Fiber based Mach-Zehnder interferometric structures: principles and

required characteristics for efficient modulation format conversion

G. Ducournau
*
, O. Latry and M. Ktata
IUT-LEMI Laboratory, University of Rouen
Rue Lavoisier, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France

ABSTRACT

Since new modulation schemes have become a great center of interest, Mach-Zehnder fiber fused interferometers (MZI)
became necessary to ensure the direct detection (DD) from phase modulated signals, like DPSK (Differential Phase
Shift Keying) or DQPSK. As these modulation schemes are very interesting in optical transmissions due to their
capabilities, MZIs cannot be overlooked in the future optical links. In this paper, we review the base principles for using
MZI as DPSK demodulators, and the major characteristics associated to these devices. In order to evaluate the minimal
characteristics required for efficient modulation format conversion, we propose some numerical simulation results.
Based on these results, we depicted a new fabrication process for the realization of MZIs by adiabatic stretching of one
of the interferometers arm. This is carried out by a CO
2
laser, and the fabrication major points that must be respected
are discussed. After review the MZI thermal dependency mechanism, the last part presents the experimental results
obtained for the quantification of MZI temperature control accuracy needed for its utilization as an 43 Gbit/s PSBT
(Phase Shaped Binary Transmission) encoder.

1. INTRODUCTION

Since the beginning of optical communications, the most simple modulation format has been wide employed in optical
links. This format is called the OOK (On Off Keying). With the increases in bit rates, in number of optical channels
used for the DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) configurations, and the augmentation of power in each
channel, the differential phase shift keying (DPSK) format shows better performances, justifying the interest for using
this format in optical communications
1,2
. When using DPSK modulation scheme, optical passives components like
Mach Zehnder Interferometers are required to decode the optical signals. The MZIs are placed just before the
photodetection stage and therefore their characteristics must be stable along the time. After giving the major
characteristics of MZI devices and reviewing their utilization in optical transmitters (PSBT) or receivers (DPSK), we
focus on the determination of the performance requirements for the MZIs used as DPSK demodulators and the
packaging of such structures, more precisely for the needed temperature stabilization accuracy ensuring no BER (Bit
Error Rate) fluctuations after the decision devices. In last part, experimental results obtained with a real 43 Gbit/s PSBT
transmission system dealing with the temperature control accuracy needed for MZI are discussed.

2. THE MZI STRUCTURE: IDEAL AND PRACTICAL CASES

2.1 Base principles of MZI operation
MZIs structures are composed of two 3 dB optical couplers, and a phase shifter device
3
. The phase shifter device applies
a time delay T to the electrical field, by applying a supplementary propagation length L in one arm of the MZI. The
phase shift is then given by = .L = .T where is the propagation constant and T the differential delay. Simple
interferometric considerations in ideal case lead to the MZI transmission, given by
) ( cos
2

(
) ( sin
2

) in constructive
(destructive) ports. These structures are characterized by their temporal add and delay function, ensuring the DPSK
demodulation operation
3
: the summation of the DPSK optical signal and the same delayed by the bit-duration T
b
. More
precisely, temporal transfer function is x(t) + x(t-T
b
) in constructive port and x(t) x(t-T
b
) in the destructive one. The
cosine (sine) response of MZI is described with the two classical parameters: the Free Spectral Range (FSR), which is
the spectral periodicity of the MZI, and the isolation ratio (dB) which represents the interference contrast factor at the
output of the interferometer.

*
guillaume.ducournau@univ-rouen.fr; phone +(33) 2 35147178 fax +(33) 2 35146254
Passive Components and Fiber-based Devices II, edited by Yan Sun, Jianping Chen, Sang Bae Lee, Ian H. White
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6019, 60190A, (2005) 0277-786X/05/$15 doi: 10.1117/12.636753
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6019 60190A-1
- C o n s t r u c t i v e




T d B


7




The measurement of MZI spectral response can be performed with a narrow tunable laser source (typical 40 MHz
FWHM are required (Full Width Half Minimum)), and by consequence the FSR and isolation measurements can be
easily performed after signal analysis.

2.2 Practical MZI structures
MZI can be obtained by splicing commercial fused couplers and therefore this MZI suffers from some defects: as it is
composed of two optical paths, a difference between optical losses of the two arms often occurs from the splices,
leading to a reduced isolation factor. A defect in coupler coupling ratios (ideally 50/50, 3 dB) will also affect the quality
of the interferometer. These two defects modify the transfer function of the interferometer, given by (1):

) cos( . . . . . . 2 . . .
2 1 2 1
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
+ + = b b a a a b b a T
MZI
(1)

In this expression, a
i
/b
i
are the couplers coupling ratios and is the supplementary optical loss contained in the arm with
the delay line. This new transfer function leads to the modified transmission spectra for the MZI, as indicated in figure
1.










Figure 1: Transmission spectra for ideal and practical MZIs

2.3 Using MZIs for DPSK reception or PSBT encoding
The two major applications of MZIs are the DPSK detection, ensuring the frequency-to-amplitude conversion, and the
PSBT encoding. In DPSK reception devices, the MZI converts the phase modulated signal to an amplitude modulated
one, enabling the classical direct detection.

It is quite different for the PSBT systems: base PSBT principle is to encode data signal on the optical carrier using an
amplitude modulation plus a phase coding. Amplitude coding is used for ensuring simple direct detection, and phase
coding is added to increase the robustness of the PSBT to the GVD (Group Velocity Dispersion) impairments. The
PSBT effect has been reported to have the capacity to enable transmission far beyond the dispersion limit
4
. This
performance is justified by the fact that phase profile of the modulated signal limits optical pulses spreading with GVD.

2.4 Effects of MZI defects on DPSK reception
Since logical 0 are obtained with destructive interferences at the MZI outputs, a reduction of the isolation ratio leads
to a reduction of the OSNR (Optical Signal to Noise Ratio). This can be explained by the fact that the reduction of
isolation ratio increases the logical 0 power levels. The reduction of isolation ratio is also associated with an optical
loss which reduce the 1 and 0 levels. These effects lead to an increase of the BER (Bit Error Rate) at the reception.

In order to obtain efficient DPSK demodulators, the determination of the MZI required characteristics can not be
avoided. In this way, we investigate this problem by numerical simulations on DPSK transmission links in linear
regimes.

3. MINIMAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR EFFICIENT DPSK DETECTION

3.1 Simulated transmission links
3.1.1. Transmitter (Tx)
In order to evaluate the required quality for the MZI demodulation devices, we simulated data transmission with 40
Gbit/s optical links using the DPSK modulation format. The transmitter contains 16 NRZ-DPSK OC-768 channels (40
Infinite isolation
Finite isolation




T
dB
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6019 60190A-2

5 0

4 5 . 3 6 2 1 1 . 3 7

4 . 5


m j ( k )
_ / x N ( N s P a n s )

M Z M O / 1 8 O
- /
1

/ G a u s s i a n

-
P h o t o - d i d

H
( N H I I I J L I H

Gbit/s), 200 GHz spaced, from 192 to 195 THz (C-band). Optical carriers are gaussian lasers with a 10 MHz FWHM.
Data flow is generated by a PRBS (Pseudo Random Binary Sequence) generator (2
9
bits sequence). NRZ pulse shape is
gaussian with 10 %.T
b
rise/fall times.
DPSK signal is obtained with a MZM (Mach-Zehnder Modulator) biased at extinction point. The MZM operates in a
push-pull configuration to reduce the chirp
5
and it is characterized with a 30 dB extinction ratio.

3.1.2. Propagation line
The transmission line is composed of a pre-compensation stage, a recirculating loop (50 km/span) and a post-
compensation stage to maintain the residual dispersion D.L at 0 ps/nm at the end of the line. The values chosen for the
pre and post-compensation D.L correspond to an optimal GVD (Group Velocity Dispersion) compensation
6
. The in-line
residual dispersion is equal to D.L
res
= 20.03 ps/nm, thus giving the lengths of the fiber (the SMF fiber is characterized
by D
1
= 17 ps/nm.km and the DCF verifies D
2
= -161.95 ps/nm.km). Dispersion slope coefficients are adjusted for the
whole 16 channels grid compensation. Each propagation loop is loss compensated by an EDFA (11.37 dB gain) with a
4.5 dB noise figure.

3.1.3. Reception device (Rx)
The reception stage is first composed of a gaussian optical filter (80 GHz band pass) for the WDM channel separation.
After that, the MZI filter converts the optical DPSK to an NRZ-OOK. The two MZI outputs (constructive and
destructive) are used in a balanced detection scheme, for OSNR augmentation (theoretically 3 dB
5
).




















Figure 2: Transmission system: Tx, Propagation loop and Rx

Non optimal MZI filters suffer from defects located in figure 3: presence of a differential optical loss in upper arm and
time delay T not equal to the bit duration T
b
. Our purpose is to determine the maximal defects leading to an 0.25 dB
degraded Q-factor. It corresponds for example to an increase in BER from 10
-10
to the conventional limit 10
-9
without
FEC (Forward Error Correction). Note that here, we use the conventional Q-factor in the gaussian noise assumption, and
therefore all simulated links work in the linear propagation regime. As Q-factor is under-estimated in these cases
7
, this
criteria is sufficient to ensure a good quality for demodulation.

3.2. Results
We reported in table 1 the simulation results obtained. It appears that the delay error (delay error
%
= 1-T/T
b
) must
remain below 1.8 % to limit eye degradations. This tolerance can be easily linked to the FSR tolerance, as FSR =
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6019 60190A-3


N o n


- B a l a n c e d

U
4 0

I T U

2 , 4



3 9 , . . .


I T U C - 1

M a x .
2 T H z

%
.FSR, leading to an 1.8 % precise FSR. We also found that minimal isolation required after 900 km propagation is
12.1 dB. This value ensures that the OSNR of the DPSK demodulated signal will be sufficient to avoid eye degradation
at the reception.













Figure 3: Defects located in the DPSK reception device

As the isolation is linked with the upper arm insertion loss (
dB
) and with defects in coupling ratios (a
i
/b
i
), it is
interesting to link the minimal isolation required to the maximal optical loss acceptable in the MZI. Assuming ideal
couplers (50/50 coupling ratios), we found an allowable loss in upper arm of 2.2 dB. This result will have a direct
impact on the MZI fabrication: the maximal differential loss between arms will have to be less than 2.2 dB.





Table 1: Required characteristics for the MZI used as DPSK demodulator (at 0,25 dB Q penalty)

3.3. FSR precision required in WDM operation
As DPSK modulation format is well used in WDM configurations
8
, the MZI must be operational for multiple
wavelengths. Therefore, the tolerance on the FSR precision has to be reconsidered for an MZI working on a ITU WDM
grid. For example, lets consider an MZI centered in the 193.4 THz channel (ITU C-25) with a 39.92 GHz FSR (
%
=
0.2 % with OC-768). It is easy to show that the ITU C-49 channel (195.8 THz) will not be operational: first, ITU C-49
and ITU C-25 are separated by 2.4 THz = 60*40 GHz. As the MZIs FSR is equal to 39.92 GHz, the frequency shift
between the MZI peak and the ITU C-49 channel will be 60*0.08 GHz = 4.8 GHz as shown in figure 4. Finally, the C-
49 channel will suffer from 1 dB insertion loss (I.L.) and the BER will be higher than in the C-25 channel.













Figure 4: Effect of a non precise FSR (
%
0) on the adjacent WDM channels demodulation: a insertion loss (I.L.) appears, due to
the difference between ITU frequency and MZI local transmission peak
Link length (km) 0 300 600 900
Isolation min (dB) 25 13.8 12.1 12.1
Delay error (%) 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.2
0 dB
= 0 dB
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6019 60190A-4


The limitation of the adjacent channels insertion loss can be obtained by an accurate FSR, equivalent to a very small
value for
%
. Values as small as 0.05 % lead to a satisfying demodulation on the whole ITU C-grid. To conclude with
this aspect, a 0.05 % tolerance for the FSR leads to an FSR accuracy equals to 0.0005*40 = 20 MHz. This value is
suitable to avoid insertion loss the channel located at the extremities.

4. MZI FABRICATION WITH ADIABATIC FIBER STRECHING

The MZI devices are very sensitive to mechanical constraints: mechanical stresses make the light polarization fluctuate
randomly inside the MZI, and this increases the output power fluctuations and the PMD of the device. For this reason, it
is fundamental to have the lowest mechanical stresses in the packaged component. This means that the delay line of the
MZI must be adjusted to the bit-time period T
b
before packaging, and it is preferable to avoid mechanical systems for
delay line tuning.

We investigated this problem and our purpose is to adjust the delay line of the MZI to the bit time ratio. We use the
principle that a fiber can be stretched (taper) with a low optical loss if the adiabaticity criteria
9
is respected. This criteria
says that a non-abrupt reduction of the fiber core diameter can produce a non-loss coupling between propagation modes,
leading to non-loss tapers. By stretching one of the two arms (a non loss taper is created in one arm), the delay can be
adjusted to any value without isolation ratio degradation.

In order to stretch the fiber without loss, it is also important to respect a power heating limitation: if the energy used to
heat the fiber before stretching is too high, core dopants can diffuse in the cladding, leading to modified propagation
modes, and optical losses for the fundamental one (LP01).

The system used for fiber stretching is composed of a CO
2
power laser focused on the fiber core (beam diameter at
focus point 1.5 mm). The fiber is mounted on a motorized translation stage (2 motors) controlled with a micrometer
precision. The fiber is first heat at constant speed, then one of the two motors decelerates to produce the stretching.

The non-loss stretching experiments lead us to highlight several important points: first, we introduce a heating energy
coefficient,
et
, defined by the ratio (Laser power)/(fiber linear speed). According to this definition,
et
is expressed in
J/m, and corresponds to the energy used for stretching. We observe that
et
must not be smaller than 0.015 J/m on
pain of non stretching or broking fiber. The value
et
= 0.025 J/m gave interesting results, with a low loss level (< 0.38
dB), as indicated by figure 5.

It is important to note that this result has been obtained by a mechanical adjustment of the motor accelerations. High
accelerations lead to a local reduction of fibers diameter, equivalent to a non adiabatic taper, leading to supplementary
optical losses. The ratio (speed /acceleration) = 40 s gives satisfying results and has been used for the transmission
spectra presented in figure 5.














Figure 5: Transmission spectra of a stretched fiber


-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
Wavelength (nm)
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6019 60190A-5


We can conclude that fiber stretching with very low loss (0.38 dB) has been demonstrated, therefore the MZI delay can
be adjusted with this method. The delay adjustment takes place without large reduction of the isolation ratio: a
differential arm loss under 1 dB has been obtained. This ensures a minimum of 25 dB isolation ratio, which is suitable
for DPSK transmission according to table 1. We currently work on the precise control on stretching lengths for accurate
control on FSR adjustment.

5. MZI THERMAL DRIFT

As the MZI are fiber interferometers, Mach-Zehnder interferometers have a high dependence to thermal fluctuations.
The quantification of this dependence leads to the definition of the drift coefficient, used to quantify the spectral shift
of the transmission peaks with temperature (GHz/C). As new modulation formats (DPSK, PSBT) use the MZI at its
transmission peaks, a high accurate stabilization of the MZI is required to ensure the perfect alignment between MZI
transmission peak and ITU channel. Therefore, the determination of this drift coefficient is necessary.

5.1 Origins of the thermal MZI drift
When the interferometer is in a variable temperature environment, two effects will induce a frequency shift on the
transmission spectra: the thermo-optic effect and the thermal expansion effect. The thermo-optic effect modifies the
value of core index, resulting in a variation of the effective index n
eff
. Thermal expansion implies a phase variation
induced with the differential length variation L. The variation of differential phase between the two arms obtained by
these effects is finally given by (2).

dT L L n
t eff
. . . . .
. 2
) ( + =

(2)

In (2),
t
is the thermal expansion coefficient and n
eff
is the effective index variation due to the thermo-optic effect, and
dT is the temperature variation acquired by the MZI.

5.2 Calculus of the drift coefficient
The variation of the differential phase ) ( leads to a frequency peak fluctuation. For a 2. variation on ) ( , the
MZI peak frequency shift is equal to the FSR value. The study of
) (
evolution with temperature for a 40 GHz FSR
makes appear a 22.55 C periodicity, therefore 1 C corresponds to an 1.77 GHz shift. This gives the numerical value
for the drift coefficient: 1.77 GHz/C. For a 50 GHz FSR (suitable for PSBT encoding with WDM grid compliance), the
drift coefficient is 1.45 GHz/C.

The thermal drift coefficients show that the MZI can not be used without temperature stabilization, as the normalization
standards require components available from 5 C to +70 C. Recent researches propose MZI with a reduced thermal
drift coefficient
10
. This is obtained by a local modification of the thermo-optic coefficient produced with U.V.
irradiation of hydrogenated fibers. Such techniques have not been tested in transmission experiments yet and
comparison with classical MZIs has not been realized. As a thermal stabilization for standard SMF 28 MZIs is required,
the thermal stabilization accuracy must be determined in order to propose operational devices.

6. REQUIRED TEMPERATURE STABILISATION ACCURACY FOR EFFICIENT FORMAT
CONVERSION

In this part, we present the experimental results obtained for the evolution of the Bit Error Rate (BER) with the MZI
detuning value. Our purpose is the determination of the required temperature stabilization accuracy for an efficient
DPSK to PSBT format conversion.

6.1 Description of the transmission set-up
The figure 6 shows the experimental set-up used for the experimental PSBT transmission system. Four binary 10.65
Gbit/s streams are generated and multiplexed to form a 42.6 Gbit/s binary signal (data). The data and data
(complementary data) created by a D Flip Flop (DFF) are launched into two identical drivers driving the two electrodes
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6019 60190A-6


of a dual-drive Z-cut modulator. The PRBS length sequence used are 2
23
-1. The optical data output resulting from this
set-up is a DPSK format. In order to convert it into the PSBT format, the optical data stream is launched into the fiber-
fused optical MZI, in which the differential delay between the arms equals to T = 0.86*bit time = 0.86*T
b
= 20.2 ps
(FSR = 49.5 GHz). The isolation of the MZI used has been measured and is up to 25 dB.










Figure 6: PSBT transmission system at 43 Gbit/s

At the receiver end, an opto-electronic conversion is carried out by launching the optical signal into a 40 GHz
photodiode matched to a high sensitivity DFF. The electrical signal at 42.6 Gbit/s is then demultiplexed into four 10.65
Gbit/s tributaries on which the BER measurements are performed.

6.2 Evolution of BER with detuning value
The detuning value corresponds to a frequency shift between the MZI peak frequency and the ITU channel frequency.
When this shift is equal to 0, the MZI is centered on the ITU channel, and the PSBT encoding is optimal. When MZI
temperature fluctuates, the transmission spectra is shifted from left to right, and the transmission peak is no more
centered on ITU channel, leading to an increased BER.

In order to study the BER evolution with the detuning value, two methods can be used. The first one consists in
modifying the MZI temperature and for each temperature the BER is measured. This method takes a long
experimentation time as the MZI have a thermal transient behavior after each change of temperature. Another solution
consists in changing the laser frequency with a stabilized MZI: as the laser frequency can be changed faster than MZI
temperature, this is a time-saving method. For these reasons, the evolution of BER is represented (figure 7) with the
laser frequency, rather than with MZI temperature.

















Figure 7: BER evolution with carrier frequency evolution (ITU C-23 channel: 193.2 THz)

We found that the detuning value seems to play an important role in the BER degradation: at 24 dB OSNR (BER = 10
-9
,
for back to back measurements, point A), a less than 2 GHz detuning leads to a BER increased by a factor of 10 (point
B). Moreover, a 5 GHz detuning value leads to the 2.10
-6
BER value (point C). These values are reduced for lower
Typically LH distances
50GHz ITU spacing
DFF
Decision
Receiver
Vth
Z-cut
B, Q (V)
B, Q (V)
Transmitter
Optical duobinary
filter based on
interferometer MZ
structure
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1541.5 1541. 6 1541.7 1541. 8 1541. 9 1542 -60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1541.5 1541. 6 1541.7 1541. 8 1541. 9 1542
Delay
T Typically LH distances
50GHz ITU spacing
Typically LH distances
50GHz ITU spacing
DFF
Decision
Receiver
Vth
DFF DFF
Decision
Receiver
Vth
Z-cut
B, Q (V)
B, Q (V)
Transmitter
Z-cut
B, Q (V)
B, Q (V) B, Q (V)
Transmitter
Optical duobinary
filter based on
interferometer MZ
structure
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1541.5 1541. 6 1541.7 1541. 8 1541. 9 1542 -60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1541.5 1541. 6 1541.7 1541. 8 1541. 9 1542
Delay
T
Optical duobinary
filter based on
interferometer MZ
structure
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1541.5 1541. 6 1541.7 1541. 8 1541. 9 1542 -60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1541.5 1541. 6 1541.7 1541. 8 1541. 9 1542
Delay
T
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1541.5 1541. 6 1541.7 1541. 8 1541. 9 1542 -60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1541.5 1541. 6 1541.7 1541. 8 1541. 9 1542
Delay
T
Delay
T
DPSK PSBT
C
E
193.197 193.202 193.207
Channel frequency (THz) - 1GHz/div
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
i
o

(
B
E
R
)
24dB OSNR 23dB OSNR
21dB OSNR 19,5dB OSNR
17dB OSNR
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-9
10
-8
10
-10
10
-11
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-9
10
-8
10
-10
10
-11
A
B
A
D
Laser frequency (THz), 1 GHz/division Laser frequency (THz), 1 GHz/division
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6019 60190A-7


OSNR. At BER 10
-5
(point D, OSNR = 19.5 dB, no detuning), a 5 GHz frequency shift is enough to reduce the BER
by a factor of 10 (point E). Based on these results, we think that an operational MZI device should have a stabilized
transmission spectra with an accuracy less than 0.7 GHz. Using the drift coefficient of 1.45 GHz/C, we can say that the
thermal stabilization accuracy have to be less than 0.5C.

7. CONCLUSION

MZI devices are quite simple optical components, but their utilization for modulation format conversion (DPSK to OOK
in Rx or DPSK to PSBT in Tx) is associated with several constraints. First, the MZI has to satisfy a minimal isolation
ratio of 12.1 dB for propagated DPSK, and more for PSBT as the PSBT format is directly created with a DPSK signal.
Twice, The delay line must have an 1.8 % accuracy in order to guarantee a single channel operation. WDM systems
using the same MZI for several wavelengths will require MZI with an 0.05 % accurate FSR. For example, an MZI used
as a 40 Gbit/s DPSK demodulator (FSR = 40 GHz) must have its FSR contained in the range [39.98;40.02] GHz. This is
equivalent of an accuracy on the delay-line equals to 2.5 m (L = 0.5 cm for a 40 GHz MZI).

We quantify experimentally for the first time the tolerance of the detuning effect for an PSBT optical transmission: at
low BER values (10
-9
): a 2 GHz shift can induce severe BER fluctuations on the detected signals. We calculate
theoretically the relationship between the temperature and the MZI peak frequency shift, leading to the value 1.45
GHz/C for the MZI used here (49.5 GHz periodicity).

The experimentations showed that when Mach-Zehnder Interferometers are used in PSBT transmissions, an efficient
format conversion (therefore an accurate BER) stabilization can not be obtained without limitation of the detuning
effect. Good performances are obtained when the detuning effect is limited, and we think that a less than 0.5 C
stabilization accuracy (ensuring a 0.7 GHz limited MZI drift) guarantees that the MZI will not be the source of BER
fluctuations in receiving or encoding devices.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We particularly thank the Alcatel 40 Gbit/s team (P. Brindel, L. Pierre and O. Leclerc) for their join work in part 6 and
their advices. They made possible the test of our MZI on the PSBT 43 Gbit/s transmission system presented here. Others
results dealing with the accumulated dispersion acceptable or minimal OSNR required for optical PSBT modulation
format are presented in
11
.

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