ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT ON PRE & POST FLOOD MANAGEMENT

PROJECT SUBMITTED BY CHETAN.D PISE SAGAR.S PATIL PETKAR NAVJYOT.M.SARNAIK S.E (MECH) KAPIL.B SALVE SANGRAM.S

PRE & POST FLOOD MANAGEMENT

Abstr !t:Flooding is one of the major natural hazards to human society and an important influence on social and economic development. In India, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, etc. his regions suffered severe floods in !"#$,!"%$,!"%#,!"%&,!"'$,!"'%,!"'',!""(,!""',)*** and this results in e+tensive damage to life and property. he regions accounts for #*, of country land surface, $), of its population, &!, of its flood prone area and '#, of flood losses. o mitigate flood losses, mostly drainage channels and a num-er of to.n protection .or/s have -een underta/en. hese measures have provided a reasona-le degree of protection to only half of the region of flood prone area. his project also deals .ith several causes of flooding such as -an/ overspill from a river having a high discharge, impeded drainage due to high .ater levels in river or particular topography and heavy rainfall on an area in com-ination .ith insufficient drainage capacity of that area. he several non-structural measures such as flood forecasting and .arning and flood proofing programmes have also -een ta/en. 0uring high floods, many treaches occur, causing inundation over vast area1s for most of the monsoon months of 2une to 3eptem-er. his paper also deals .ith effectiveness of the measures ta/en so far and .ith future strategy to lessen the adverse impact of floods on socioeconomic conditions .ith special emphasis on participatory flood management and flood loss mitigation preparedness programmes. he participatory flood management measures could -e 4!5 Watershed management of micro and macro level. 4)5 Flood emergencies. 4(5 3oil conservation and afforestation. 4$5 0isaster management and preparedness. 4#5 Flood forecasting, issuance of .arnings and their 6uic/ dissemination through signals. 4&5 Flood relief. 4%5 Flood proofing programmes. 4'5 Flood fighting.

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F*##$' It can -e defined as, a volume of .ater enters a certain area and it cannot -e discharged 6uic/ly enough through the river channels proper. As a conse6uences thereof, .ater level rises until -an/ful stage is reached, then -an/ overspill starts and flooding occurs. hroughout the .orld floods and flooding occur as natural phenomena .hich, in most cases, are not much appreciated -y people living in the affected areas. 7onse6uently, flood management and flood control are introduced in many places to prevent the negative conse6uences of the flood. F*##$ M " +(,("t: It refers to the overall process involved in mitigating the e+tent of flooding and the resulting damage -y flooding.

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Insufficient discharge capacity of the river system can -e due to several reasons: a5 Water depth on the floodplain -eing too small .hich results in small current velocities8 -5 Bottom slope of the river channel and floodplain -eing too gentle8 c5 9oughness of the floodplains -eing too large due to o-stacles and -ushes8 d5 9iver channels carrying flo.s in e+cess of the transporting capacity .ithin their -an/s. his is due to e+cessive precipitation in north-eastern India. e5 :eavy rainfall coinciding .ith river spills over a short period of time. f5 ;andslides -loc/ing stream courses and then sudden release of -loc/age. g5 <pland floods coinciding .ith high tides.

h5 :eavy local rainfall. Inade6uate drainage to carry a.ay surface .ater 6uic/ly i5 ;ac/ of proper control of land use and developmental .or/s resulting in o-struction of the natural flo..

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In India, systematic planning for flood management commenced .ith the Five =ear >lans, particularly .ith the launching of ?ational >rogramme of Flood @anagement in !"#$. 0uring the last #* years, different methods of flood protection structural as .ell as nonstructural have -een adopted in different states depending upon the nature of the pro-lem and local conditions. 3tructural measures include storage reservoirs, flood em-an/ments, drainage channels, anti-erosion .or/s, channel improvement .or/s, detention -asins etc. and non-structural measures include flood forecasting, flood plain zoning, flood proofing, disaster preparedness etc. he various flood management measures underta/en through the successive five year plans are summarized -elo.:!. ). (. $. Flood em-an/ments 0rainage channels o.ns protection .or/s Aillages raised ((&(* /m (%"*$ /m )((% ?os. $%!(?os.

In addition, a live storage of !%% -illion cu-ic meters created so far in the various reservoirs for irrigation, hydropo.er generation, drin/ing .ater etc. also help in reducing flood intensity -y storing part of the flood .aters in them. 3tate-.ise -rea/-up of the achievement in flood management is as -elo.: -

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In order to improve the effectiveness of the em-an/ments and their protection against .ater erosion, very costly anti-erosion .or/s have -een carried out, as detailed -elo..

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!5 )5 he em-an/ments have provided a reasona-le degree of protection against small and medium-sized floods. hey have provided all-.eather means of communication in chronically flood-prone areas. (5 ;arge protected areas of flood plains have -een -rought under assured canal irrigation. $5 3hifting of river courses has -een chec/ed.

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!. Flood fighting ). 7onstruction and maintenance of em-an/ments (. Watershed management $. Flood proofing #. Flood forecasting and .arning &. 0isaster management and preparedness %. 0rainage congestion improvement

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When flooding of great magnitude occurs, protective measures that .ere designed for lesser floods fail. As such, it is desira-le that people -e made a.are of the limitations of the

protective measures ta/en and -e prepared for emergencies to face flood disasters.

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people need to -e associated to the plans to -e ta/en during a flood emergency for the prevention or reduction of damage in -oth protected and unprotected areas. he actions to -e ta/en .ith people participation should -e carefully planned so that they come into effect as soon as an emergency arises. he emergency action could -e evacuation, flood fighting and pu-lic health measures.

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Actions underta/en during floods to prevent damage to and failure of flood control structures, as .ell as to divert floods from sensitive areas, are generally /no.n as flood fighting. Flood fighting is an emergency measure .hich has the o-jective of mitigating flood impacts on society and environment, particularly .hen flood protection and control structures and measures have proved ineffective or failed. 3ome typical activities are: !5 Cmergency operation of flood control and protection systems -efore and during floods. )5 Cmergency measures for flood a-atement -y providing detention storage on nonprotected or protected land8 (5 0iverting floods from sensitive areas, even at the cost of flooding areas of lesser importance.

Flood fighting is an important element of non-structural measures for reducing flood hazards and must -e considered as integral part of flood protection plans and projects.

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Cm-an/ments have -een e+tensively used for protection against floods of important to.ns and lands .ith the participation of the local people, and those that have -een constructed so far have -y and large served their purpose. he annual loss in the pre-em-an/ment period .as of the order of 9s.&* to !** million depending on the intensity of flooding. his much has -een prevented .ith the construction of em-an/ments at the cost of 9s.$** million, including the cost of protective measures for em-an/ments.

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Watershed management means harmonious development of land .ater .ithin the natural -oundaries of a .atershed so as to produce on a sustaina-le -asis an a-undance of plants and animals for the good of man/ind .hile still delivering a controlled flo. of clear .ater do.nstream. he main o-jectives of .atershed management programmes are to: !. Increase infiltration into the soil8 ). 7ontrol damaging e+cess runoff8 and (. @anage and put runoff to useful purposes.

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Flood-proofing measures help greatly in mitigating people1s distress in flood-prone areas. hey consist in structural improvements along .ith emergency action .ithout evacuation from the flood-affected area. hey ta/e the follo.ing form: R &s($ 2* t)#r,s' hese are raised earthen platforms to provide temporary shelter to people and livestoc/ of the affected villages, .hich get marooned fre6uently and suffer from acute hardship due to disruption of -asic civic amenities and communication lin/s.

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Flood forecasting as a non-structural measure .as -rought into operation in !"&" -y the 7entral Water 7ommission 47W75. It is considered as the most relia-le, cost- and timeeffective measure for loss mitigation, planning evacuation of people and livestoc/ in the flood plain, early harvesting of crops, transporting mova-le items and safeguarding the em-an/ments. he forecasts are formulated after collecting the o-served gauge, discharge and rainfall data through .ireless and other communications and disseminating them to the administrative and state engineering agencies concerned .ith flood hazard mitigation. 3o far, the forecasts of incoming floods have -een "'-percent correct.

he flood forecasting and .arning activity has proved to -e a vital alternative to costly structural measures. It has -een e+panded and modernized to further mitigate the sufferings of the people in su---asins. Accurate forecasts are made availa-le efficiently to the authorities engaged in rescue, relief and flood-fighting. >roper education of the people on ho. to react to .arning signals to save life and property has top priority.

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0isaster preparedness is designed to minimize loss of life and damage to property and to organize and facilitate timely and effective rescue, relief and reha-ilitation. 0isaster preparedness can -e classified into three categories: actions -efore, during and after the flood. G("(r * ,(t-#$#*#+3

M#"&t#r&"+ 2r(0)*##$ 2r#t(!t&#" 1#r4s he monitoring of flood protection .or/s -efore flood season is done -y an e+pert group and -ased on their recommendations, measures are ta/en. Floodfighting activities are carried out .ith people participation and in accordance .ith rules and regulations issued -y the flood-control department. Flood victims are provided .ith relief materials such as -oats, tarpaulin, food and fodder, drin/ing .ater, fuel and clothes. @edical facilities are made availa-le to the sic/ and the lame and measures are ta/en to prevent the spread of diseases. 3helter platforms at places higher than the highest flood level are /ept ready in advance along .ith ade6uate stoc/s of food and fodder, drin/ing .ater and fuel D at least in principle.

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Improving drainage -y -uilding ne. channels or improving the discharge capacity of the e+isting drainage system has -ecome an integral part of the flood management programme. 3urface .ater drainage congestion due to inade6uate natural or manmade drainage channels damages agricultural crops.

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C#"str%!t&#" #) st#r +(' he studies carried out -y numerous e+perts and organizations conclude that suita-ly designed and properly operated reservoirs .ith ade6uate provision of flood cushion, along .ith em-an/ments and an efficient

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P rt&!&2 t#r3 )*##$ , " +(,("t ' he structural and non-structural measures ta/en so for the mitigation of flood hazards and their impact on people1s .elfare and the local economy need to -e continued to a great e+tent. Eovernment investment in flood management .or/s has increased from year to year and more areas have -een protected8 yet, the estimated value of damage has also increased. When high floods stri/e, a large num-er of -reaches occur in the em-an/ments mainly -ecause of the lac/ of maintenance of e+isting .or/s, and encroachment in the free -oard due to deposition of silt in river-eds and the erosive action of river .aters.

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Flood insurance has several advantages as a means of alleviating the loss -urden. It ena-les property o.ners to spread an uncertain -ut potentially large loss uniformly over a long period of time. Insurance does not reduce flood loss potential. =et, it has advantages for the pu-lic and for the government. It places part of the -urden on those .ho enjoy the -enefit of flood plain location as .ell as the losses that are associated .ith the latter rather than ma/ing it the responsi-ility of the pu-lic at large. Insurance of high flood ris/ zones has to -e shared -y the government out of the capital invested in the relief and reha-ilitation of flood victims.

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Flood relief measures are aimed at relieving the distress of the flood victims -y the announcement of financial and other aids. At the international level, the <nited ?ations 0isaster 9elief 7oordinator has a fund from .hich money can -e dra.n to assist victims of disastrous floods. I,,($& t( R(*&() M( s%r(s' he immediate relief measures shall include: evacuation of flood victims8 close liaison .ith defense services8 daily revie. of flood relief measures8 release of emergency funds to local -odies and hence to the flood victims8 supply of food rations8 supply of fodder8 first aid and health operations8 supply of essential commodities li/e /erosene, oil, petrol, etc8

M( s%r(s )t(r C(ss t&#" #) F*##$s' @easures to -e ta/en immediately after cessation of floods .ill include: restoration of roadFrail lin/s8 restoration of tu-e.ells and other agricultural machinery8 free seeds to farmers for so.ing88 restoration of poultriesFfisheries and piggeries, etc.8 restoration of industriesFfactory e6uipments, etc.8 restoration of merchandise and shopping areas8

 restoration of pu-lic assets such as roads, -ridges, irrigation systems and structures, po.er plants, pu-lic -uildings, se.erage and .ater supply schemes, etc.

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Flood management .or/s such as em-an/ments, drainage channels and anti-erosion .or/s -ring significant changes to the environment on account of loss of plants and trees, interference .ith stream flo.s, creation of s.amps and .ater logging, pollution of .ater -odies -y chemicals due to improved agricultural activities in the protected area, and others. 9eservoirs involve large-scale deforestation, affect the ha-itat of the local fauna, induce .ater logging due to the rise in the .ater ta-le, increase health hazards and cause displacement of people.

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he focus of this project has -een on the management of floods in the India, as it is of crucial importance for the economic development of the region. he current proposals need careful revie.. In the meantime, optimum protection of flood-prone areas can -e achieved through various measures .hich have -een revie.ed in this contri-ution. In India flood management is almost entirely done -y government agencies. he need to ensure people participation at the planning, implementation and maintenance stages of the fight against floods has -een recognized for 6uite some time, ho.ever, and several attempts and e+periments in this direction have -een made over the years. In such circumstances, the comple+ rules and regulations of pu-lic agencies tend to prevent timely intervention, resulting in huge damage suffered -y the community.