THE QUANTIFIERS Quantifiers are adjectives and adjectival phrases that give approximate answers to the questions "How

much?" and "How many?" Example: I ve got a little money! I ve got a lot of friends!

o o o o o o

Quantifiers with counta"le and uncounta"le nouns # few and few$ a little and little %ome and any &ompound nouns made with %'(E$ #)* and )' +raded Quantifiers Enough , )oun

THE QUANTIFIERS Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns #djectives and adjectival phrases that descri"e quantity are shown "elow! %ome can only go with countable nouns -friends$ cups$ people.$ and some can only go with uncountable nouns -sugar$ tea$ money$ advice.! /he words in the middle column can "e used with both counta"le and uncounta"le nouns! Only with uncountable nouns How a little a "it -of. 1 a great deal of a large amount of 1 uch! With uncountable and countable nouns How uch! or How any! How a few a num"er -of. several a large num"er of a great num"er of 1 " noun Only with countable nouns any!

no0none not any some -any. a lot of plenty of lots of

Note# much and many are used in negative and question forms! Example:

How much money have you got? How many cigarettes have you smo2ed? /here s not much sugar in the cup"oard! /here weren't many people at the concert!

/hey are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as :/here were too many people at the concert 1 we couldn t see the "and! It s a pro"lem when there are so many people! /here s not so much wor2 to do this wee2! In positive statements$ we use a lot of:

I ve got a lot of wor2 this wee2! /here were a lot of people at the concert!

THE QUANTIFIERS A few and few$ a little and little /hese expressions show the spea2er s attitude towards the quantity he0she is referring to! A few -for counta"le nouns. and a little -for uncounta"le nouns. descri"e the quantity in a %ositi&e way:

"I ve got a few friends" -3 may"e not many$ "ut enough. "I ve got a little money" -3 I ve got enough to live on.

Few and little descri"e the quantity in a ne'ati&e way:

Few people visited him in hospital -3 he had almost no visitors. He had little money -3 almost no money.

THE QUANTIFIERS So e and Any

Some and any are used with counta"le and uncounta"le nouns$ to descri"e an indefinite or incomplete quantity! Some is used in %ositi&e statements:

I had some rice for lunch He s got some "oo2s from the li"rary!

It is also used in questions where we are sure a"out the answer:

4id he give you some tea? -3 I m sure he did!. Is there some fruit juice in the fridge? -3 I thin2 there is.

Some is used in situations where the question is not a request for information$ "ut a method of ma2ing a request$ encouraging or giving an invitation:

&ould I have some "oo2s$ please? 5hy don t you ta2e some "oo2s home with you? 5ould you li2e some "oo2s?

Any is used in questions and with not in ne'ati&e statements:

(ore examples:

Have you got any tea? He didn't give me any tea! I don't thin2 we ve got any coffee left!

SOME in positive sentences. a! I will have some news next wee2! "! %he has some valua"le "oo2s in her house! c! 6hilip wants some help with his exams!

d! /here is some "utter in the fridge! e! 5e need some cheese if we want to ma2e a fondue! SOME in questions: a! 5ould you li2e some help? "! 5ill you have some more roast "eef? ANY in ne ative sentences a! %he doesn't want any 2itchen appliances for &hristmas! "! /hey don't want any help moving to their new house! c! )o$ than2 you! I don't want any more ca2e! d! /here isn't any reason to complain! ANY in inte!!o ative sentences a! 4o you have any friends in 7ondon? "! Have they got any children? c! 4o you want any groceries from the shop? d! #re there any pro"lems with your wor2? THE QUANTIFIERS (o %ound nouns ade with SO)E$ AN* and NO

%ome , #ny , )o , &ompound nouns with some- and any- are used in the same way as some and any! +ositi&e state ents: Someone is sleeping in my "ed! He saw somethin in the garden! I left my glasses somewhe!e in the house! 1thing 1"ody 1one 1where

Questions#

Ne'ati&e state

#re you loo2ing for someone? -3 I m sure you are. Have you lost somethin ? -3 I m sure you have. Is there anythin to eat? -real question. 4id you go anywhe!e last night? ents# %he didn t go anywhe!e last night! He doesn t 2now any"o#y here!

NOTI(E that there is a difference in emphasis "etween nothin , no"o#y etc. and not ... anythin , not ... any"o#y:

I don't 2now anythin I 2now nothin

a"out it! -3 neutral$ no emphasis.

a"out it -3 more emphatic$ may"e defensive.

(ore examples: SOME$H%N&' SOME(O)Y' SOME*HE+E a! I have somethin to tell you!

"! /here is somethin to drin2 in the fridge! c! He 2nows some"o#y in )ew *or2 d! %usie has some"o#y staying with her! e! /hey want to go somewhe!e hot for their holidays! f! 8eith is loo2ing for somewhe!e to live! ANY(O)Y' ANY$H%N&' ANY*HE+E a! Is there any"o#y who spea2s English here? "! 4oes any"o#y have the time? c! Is there anythin to eat? d! Have you anythin to say? e! He doesn t have anythin to stay tonight! f! I wouldn t eat anythin except at (axim s! NO(O)Y' NO$H%N&' NO*HE+E a! /here is no"o#y in the house at the moment "! 5hen I arrived there was no"o#y to meet me! c! I have learnt nothin since I "egan the course! d! /here is nothin to eat! e! /here is nowhe!e as "eautiful as 6aris in the %pring! f! Homeless people have nowhe!e to go at night! ANY can also "e used in positive statements to mean 'no matte! which', 'no matte! who', 'no matte! what': Examples: a! *ou can "orrow any of my "oo2s! "! /hey can choose anythin from the menu! c! *ou may invite any"o#y to dinner$ I don t mind! THE QUANTIFIERS ,raded Quantifiers /hey function li2e comparatives and hold a relative position on a scale of inc!ease or #ec!ease! IN(REASE Fro any 5ith uncounta"le nouns: uch ore ost -. to /--. ore ost

5ith plural counta"le nouns:

0E(REASE Fro few

/--. to -. fewer fewest

5ith plural counta"le nouns:

5ith uncounta"le nouns: little Examples: less least

/here are many people in England$ mo!e in India$ "ut the most people live in &hina! Much time and money is spent on education, mo!e on health services "ut the most is spent on national defence!

Few rivers in Europe are not polluted! Fewe! people die young now than in the seventeenth century! /he country with the fewest people per square 2ilometre must "e #ustralia! %cientists have little hope of finding a complete cure for cancer "efore the year 9$:::! %he had less time to study than 6aul "ut had "etter results! +ive that dog the least opportunity and it will "ite you!

THE QUANTIFIERS Enou'h " Noun Enou h is placed "efore the noun$ to indicate the quantity required or necessary:

/here is enou h "read for lunch! %he has enou h money!

Enou h is also used with adjectives and adver"s 1 see these sections!

5e didn t have enou h time to visit 7ondon ;ridge! #re there enou h eggs to ma2e an omelette? <ichard has enou h talent to "ecome a singing star!

Adverbs Enough and Too Enough means "sufficient", or"as much or many (of something) as necessary". Too means "more than enough" or "more than is needed or wanted". Enough comes after adjectives and adverbs: It isn't hot enough to go for a swim. We're not moving uic!"y enough. Enough comes before nouns: We have enough time. #here isn't enough f"our to ma!e the ca!e. Too comes before adjectives and adverbs: It's too co"d to go for a swim. $ou're driving too fast. When we %ut too before nouns, it goes in the e&%ressions too much and too many. Too much is used before uncountab"e nouns. Too many is used before countab"e nouns ('ee more about): countab"e and uncountab"e nouns:

$ou %ut too much sugar in my coffee. #here is too much %overty in the wor"d. #here are too many %eo%"e to fit in the car. Too and Enough are used with adjectives and indicate degree. #oo means more than necessary, and it %recedes the adjective. (nough means sufficient and usua""y fo""ows the adjective. )e is too o"d to ride the *erry+,o+-ound. 'he has too much money. #ony was ta"" enough to %"ay on the bas!etba"" team. #hey were smart enough to %ass the test. (./#: enough ta"") (./#: enough smart) (nough can a"so be used with nouns. In such cases, enough usua""y %recedes the word it modifies. I have enough money for the 01 %"ayer. I don2t have enough (money) for the com%uter