ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) and FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) Modulator and Demodulator Simulation Aim: To model

l and simulate subsystems in the ASK and FSK systems. I. ASK (Amplitude shift keying) The system uses a binary data source at 1 bps modulated by a 100 Hz sine wave carrier. The ASK modulator is a simple multiplier. The system block diagrams uses several subsystems described as below. Build the system gradually, one by one. (i) Binary Data Generator (you have already used this model in an earlier lab.)

Open a new model window and draw the circuit as shown above. The random number generator generates pulses of random amplitudes. The Random number is compared with a constant D.C. value (0) using the relational operator '>'. The output is 1 if the random number is >0 and 0 for random number <0. Set the simulation parameters as, max step size=0.01, start time = 0 and stop time =30 sec. Connect a Scope to the output and check the output and confirm that the blocks produce binary data patterns. Select the entire circuitry in the model using Ctrl+A and right click anywhere on the selected circuit and choose 'Create Subsystem'. Change the name of the subsystem as 'Binary Data Source'.

(ii) ASK Modulator:

Set the frequency to 10 Hz and amplitude to 1 Volt. Check the output of the sine wave by connecting a scope to the output of the 'sine wave' block. Add a 'Product' block as shown in the figure. The system is now a binary source + ASK modulator. Check its output using a Scope. (iii) The ASK modulator + Demodulator:

The modulator output is amplified by a factor of 10. The bipolar signal is converted to uni-polar by using an absolute value block. This process is equivalent to the function of a rectifier. The unipolar signal is passed through a LPF with a cutoff frequency of 10 radians/sec to recover the data. The 'Gain' block is in the 'Math' operations of the library browser. Change the default gain parameter which is 1 to 10 by double clicking on the block.

The 'abs' (which stands for absolute value) block is also available in the 'Math' operations of the library browser. The LPF is built using the 'Transfer Fcn' in the 'Continuous' time domain functions of the Simulink library browser. Set the parameters as shown in the figure. The output of the low pass filter is passed through a 'Pulse shaper', which is built using a 'Constant' block and a 'relational operator'. The pulse shaper compares its input which is the output of the LPF to a threshold constant of 2 Volts. The output is a logic 1 if the input of the pulse shaper is > 2 and a logic 0 if the input to the pulse shaper is < 2.

II. FSK (Frequency shift keying) modulator The FSK uses a binary data source at 1 bps modulated by two sine wave sources: the mark frequency of fm= 12 Hz sine wave carrier and the space frequency of fS = 8 Hz sine wave carrier. The system block diagrams uses several subsystems described as below. The sample time in fm and fS signals is 0.01 s. Build the following system.

Binary data source: Same as in ASK system. FSK Modulator: The FSK modulator consists of a two-way switch controlled by the binary data source. In logic 1 state, output of the switch is 12 Hz sine wave. In logic 0 state, output of the switch is 8 Hz sine wave. Set the threshold of the switch at 0.5

Add a Band Limited White Noise block from the Sources browser of the Simulink Library Browser. Set the Noise Power to 2 mW, Sample time to 1 second and seed to 23341. Click ok and close the window. Band-limited Noisy Channel: The channel is modeled as a LPF of cutoff frequency of 20 Hz and an additive Band-limited white noise of noise power = 2 mW. (Set the Sample time to 1 second and seed to 23341). Set the Low pass Filter block parameters as shown below.

Name this subsystem as Band Limited Noisy Channel. Place a scope at both Out1 and Out2 and observe the output waveforms. Exercise: How to demodulate the above FSK modulated signal ? In the next lab session, you should design a suitable demodulator and demonstrate its working. ----------------------------

FSK Demodulator
The input to FSK modulator contains an amplitude limiter to remove the amplitude noise during the channel. The limited signal is fed to a PLL with VCO natural frequency of 10 Hz, at the unmodulated carrier frequency. The LPF in the PLL is set to a cutoff frequency of 1 Hz (2*pi*1 radians/sec). The output of the LPF is set to be the output 1 of the FSK Demodulator.

Double Click on the Synchronization in the Communication Blockset part of the Simulink Library Browser and select Charge Pump PLL and drag it into the workspace. Double Click on the Discontinuities in the Simulink part of the Simulink Library Browser and select Saturation and drag it into the workspace. Make the connections as shown above and mark the block parameters as shown in the above dialog boxes. Click OK to close the dialog boxes. Save your work. Create a Subsystem by selecting the design upto now ( saturation and Charge Pump PLL). Place a scope at Out1, Out2 & Out3 and observe the output waveforms.

Pulse Shaper
The signal from Out1 is passed through the Pulse shaper to recover the original signal. The pulse shaper uses a threshold of 0 V to decide a logic 1 or logic 0. Click on Simulink in the Simulink Library Browser and click on Math Operations. Select Relational Operator and drag it into the workspace. Double click on the Relational Operator block and choose the Relational Operator to be > from the parameters.

Click on Simulink in the Simulink Library Browser and click on Sources. Select the Constant block and drag it into the workspace. Then, double click the Constant block and change the constant value to 2. Click Ok to close the dialog box. Create a subsystem for the pulse shaper according to the procedure outlined in the previous sections by building the subsystem as shown below. Place a Scope from the Sinks in the Simulink at In1, Out1 and observe the waveforms.