C Centrifugal if lP Pumps as T Turbines: bi

A Review of Technology and Applications

Arthur Williams University of Nottingham (School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering)

C Centrifugal if lP Pumps as T Turbines: bi

A Review of Technology and Applications
Themes: Th 1. Improved Prediction using Cordier Diagram 2. Applications in Water Industry & Rural Development

Typical pump and Pump as Turbine (PAT) curves

18 16 14 12 Hea ad (m) 10 8 6 2000 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 Flow ( (litre/s) ) 40 50 60 1000 0 Turbine power (W) 7000 6000

PAT Head Pump best efficiency: 72% Eff. 73% PAT Power

5000 4000 3000

End-suction centrifugal pump with 4-pole motor

Pump as Turbine (PAT) efficiencies can be as good as pump mode but not always
1.15 1.1 1 05 1.05 PAT:P Pump efficie ency ratio 1 0.95 09 0.9 0.85 Double suction pumps 0.8 0.75 10 100 Pump Specific Speed (Nq - metric units - logarithmic scale) 1000 Cylindrical volute pump

+/- 5%
>2% lower efficiency +/- 2% % efficiency y >2% higher efficiency

Using dimensionless parameters for PAT performance prediction

90 80 70 Specif fic Speed Specific Speed 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 SpecificDiameter 5 6 7
EndsuctionPumps EndsuctionPATs PumpsPSingh PATsPSingh PumpTrend PATTrend

SpecificDiameter

Turbine and Pump Specific Speeds

80 Nqt
P Singh's Data

60

P Singh Trendline

40

Linear Correlation

20

Nqp 0 0 20 40 60 80 100

Specific Speed of PAT is not = Specific Speed of Pump

Turbine and Pump Specific Speeds

80 60 40 20 0 0

Nqt

End suction pumps End-suction P Singh's Data P Singh Trendline

Outside +/- 3% error range

Nqp 20 40 60 80 100

Cordier Diagram for Pumps and PATs

100
EndsuctionPumps EndsuctionPATs

SpecificSpeed( (logscale)

Pumps(PSingh) PATs(PSingh) PumpTrend PATTrend UnusualPumps UnusualPATs

A conclusion: Trend lines should h ld be b based b d on similar designs of pump

Specific Diameter (log scale)
10 1 10

DHsupply Control Valve

EnergyRecovery Applications

PATusedindistrictheating(DH)

CirculationPump

Approx.1kWunit

Preventsheatingfrom closingdownineventof electricsupplyfailure

PAT
(Wollerstrand&Fredericksen, LundUniversity,2008)

DHreturn

HeatExchanger

Applications in Water Industry

13 kW energy recovery unit in Switzerland. Advantages quoted: Less surge than Pelton in case of loss of mains Easier maintenance and quicker delivery of parts

Applications in Water Industry

ControlofPressure=> FlowReductionof25%
0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 24.00 Time of Day (Graph from J Thornton, 2003)

Applications in Water Industry

SignificantPressureReductionNeeded

Time of Day >

Could be achieved by valve and PAT in parallel

Applications in Water Industry

Example from www.atb-becker.com (Austria)

Positive displacement PAT from Zeropex (Norway)

Typical system with valve and PAT in parallel

Applications in Rural Electrification

turbine projects on the Thai/Burma border area from 3 kW to 10 kW in capacity, and all produce power at expected levels levels.

Border Green Energy have built six village Pump-as-

(Mae Wei, Thailand)

Applications in Rural Electrification

turbines among their turbine options and have installed several in Indonesia. These projects use an electronic load controller designed by Dr Nigel Smith for use with offgrid asynchronous (induction) generators.

Heksa Prakarsa Teknik include Pumps-as-

Conclusions:

1. Pump-as-Turbine prediction is better with Cordier plot 2. Similar Designs of pumps will have similar PAT trends 3. Useful for pump manufacturers (in combination with CFD to identify effects of geometry in turbine operation)

Conclusions:

1. Pump-as-Turbine prediction is better with Cordier plot 2. Similar Designs of pumps will have similar PAT trends 3. Useful for pump manufacturers 4. Energy recovery applications in Water Supply & District Heating 5 Widespread 5. Wid d use possible ibl in i Rural R l Electrification El t ifi ti