x >L
14
e) Write down the form of the logarithmic derivative at x = L
II
III
Uo
0
b) Schrdinger Equation (for E > U0)

Region I: Here the potential is infinite.
d 2 2m
d 2
h 2 d 2
(
)
Region II:
+
U
=
E
+
E
=
0
+ k12 = 0
o
o
2m dx 2
dx 2 h 2
dx 2
2m
(E U o ) is real and positive
where k1 =
h2
d 2
h 2 d 2
d 2 2m
Region III:
+
0
=
E
+
E
=
0
+ k 22 = 0
2m dx 2
dx 2
dx 2 h 2
2m
where k 2 =
E
h2
c) Solutions to the Schrodinger equation:
Region I: I(x) = 0
Region II: II (x ) = Ae ik1x + Be ik1x
Region III: III = Ce ik2x + De ik2x
d) Continuity conditions:
at x = 0 we find
I (x = 0) = II (x = 0) 0 = A + B A = B
so the wavefunction in region II becomes
(x ) = Ae ik1x Ae ik1x = 2iA sin k1x
At x = L we find
II (x = L ) = III (x = L ) Ae ik1L + Be ik1L = Ce ik2 L + De ik2 L
d II (x = L ) d III (x = L )
=
ik1Ae ik1L ik1Be ik1L = ik 2 Ce ik2 L ik 2 De ik2 L
dx
dx
at x = 0
15
k A k1 B
1 d II (x = 0)
1 d III (x = 0)
=
0= 1
dx
dx
A+B
I
II
at x = L
k Ae ik1L k1 Be ik1L k 2 Ce ik2 L k 2 De ik 2 L
1 d II (x = L )
1 d III (x = L )
=
1 ik L
=
dx
dx
II
III
Ae 1 + Be ik1L
Ce ik2 L + De ik2 L
Problem 7
for x <0
V( x )= U 0 for 0 x L
0 for x >L

c) Write down the form of the solutions in each region of this potential for E < U0
II
III
Uo
0
b) Schrdinger Equation (for E < U0)

d 2 2m
d 2
h 2 d 2
Region II:
+ U o = E 2 2 (U o E ) = 0 2 2 = 0
2
2m dx
h
dx
dx
2m
(U o E ) is real and positive since E < U0.
where =
h2
d 2 2m
d 2
h 2 d 2
Region III:
+
0
=
E
+
E
=
0
+ k 22 = 0
2
2
2
2
2m dx
h
dx
dx
2m
where k 2 =
E
h2
Region I: I(x) = 0
Region II: II (x ) = Ae x + Be x
16

at x = 0 we find
I (x = 0) = II (x = 0) 0 = A + B A = B
At x = L we find
II (x = L ) = III (x = L ) Ae L + Be L = Ce ik 2L + De ik 2L
d II (x = L ) d III (x = L )
=
Ae L Be L = ik 2 Ce ik 2 L ik 2 De ik2 L
dx
dx
at x = 0
A B
1 d II (x = 0)
1 d III (x = 0)
=
0=
dx
dx
A+B
I
II
at x = L
1 d II (x = L )
1 d III (x = L )
Ae L Be L ik 2 Ce ik2 L ik 2 De ik2 L
=
=
dx
dx
II
III
Ae L + Be L
Ce ik2 L + De ik2 L
Problem 8
for x <0
V( x )= U 0 for 0 x L
0 for x >L

II
III
-Uo
0
b) Schrdinger Equation (for E < U0)

17
h 2 d 2
d 2 2m
d 2
(
)
=
E
+
E
+
U
=
0
+ k12 = 0
o
o
2m dx 2
dx 2 h 2
dx 2
2m
(E + U o ) is real and positive.
where k1 =
h2
h 2 d 2
d 2 2m
d 2
Region III:
+
0
=
E
+
E
=
0
+ k 22 = 0
2
2
2
2m dx 2
h
dx
dx
2m
E
where k 2 =
h2
Region I: I(x) = 0
Region II: II (x ) = Ae ik1x + Be ik1x
Region II:

at x = 0 we find
I (x = 0) = II (x = 0) 0 = A + B A = B
At x = L we find
II (x = L ) = III (x = L ) Ae ik1L + Be ik1L = Ce ik2 L + De ik2 L
d II (x = L ) d III (x = L )
=
ik1Ae ik1L ik1Be ik1L = ik 2 Ce ik2 L ik 2 De ik2 L
dx
dx
at x = 0
A B
1 d II (x = 0)
1 d III (x = 0)
=
0=
dx
dx
A+B
I
II
at x = L
Problem 9
Consider reflection of a particle from a step potential of height U0 at x = 0 but now with
an infinitely high potential wall added at a distance +L from the step. If the particle is
incident from the left with an energy E > U0 then
c) Write down the form of the solutions in each region of this potential for E > U0.
d) Show that the reflection coefficient at x = 0 is R = 1.
(a)
18
U(x)
0
(b)
h 2 d 2 1
Region 1:
= E1
2m dx 2
h 2 d 2 2
+ U 0 2 = E 2
2m dx 2
Region 3: 3 =0
Region 2:
(c) Solutions
Region 1: 1 = Ae ik1x + Be ik1x
Region 2: 2 = Ce ik 2 x + De ik 2 x
Region 3: 3 =0
Match boundary conditions
(i) at x = 0
1 (0 ) = 2 (0) A + B = C + D
d1 (0 ) d 2 (0 )
=
ik 1 (A B) = ik 2 (C D )
dx
dx
(1)
(2)
(ii) at x = L
2 (L ) = 3 (L ) Ce ik 2 L + De ik 2 L = 0 D = C
e ik 2L
e
ik 2 L
= Ce 2ik 2 L
(3)
substituting for D in equations (1) and (2)
(1) A + B = C Ce 2ik L
2
= C 1 e 2ik 2L
(4)
19
(
) and = (1 + e
(2) k 1A k 1B = k 2 C + Ce 2ik 2 L = k 2 C 1 + e 2ik 2L
2ik 2 L
let = 1 e 2ik 2L
then equations (4) and (5) become
(A + B)
A + B = C C =
and
k (A B)
k 1 A k 1 B = k 2 C C = 1
k 2
equating the values of C from (6) and (7) gives
(A + B) = k 1 (A = B) k A + k B = k A k B
2
2
1
1
k 2
A(k 1 k 2 ) = B(k 1 + k 2 )
( (
( (
)
)
(
(
B (k 1 k 2 ) k 1 1 e 2ik 2L k 2 1 + e 2ik 2L
=
=
A (k 1 + k 2 ) k 1 1 e 2ik 2L + k 2 1 + e 2ik 2L
(5)
(6)
(7)
))
))
we can reorganize this equation by multiplying above and below by e ik 2 L this gives
(A + B) = k 1 (A = B) k A + k B = k A k B
2
2
1
1
k 2
A(k 1 k 2 ) = B(k 1 + k 2 )
( (
( (
)
)
(
(
))
))
( 2ik 1 sin k 2 L 2k 2 cos k 2 L )

k e ik 2L e ik 2L k 2 e ik 2L + e ik 2L
B
= 1 ik L
=
ik
L
ik
L
ik
L
( 2ik 1 sin k 2 L + 2k 2 cos k 2 L )

A k1 e 2 e 2 + k 2 e 2 + e 2
(k 2 cos k 2 L + ik 1 sin k 2 L ) (k 2 + ik 1 tan k 2 L )

=
(k 2 cos k 2 L ik 1 sin k 2 L ) (k 2 ik 1 tan k 2 L )
The reflection coefficient R is then

B
R=
A
(k
=
(k
2
2
2
2
(k + ik 1 tan k 2 L ) (k 2 + ik 1 tan k 2 L ) (k 2 ik 1 tan k 2 L )

B* B
=
= 2
=
(k 2 ik 1 tan k 2 L ) (k 2 ik 1 tan k 2 L ) (k 2 + ik 1 tan k 2 L )
A* A
2
) =1
L)
+ k 12 tan 2 k 2 L
k 12
+ tan k 2
Note that you have to take the complex conjugate and not the square of B/A.
Problem 10
Consider reflection of a particle from a step potential of height U0 at x = 0 but now with
an infinitely high potential wall added at a distance +L from the step. If the particle is
incident from the left with an energy E < U0 then
c) Write down the form of the solutions in each region of this potential for E > U0.
d) What is the probability that the electron will be found at x = +L/2?
(a) This is very similar to problem 9 above
20
U(x)
(b)
d 2 1 2m
d 2 1
h 2 d 2 1
E
0
=
+
=
+ k 1E1 = 0
1
1
2m dx 2
dx 2
dx 2
h2
d 2 2 2m
h 2 d22
+
=
2 (U 0 E ) 2 = 0
U
0 2
2
2m dx 2
dx 2
h
Region 2:
2
d 2
22 = 0
2
dx
Region 3: 3 =0
Region 1:
(c) Solutions
Region 1: 1 = Ae ik1x + Be ik1x
Region 2: 2 = Ce x + De x
Note that we have to keep both exponential solutions, since region 2 does not extend to
infinity.
Region 3: 3 =0
Match boundary conditions
(i) at x = 0
1 (0 ) = 2 (0) A + B = C + D
d1 (0) d 2 (0)
=
ik 1 (A B) = (C D )
dx
dx
(1)
(2)
(ii) at x = L
2 (L ) = 3 (L ) Ce L + De L = 0 D = C
e L
e
= Ce 2L
(3)
21
(d) In region (2) the solution is

2 = Ce x + De x = Ce x Ce 2L e x = Ce x 1 e 2L e 2x
probability that the particle is in region II is
2 (x ) = Ce x 1 e 2L e 2x
2
= Ce 2x 1 2e 2L e 2x + e 4L e 4x
therefore the probability that the electron is at L/2 is

2
L
L
L
2
4
2
L
2 = Ce 2 1 2e 2L e 2 + e 4L e 2 = Ce L 1 2e 2L e L + e 4L e 2L
) (
= Ce L 1 2e L + e 2L = C e L 2e 2L + e 3L
Problem 11
A particle of mass m and energy E moving in a region where the potential energy zero
encounters a potential dip of width L and depth U = -U0.
for x <0
0
U( x )= U 0 for 0 x L
0 for x >L
Find the reflection and Transmission coefficients for this particle.
(a) Sketch of the Potential given:

U(x)
E
II
III
-U0
First write down the Schrdinger equation in each region

Region I & III:
d 2 ( x ) 2mE
h 2 d 2 ( x )
+
0
(
x
)
=
E
(
x
)
+ 2 ( x ) = 0
2m dx 2
dx 2
h
2
d ( x )
+ k 12 ( x ) = 0
2
dx
Region II:
22
d 2 ( x ) 2m
h 2 d 2 ( x )
+ 2 (U 0 + E )( x ) = 0
U
(
x
)
E
(
x
)
0
2m dx 2
dx 2
h
2
d ( x )
+ k 22 ( x ) = 0
dx 2
where
k 12 =
2mE
h2
and k 22 =
2m(E + U 0 )
h2
The solutions to the Schrdinger equation in regions I and III are

I = Ae ik1x + Be ik1x = Incident Wave +Reflected Wave
III = Fe ik1x = Incident wave from region II

The solution in region II is
II = Ce ik 2 x + De ik 2 x = Transmitted Wave from region I + Reflected Wave from x = L
Now use the continuity equations at x = 0 and x = L
Continuity condition at x = 0
(i) I = II at x = 0 A + B = C + D
(ii)
d I d II
=
at x = 0 ik 1 (A B) = ik 2 (C D )
dx
dx
continuity condition at x = L
(iii) II = III at x = L Ce ik 2L + De -ik2 L = Fe ik1L
d II d III
=
at x = L ik 2 Ce ik2 L De -ik 2L = ik1 Fe ik1L
dx
dx
To find the Transmission coefficient we eliminate B, C and D from equations (i) to (iv)
above
Multiply eqn (iii) by ik2 and add to equation (iv) this gives
2ik 2 Ce ik2 L = (ik1 + ik 2 )Fe ik1L
can now solve for C in terms of F
(ik + ik 2 ) Fe ik1L e -ik2L
C= 1
2ik 2
Multiply eqn (iii) by -ik2 and add to equation (iv) this gives
2ik 2 De -ik2L = (ik 2 ik1 )Fe ik1L
can now solve for D in terms of F
(ik ik1 ) Fe ik1L e ik2L
D= 2
2ik 2
Next, multiply eqn (i) by ik1 and add to equation (ii)
ik1A + ik1B = ik1C + ik1 D
(iv)
2ik1A = (ik1 + ik 2 )C + (ik1 ik 2 )D
23
Now substitute for C and D in the last equation

(ik ik1 ) ik1L ik2 L
(ik + ik 2 ) ik1L -ik2 L
+ (ik1 ik 2 ) 2
2ik1A = (ik1 + ik 2 ) 1
Fe e
Fe e
2ik 2
2ik 2
(
)((ik
4k1k 2 A = (ik1 + ik 2 ) (ik1 + ik 2 )Fe ik1L e -ik2 L + (ik1 ik 2 ) (ik 2 ik1 )Fe ik1L e ik2 L
[
4k k A = [((ik
4k1k 2 A = (ik1 + ik 2
1 2
F=
[((ik
)]
+ ik 2 )e -ik 2L + (ik1 ik 2 ) (ik 2 ik1 )e ik 2L Fe ik1L
) (
)]
+ ik 2 )2 e -ik 2L (ik 2 ik1 )2 e ik 2L Fe ik1L

4k1k 2 Ae ik1L
) (
+ ik 2 )2 e -ik 2L (ik 2 ik1 )2 e ik2 L
)]
2
The transmission coefficient T, is given by T =
F k3
, however since k3 = k1 we get
A k1
4k1k 2 e ik1L
4k1k 2 e -ik1L
F
T=
=
A
(ik1 + ik 2 )2 e -ik2L (ik 2 ik1 )2 e ik2L ( ik1 ik 2 )2 e +ik2L ( ik 2 + ik1 )2 e -ik2L
The reflection coefficient R, is found in the same y eliminating C, D and F and finding B
[(
) (
)] [(
) (
B
in terms of A then R =
. Alternatively R = 1-T.
A
24
)]
Problem 12
An electron of energy E is incident on a potential barrier described by the potential
function
for x < 0
0
U ( x ) = A Bx for 0 x B/A
0
for x >B/A
derive an expression for the tunneling probability of an electron with energy E < A
through this barrier. Calculate the transmission probability of a 5 eV electron tunneling
through this barrier for A = 10 eV and B = 25 eV.nm-1.
First make a sketch of the potential
U(x)
A
E
L
The particle encounters the barrier at x = 0 and exits the barrier at x = L = (A-E)/B.
Following the lecture notes, the tunneling probability is given by
b 2m(V ( x ) E )
b
P exp 2 (x )dx = exp 2

dx
h2
a
First evaluate the integral

2m(V( x ) E )
dx =
h2
a
b
2 Bm
h2 0
2m
h2 0
(A Bx E )dx =
2 Bm
(A E )
x dx
2
h 0 B
(L x )dx
Let u = L-x then du = -dx so the integral becomes

2 Bm
2 2 Bm 3 2 L 2 2 Bm 3 2 2 2mBL3 2 2m (A E )3
(u ) =
=
=
u
du
L =
0
3 h2
3 h2
3
3 h2
h2 0
h2
B2
L
The tunneling probability is then

4
P exp 2 (x )dx = exp

2m(A E )3
3
h
B
a
Now plug in numbers given
25
4
P exp
2 9.11 10 31 kg (5 1.602 10 19 ) 3
19
3 1.05 10 34 J.s 25 1.602 10

9
10
m
= exp( 3.07 ) = 4.65 10 2
So about 4.6% of the electrons tunnel through the barrier, the rest are reflected.
Problem 13
function
for x < 0
0
U ( x ) = Ax
for 0 x L
0
for x >L
through this barrier for A = 10 eV and L = 2 nm.
First Sketch the potential
U(x)
AL
E
L
The particle encounters the potential at the point EL/A and exits at x = L.
b 2m(V ( x ) E )
b

dx
h2
a
First evaluate the integral
2m(V( x ) E )
dx =
h2
a
b
2m
(Ax E )dx =
h 2 EL A
2Am
E
x dx
2
A
h EL A
let u = x-(E/A) then du = dx and the integral becomes
26
2Am
u1 2 du =
2
h EL A
2Am 2 3 2
u
h2 3
L
EL A
32
2 2Am 3 2 EL
L
=
3 h 2
A
32
32
2 2Am 3 2 E 2 2AmL3 E
L 1
1
=
=
A 3
3 h2
h 2 A

4 2AmL3 E 3 2
b
1
2
A
h
3
h
a
Now plug in numbers given
4
P exp
2 10 1.602 10 19 9.11 10 31 kg 2 10 9
3 1.05 10 34
) 1 105
3
= exp( 4.44 10 4 ) = 0.99
Problem 14
function
A
for x < 0
B
A
A
U ( x ) = A B x for - x
B
B
for x >
0
B
through this barrier for A = 10 eV and B = 25 eV.nm-1.
First Sketch the potential
U(x)
x
-A/B
A/B
The particle encounters the potential at the point (A-E)/B and exits at +(A-E)/B.
27
32
b 2m(V ( x ) E )
b

dx
2
h
a
Let L = (A-E)/B, then the limits of integration are L to L. Evaluate the integral
2m(V( x ) E )
dx =
h2
a
2m
(A Bx E )dx =
h 2 L
2 Bm
h 2 L
2 Bm
(A E )
x dx
2
h L B
(L x )dx
Because the integral is symmetric about the origin we can write

L
2 Bm
h 2 L
(L x )dx = 2 2 Bm
h2 0
(L x )dx
Let u = L-x then du = -dx so the integral becomes

2 Bm
4 2 Bm 3 2 L 4 2 Bm 3 2 4 2mBL3 4 2m (A E )3
(u ) =
u
du
L =
=
=
0
3 h2
3 h2
3
3 h2
h2 0
h2
B2
L
= 2

8

2m(A E )3
3Bh
a
Plug in numerical values
8
31
19 3
P exp
2 9.11 10 kg (5 1.602 10 )
19
3 1.05 10 34 J.s 25 1.602 10
10 m
= exp( 6.14 ) = 2.15 10 3
Problem 15
A 2 kg block oscillates with an amplitude of 10 cm on a spring of force constant 120 N/m.
(a) In which quantum state is the block? (b)The block has a slight electrical charge and
may therefore drop to a lower energy level by emitting a photon. What is the minimum
energy decrease possible, and what would the corresponding fractional change in energy
be?
1
A quantum oscillator in the nth state has an energy E n = n + h , where is the

2
k
angular frequency of the oscillator given by =
.
m
In this problem =
k
120 N.m 1
=
= 7.75s 1 .
m
2kg
28
The total energy of the oscillator is given by E = kA2/2, where A is the amplitude of the
oscillation, (see notes on SHO). So in this problem
1
1
E = kA 2 = 120 N.m 1 (0.10m )2 = 0.6J
2
2
Equating this energy to the quantum energy of the system we find
0.6 1
0.6J 2
1
1
=
= 7.29 10 32
E n = n + h = 0.6J n =
34
1
h 2 6.62 10 J.s 7.75s
2
2
so we see that the system is in a state with a VERY high quantum number, i.e. it is in a
classical state.
When the system makes a transition between two states it emits a photon with energy
Eph =h, which in this case is
h = 6.62 10 34 J.s 7.75s 1 = 5.1 10 33 J . A tiny amount of energy.
This is the minimum energy decrease possible, i.e. the oscillator emits just one photon.
The fractional change in energy of the system is
E 5.1 10 33 J
=
= 8.5 10 33 10 32
E
0.6J
The fractional change is one part in 1032 again, too small to measure.
Problem 16
What is the most probable location to find a particle that is in the first excited state (n = 1
state) of a harmonic oscillator potential?
The wavefunction for the first excited state of the quantum SHO is
1 (s ) = N 1 2s exp s 2 2
14
km
where N1 is the normalization constant and s = 2 x
h
The probability of finding the particle at some position s is then
( )
P(s) = 1 (s ) = N 12 4s 2 exp s 2
2
To find the most probable place we differentiate w.r.s. x and set the result = 0 for a
maximum
dP(s) dP(s) ds d 2 2
ds
ds
=
=
N 1 4s exp s 2
= N 12 8s 8s 3 exp s 2
=0
dx
ds dx ds
dx
dx
ds
N 12 8 8s 2 .s. exp s 2
=0
dx
this expression is zero for s = 0 (a minimum) and 8(1 s2) = 0 s = 1 (a maximum)
Therefore, the probability is at a maximum when
( )]
] ( )
( )
14
km
s = 1 s = 2
h
14
h2
x = 1 x =
km
Problem 17
Assuming that the vibrations of a 35Cl2 diatomic molecule are equivalent to those of a
harmonic oscillator with force constant k = 329 Nm-1, what is the zero-point energy of
29
vibration of this molecule? Estimate the energy difference between the ground state and
the first excited state of this molecule. The mass of a 35Cl atom is 34.9688 amu
We must first work out the reduced mass of the 35Cl2 molecule
m1 m 2
=
m1 + m 2
m2 m
= amu ,
2m 2
To convert from atomic mass units (amu) to kg: 1 amu = 1.660510-27kg, so
m(35Cl) = 34.96881.660510-27kg = 5.80710-26 kg
Then
in this case m1 = m2 = m so =
E0 =
1
1
k 1
2k 1
2 329 N.m 1
h = h
= h
= h
= 5.61 10 21 J = 3.50 10 2 eV .
26
2
2 2
m 2 5.807 10 kg
The separation between the energy levels is E = E1 E0 and since E = n + h we

2
1
see that E = E1 E 2 = 1 + h 0 + h = h .
2
2
1
We have already found above that h = 5.61 10 21 J = 3.50 10 2 eV , so
2
21
20
E = 2 5.61 10 J = 1.12 10 J = 7.00 10 2 eV
Problem 18
Calculate the wavelength of a photon required to excite a transition between neighboring
energy levels of a harmonic oscillator of mass equal to that of the oxygen atom (15.999
atomic mass units) and force constant 544 Nm-1.
Again, following the approach outlined in problem 2 we find that
E0 =
1
1
k 1
544 N.m 1
h = h
= h
2
2 m 2 15.99amu 1.66054 10 27 kg / amu
= 7.54 10 21 J = 4.71 10 2 eV
then
E = E1 E 0 = h =
hc
= 2 7.54 10 21 J = 1.50 10 20 J = 9.42 10 2 eV
solve for
hc
=
= 1.32 10 5 m
20
1.50 10 J
Problem 19
The wavefunction of the ground state of a harmonic oscillator of force constant k and
mass m is
14
m 0
k

0 ( x ) = exp x 2 where =
, and 0 =
m
h
30
Obtain an expression for the probability of finding the particle outside the classically
allowed region.
The particle is said to be outside of the classical region if E < V(x), i.e. the total energy is
less than the potential energy. In the ground state E = h0/2 and the non-classical region
is therefore,
1
x >
1
h
1
1
h0 < m02 x 2 i.e. x 2 >

=
or
2
2
m0
x < 1
The probability of finding the particle in the nonclassical region is therefore

1
P=
dx +
dx =
exp x 2 dx +
exp x 2 dx
( )
1
exp x 2 dx = 2
exp t 2 dt 0.16
where we have let

numerically.
x = t so dx = dt
. The value of the integral is approximated
Problem 20
One possible solution for the wavefunction n for the simple harmonic oscillator is

n = A 1 2x 2 exp x 2
2
where A is the normalization constant. (a) What is the energy of the oscillator when it is
in this state? (b) find <x2> for this state.
(a) By comparing this wavefunction with those of the harmonic oscillator we see that the
particle is in the n = 2 state and therefore the energy of the particle is
1
5
E 2 = 2 + h = h
2
2
(b) The expectation value is found from
*2 x 2 2
=A
=A
(
2
x 1 2x
= A2
(x

(1 2x )exp 2 x
2
2 2
2
2
x 1 2x exp x dx
) exp( x )dx = A x (1 2x ) exp( x )dx
2 2
2 2
) (
4x 4 + 4 2 x 6 exp x 2 dx
We now evaluate the three integral using integral tables. (see the following website
http://integrals.wolfram.com/index.jsp)
31
exp x 2 dx =
x 4 exp x 2 dx =
x 6 exp x 2 dx =
32
3
8 5 2
15
16 7 2
so collecting terms gives
=A
(x
) (
4x 4 + 4 2 x 6 exp x 2 dx

3
15
3
15
1
= A 2 3 2 4 5 2 + 4 2
= A2 3 2 3 2 + 3 2
72
8
16
2
4
4
4
1 6 15 5 2
A
+ =
3 2 4 4 4 2 3 2
Finally, substituting the normalization constant for the n = 2 state gives
= A2
5
2 3 2
5
A = 3 2
2
2
= 5 1 = 5 = 5 h
2
2 2!
2 3 2 8 16 3 2 16 m
1
5 h
=
16 k
Problem 21
Using the fact that the commutator [x , p] = ih , evaluate the following commutators:
1
(i) [p, x ] , (ii) x 2 , p , (iii) x , p 2 , (iv) , p 2 .
x
(i) [p, x ] = px xp = ih x x ih = ih + x
= ih
x
x
x
x
So [p, x ] = ih
Alternatively we could use the fact that [A,B] = AB BA = -BA-AB = -[B,A].
So [p, x ] = [x , p] = ih
(ii)
x 2 , p = x 2 p px 2 = x 2 p pxx = x 2 p (xpx + xpx ) pxx = x 2 p xpx + (xp px )x
[ ]
[ ]
= x 2 p xpx + [x, p]x = x 2 p xpx + ihx = xxp xpx + ihx = x (xp px ) + ihx
= x[x, p] + ihx = xih + ihx = 2ihx
(iii) Similarly,
x, p 2 = xp 2 p 2 x = xpp pxp + pxp p 2 x = (xp px )p + pxp p 2 x = [x, p]p + pxp p 2 x
= [x, p]p + pxp ppx = [x, p]p + p(xp px ) = [x, p]p + p[x, p] = ihp + ihp = 2ihp
32
(iv) This one is a little harder so we will expand the commutator brackets
2

now p 2 = ih ih = h 2 2 using the definition of the linear momentum
x
x x
operator, Then
2
2
1 2
1 2 2 1
2 1 1
2 2
,
p
p
p
h
x
x x x x
x
2
1 1
1 2 1 1
2 1
h
+
= h 2 2
2 2 +
x x
x x x x
x x x x x x x
1 2 1 1
1 1 2
+
= h 2 2 +

x x x x 2 x 2 x x x x x x 2
h2
1 i
h
1
1
= h 2 2 3 + 2 2
=
2
2h 2 2 p = 2 3 {h ixp}
3
x h
x x
x
x
x
Problem 22
Determine the expectation value of the position and momentum of a harmonic oscillator
in the first excited (n = 1) state.
1 (s ) = N 1 2s exp s 2 2
14
km
h
14
14
h2
h2
s dx =
then x =
km ds
km
The expectation value of x is given by
1* x1dx
=N 12
12
h2
km
4s
( )
exp s 2 ds
where we have changed the variable of integration from x to s

12
12
h2 1 2
-
2
s
x1=
4s exp s ds = km 2 e s + 1 = 0 , since e =0
1 (s ) = N 1 2s exp s 2 2
N 12
h2
km
( )
2
N 12
14
km
h
14
14
h2
h2
then x =
s dx = km ds
km
33
p1=
=
=
1*p1dx
ihN 12
12
ihN 12
12
ihN 12
12
12
=N 12
h2
km
d ds
2
2
2s exp( s 2) ih ds dx 2s exp( s 2)ds
ds
2
2
2
2s exp( s 2)(2 2s )exp( s 2) dx ds
h2
km
14
3
2
(4s 4s )exp( s )ds
h 2 km
2
km h
14
h 2 km
2
=
h
km
since e- =0
[ 2e
s 2
)]
+ 2e s s 2 + 1
=0
Problem 23
Determine the expectation value of the kinetic energy of a harmonic oscillator in the first
excited (n = 1) state.
1 (s ) = N 1 2s exp s 2 2
14
km
where N1 is the normalization constant and s = 2
h
14
14
h2
h2
s dx =
then x =
km ds
km
The expectation value of the kinetic energy is given by
2
2
1dx =N12 2s exp s 2 2 h d d ds 2s exp s 2 2 ds
K 1 = 1* K
2m ds ds dx
12
km
= N 12 2
h
= N12
= N12
h2 d2
2
2
2
s
exp
s
2
2m ds 2 2s exp s 2 ds
12
h 2 km
2m h 2
d
2
2
2
2s exp( s 2) ds (2 2s )exp( s 2)ds
12
h 2 km
2m h 2
12
2
3
2
2s exp( s 2)( 6s + 2s )exp( s 2)ds
12
12
2
h 2 km
3h k
2 h km
=

2 =
2 3 6 = 3 N1
2m h
4m h
4 m
Where we have evaluated the normalization constant from
1
Nn =
1 4 2 n n!
N 12
3
h
4
34
Problem 24
Consider a system whose state is given in terms of three eigenfunctions of the
system,1, 2, 3, as
3
2
2
=
1 + 2 +
3
3
3
3
a) verify that is normalised
b) Calculate the probability of finding the system in any one of the states 1, 2 and 3.
c) Verify that the total probability is one
d) Consider now a collection of 810 identical systems, all in the same state . If
measurements are made on each system, how many will be found in each of the states
1, 2 and 3.
a) We use the orthonormality condition i j = ij , where i and j = 1, 2 and 3 we can
verify that
2
2
2
3
3 4 2
2
3 3 = + + = 1
=
1 1 + 2 2 +
9 9 9
3
3
3
b) Since is normalised the probability of finding the system in the state i is
Pi = i
P1 = 1
using this expression we find

2
2
3
=
1 3
1 1 + 1 2 +
3
3
3
P2 = 2
2
2
3
=
2 3
2 1 + 2 2 +
3
3
3
P3 = 2
3
2
2
3 1 + 3 2 +
3 3
=
3
3
3
1
2
2
3
=
1 + 0 +
0 =
3
3
3
3
2
4
2
2
3
=
0 + 1 +
0 =
9
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
=
0+ 0+
1 =
3
3
3
9
c) As expected the total probability is
1 4 2
+ + =1
3 9 9
d) the number of systems that will be found in the state 1 is
P = P1 + P2 + P3 =
N1 = 810 P1 = 810
1
= 270
3
similarly,
N 2 = 810 P2 = 810
4
= 360
9
and
N 3 = 810 P3 = 810
2
= 180 .
9
Problem 25
A particle of mass m is confined in an infinite potential well of width a. At time t = 0 the
wavefunction of the particle is
A
3
1
x
3x
5x
(x ,0) =
sin +
sin
sin
+
5a
5a
a
a
a
a
35
a) Find A so that the wavefunction (x,0) is normalised.

b) If measurements of the energy are carried out, what are the values that will be found
and what are their corresponding probabilities.
c) Calculate the average energy of the system at t = 0.
d) Find the wavefunction (x,t) at any later time t.
Since the particle is in an infinite potential well, the eigenfunctions of this system are
nx
n (x ) = a2 sin
a
and these eigenfunctions are orthonormal, that is, i j = ij , so we can write the
wavefunction at time t = 0 as
1
3
1
3
A
x
3x
5x A
5
3 +
1 +
sin
sin
sin +
(x ,0 ) =
+
=
10
10
5a
5a
2
a
a
a
a
the normalisation condition then gives
A2
3
1
A2 3 1
6
a) =
1 1 +
3 3 +
5 5 =
+ +
=1
A=
2
10
10
2 10 10
5
so the correctly normalised wavefunction is
3
3
1
(x ,0 ) =
1 +
3 +
5
5
10
10
b) The expectation value of the Hamiltonian (energy operator) for the particle when it is
in the nth state is:
a
h 2 d 2
*
En = n H n = n
dx
2m dx 2 n
0
and we know that

2
2
2 2 2
h2 d2
2 nx n 2 2 h 2
n = h d 2 sin nx = n h
sin
n
=
2m dx 2 a
2m dx 2
a
a
a
2ma 2
2ma 2
then
2 2 2
2 2 2 a
2
2
a
= * h d dx = n h * dx = n h
En = n H
n n
n
n
2 n
2ma 2 0
2ma 2
0
2m dx
since the eigenfunctions are orthonormal.
If a measurement is carried out on the system we would obtain an energy
2
n 2 2h 2
with a corresponding probability of Pn (E n ) = n . Since the initial
En =
2
2ma
wavefunction contains only three eigenstates of H, the results of energy measurements
with their corresponding probabilities are:
2 2
3
= h ;
E1 = 1 H
P1 (E1 ) = 1 =
1
2
5
2ma
2 2
= 9 h ;
E3 = 3 H
3
2ma 2
P3 (E 3 ) = 3 =
3
10
36
2 2
1
= 25 h ;
(
)
=
=
E5 = 5 H
P
E
5
5
5
5
10
2ma 2
note that the probability of finding the particle in any other state is zero, so the
probability of measuring any other value for the energy is zero.
The average energy is
1 2 h 2 29 2 h 2
3
3
1
3
6
E = Pn E n = E1 + E 3 + E 5 = + .9 + 25
=
5
10
10
10 2ma 2 10ma 2
10 10
n
c) the wavefnction at any time t later than t = 0 is found by putting in the appropriate
time dependence factors:
1
3
3
iE t
iE t
iE t
5 (x ) exp 5
1 (x ) exp 1 +
3 (x ) exp 3 +
(x , t ) =
h
h
10
5
10
h
where the values of En are given above.

Problem 26
A particle of mass m is confined in an infinite potential well of width a.
At time t = 0 the wavefunction of the particle is
= A
where A is a constant.
b) Find an expression for the wavefunction at any later time t
c) If measurements are carried out on this system at time t = 0, what is the probability that
the particle will be found in the (i) n = 1, (ii) n = 2 and (iii) n = 5 state.
d) Calculate the average energy of the system at t = 0.
(a) Normalisation
L
1
2
2
(x,0) dx = 1 A dx = 1 A 2 L = 1 A =
L
0
(b) We can write the wavefunction at any time t as a linear expansion of the
eigenfunctions:
iE t
(x, t ) = c n n ( x ) exp n
h
n
where the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues for a particle in a box are given by
n 2 2h 2
2
nx
and
En =
sin
n (x) =
L L
2mL2
the coefficients cn, are given by
c n = n =
2
nx
sin
Adx =
L L
2
nx
A sin
dx
L
L
The result of the integral is
37
2
nx
A sin
dx =
L
L
cn =
2 L nx
A cos
L n L 0
2 L
2 L
2 L
A [cos(n ) 1] =
A [1 cos(n )] =
A 1 ( 1) n
L n
L n
L n
and substituting the value for A determined in part a gives
2 2
2 L
for n odd
n
cn =
1 ( 1) = n
2
L n
0
for n even
So the wavefunction at any later time t is given by

iE t
iE t
2 2 2
n
c ( x ) exp n =
sin x exp n
(x, t ) =
n n
n L L
h
h
n
n odd
Note that the dimensions of (x) are correct.
=
(c) The probability of finding the particle at position x at tine t = 0 is given by

2 2 2
for n odd
Pn = c 2n = n
for n even
0
therefore
2
P1 =
c12
2 2
= 0.811
=
P2 = c 22 = 0 since n is even
2
2 2
= 0.032
P5 = =
5
(d) The average energy is found from
c 52
E avg = P1E1 + P2 E 2 + P3 E 3 + P4 E 4 + ... = Pn E n = c n E n

n
2
2 2 n 2 2 h 2
=
n
2mL2
n odd
Problem 27
A particle of mass m is confined in an infinite potential well of width L. At time t = 0 the
( ) = Ax
x,0
38
c) If measurements are carried out on this system at time t = 0, what is the probability
that the particle will be found in the (i) n = 1, (ii) n = 2 and (iii) n = 5 state.
(a) Normalisation
L
3
L3
2
2
(x,0) dx = 1 A x 2 dx = 1 A 2
=1 A =
3
L3
eigenfunctions:
iE t
(x, t ) = c n n ( x ) exp n
h
n
n 2 2h 2
2
nx
and
En =
sin
n (x) =
L L
2mL2
L
cn = n =
2
nx
sin
Axdx =
L L
2
nx
A x sin
dx
L
L
Either integrate pay parts or look up integral tables to evaluate the integral. The result is
L
2
2 L
nx
cn =
A x sin
A
dx =
L
L n 22
L
nx
nx
L sin
nx cos

L
L 0
2 L
( nL cos(n )) = 2 A 2L 2 nL(1) n
A
2
2
L n
L n
and substituting the value for A determined in part A gives

2
L
6 L
6
cn =
nL(1) n =
A 2 2 nL(1) n =
(1) n
4
2
2
L n
n
L n
iE t
iE t
(1) n 12 n
(x , t ) =
c n n ( x ) exp n =
sin x exp n
h
h
n
L
L
n
n
Note that the dimensions of (x) are correct.
(c) The probability of finding the particle at position x at tine t = 0 is given by
=
6
6
=
Pn =
(1) n = 2 2
n
n
therefore
c 2n
39
P1 = c12 =
P2 = c 22 =
P5 = c 52 =
6
2
6
= 0.608
= 0.152
4 2
6
25 2
= 0.024

2

n
n h
2 2
2
n =0 n 2mL
n =
2 2 2
Problem 28
A particle of mass m is confined in an infinite potential well of width L. At time t = 0 the
( ) = Ax(L - x)
x,0
c) If measurements are carried out on this system at time t = 0, what is the probability that
the particle will be found in the (i) n = 1, (ii) n = 2 and (iii) n = 5 state.
(a) Normalisation
L
L
2
(x,0) dx = 1 A 2 x 2 (L x )2 dx = 1 A 2 x 2 L2 2Lx 3 + x 4 dx = 1
0
L
5
5
5
x3
L5 L5 L5
x 4 x 5
2
2
= 1 A 2 10L 15L + 6L = 1
L 2L
A
+
= 1 A2
+
3
3
30
4
5
2
5
30
30
L5
= 1 A = 30
A2
30
L5
eigenfunctions:
iE t
(x, t ) = c n n ( x ) exp n
h
n
40
2
nx
sin
and
L L
n (x) =
cn = n =
2
nx
sin
Ax(L x )dx =
L L
2
nx
A x (L x )sin
dx =
L
L
En =
n 2 2h 2
2mL2
L
2
nx
A x (L x )sin
dx
L
L
2
nx
nx
2
A xL sin
x sin
dx
L
L
L
Look up integrals in integral tables.

L
L2
L2
nx
nx
(
)
( 1)n
L sin
x
cos
cos
n

n
n
L
L 0
L
nx
x sin
dx = 2 2
L
n
L 2
nx
nx
nx
2 2 2
x sin
dx = 3 3 2L n x cos
+ 2Lnx sin

L
L
L 0
n
0
L
[(
[(
L3
L3
= 3 3 2 n 2 2 cos(n ) 2 = 3 3 2 n 2 2 (1) n 2
n
n
Collect terms together
2 L3
L3
cn =
A ( 1)n + 3 3 2 n 2 2 (1) n 2
L n
[(
[(
2 L3
L3
A ( 1)n + 3 3 2 n 2 2 (1) n 2
L n
n
2 2L3
60 2L3
4 15
n
n
A 3 3 1 (1) n =
=
3 3 1 (1) = 3 3 1 (1)
6
L n
n
L n
So we see that
for n even
0
c n = 8 15
for n odd
3 3
n
iE n t
iE t
8
30 n
(x , t ) =
c n n ( x ) exp n =
sin
x
exp
3 3
L
L
h
h
n odd
n
(c) The probability that the particle will be found in the nth state is
for n even
0
2
Pn = c 2n = 8 15
3 3 for n odd
n
=
41
so
2
P1 =
c12
8 15
= 3 = 0.998

P2 = c 22 = 0 since n is even
2
8 15
=
= 6.45 10 5
P5 =
3
125
c 52

n
8 15 n 2 2 h 2
=
n 3 3
2mL2
n odd
Problem 29
Calculate the commutators [L z , x ], [L z , y], [L z , z ], where Lz is the z-componet of the
angular momentum and px, py and pz are the x, y, and z components of the linear
momentum.
Recall the definition of Lz: Lz = xpy - ypx then
[L z , x ] = xp y ypx , x = (xp y ypx )x x (xp y ypx )
= xp y x yp x x xxp y + xyp x = xxp y ypx x xxp y + yxp x = yp x x + yxp x
= y[x, p x ] = ihy
similarly
[L z , y] = xp y ypx , y = (xp y ypx )y y(xp y ypx )
= xp y y yp x y yxp y + yypx = xp y y yypx xyp y + yypx = xp y y xyp y
= x p y , y = ihx
and finally
[L z , z ] = xp y ypx , z = (xp y ypx )z z (xp y ypx )
= xp y z ypx z zxp y + zyp x = 0

Problem 30
Suppose that an electron in the hydrogen atom is in a state characterised by the angular
momentum quantum numbers l and ml. Show that, although in such a state neither Lx nor
Ly is well defined, Lx2 + Ly2 is well defined. Express the value of the latter quantity in
terms of l and ml.
We know that the wavefunction n,l,m, of the hydrogen atom is an eigenfunction of both
the L2 operator and the Lz operator, that is,
L2 n ,l,m = l(l + 1)h 2 n ,l,m and L z n ,l,m = m l h n ,l,m
We can write
L2 = L2x + L2y + L2z L2x + L2y = L2 L2z
42
Thus
L2x + L2y n ,l,m = L2 L2z n ,l,m = l(l + 1)h 2 n ,l,m m l2 h 2 n ,l,m = l(l + 1) m l2 h 2 n ,l,m
Thus, although n,l,m, is not an eigenfunction of the Lx and Ly operators, it is an

eigenfunction of the L2x + L2y operator and the corresponding eigenvalue is
(l(l + 1) m )h
2
l
43

CA Solution Set 2

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PS301

The solution to Schrodingers equation will be of the form

We combine these to find the logarithmic derivative to get

= tan(ka ) for even solutions.

= cot an(ka ) for odd solutions.

We can evaluate the exponent in the tan and cotan functions

2 9.11 10 31 kg E 1.609 10 19 J .eV 1

where the energy is in units of eV.

From this we see that the even solutions are at energies of

Next we calculate the solutions for the odd functions given by

From this we see that the even solutions is at

= cot an (ka ) for even solutions and

= tan (ka ) for odd solutions and

Cotan(kx) and sqrt(U/E-1)

So the energy of this state is E = 0.888 eV

So there is a solution at E = 1.815 eV

while the even solutions are obtained from

We can evaluate the exponent in the tan and cotan functions

2 9.11 10 31 kg E 1.609 10 19 J .eV 1

where the energy is in units of eV.

Even (cotan) solutions

From EXCEL Tables we see that there are solutions at

a) Sketch this potential

Region II: = Ce ik2x + De ik2x

a) Sketch this potential

b) Schrdinger Equation (for E > U0)

c) Form of the solutions for E > U0:

Region II: = Ce ik2x + De ik2x

a) Sketch this potential

b) Schrdinger Equation (for E > U0)

a) Sketch this potential

b) Schrdinger Equation (for E < U0)

Region III: III = Ce ik2x + De ik2x

a) Sketch this potential

b) Schrdinger Equation (for E < U0)

Region III: III = Ce ik2x + De ik2x

substituting for D in equations (1) and (2)

(2) k 1A k 1B = k 2 C + Ce 2ik 2 L = k 2 C 1 + e 2ik 2L

( 2ik 1 sin k 2 L 2k 2 cos k 2 L )

( 2ik 1 sin k 2 L + 2k 2 cos k 2 L )

(k 2 cos k 2 L + ik 1 sin k 2 L ) (k 2 + ik 1 tan k 2 L )

The reflection coefficient R is then

(k + ik 1 tan k 2 L ) (k 2 + ik 1 tan k 2 L ) (k 2 ik 1 tan k 2 L )

(d) In region (2) the solution is

therefore the probability that the electron is at L/2 is

Find the reflection and Transmission coefficients for this particle.

(a) Sketch of the Potential given:

First write down the Schrdinger equation in each region

The solutions to the Schrdinger equation in regions I and III are

III = Fe ik1x = Incident wave from region II

2ik1A = (ik1 + ik 2 )C + (ik1 ik 2 )D

Now substitute for C and D in the last equation

+ ik 2 )e -ik 2L + (ik1 ik 2 ) (ik 2 ik1 )e ik 2L Fe ik1L

+ ik 2 )2 e -ik 2L (ik 2 ik1 )2 e ik 2L Fe ik1L

+ ik 2 )2 e -ik 2L (ik 2 ik1 )2 e ik2 L

The transmission coefficient T, is given by T =

P exp 2 (x )dx = exp 2

First evaluate the integral

Let u = L-x then du = -dx so the integral becomes

The tunneling probability is then

P exp 2 (x )dx = exp

3 1.05 10 34 J.s 25 1.602 10

= exp( 3.07 ) = 4.65 10 2