3.1.

LINEAR MODULATION

The bandpass lter bandwidth needs to be at least 2W Hz wide Note that if an input of the form k (t ) cos[(1 22)t ] is present it will be converted to 2 also, i.e., e(t ) = k (t ) cos(2t ) + k (t ) cos[(21 32)t ], and the bandpass lter output is k (t ) cos(2t ) The frequencies 1 22 are the image frequencies of 1 with respect to LO = 1 2

Example 3.7: AM Broadcast Superheterodyne Receiver

Tunable RF-Amp

IF Filt/ Amp

fIF

Env Det

Audio Amp

Local Osc. Joint tuning

Automatic gain control

For AM BT = 2W

AM Broadcast Specs: fc = 540 to 1600 kHz on 10 kHz spacings carrier stability Modulated audio flat 100 Hz to 5 kHz Typical fIF = 455 kHz
AM Superheterodyne receiver

We have two choices for the local oscillator, high-side or lowside tuning
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CHAPTER 3. ANALOG MODULATION

Low-side: 540 455 f LO 1600 455 or 85 f LO 1145, all frequencies in kHz High-side: 540 + 455 f LO 1600 + 455 or 995 f LO 2055, all frequencies in kHz The high-side option is advantageous since the tunable oscillator or frequency synthesizer has the smallest frequency ratio f LO,max/ f LO,min = 2055/995 = 2.15 Suppose the desired station is at 560 kHz, then with high-side tuning we have f LO = 560 + 455 = 1015 kHz The image frequency is at f image = f c + 2 f IF = 560 + 2 455 = 1470 kHz (note this is another AM radio station center frequency
Desired Input 455 fLO Mixer Output Image Out of mixer BIF 560 fIF 1015 (560+455) fIF 1470 f (kHz) BRF 1470 f (kHz) Potential Image

IF BPF

1015-560 This is removed with RF BPF 455 0 1470-1015

1575 (560+1015)

f (kHz)

f (kHz) 2485 (1470+1015)

Receiver frequency plan including images

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3.1. LINEAR MODULATION

Example 3.8: A Double-Conversion Receiver

fc = 162.475 MHz (WX #4) Tunable RF-Amp 1st LO fLO1 = 173.175 MHz 10.7 MHz & 335.65 MHz 10.7 MHz IF BPF 2nd LO fLO2 = 11.155 MHz 455 kHz & 21.855 MHz 455 kHz IF BPF FM Demod

Double-conversion superheterodyne receiver

Consider a frequency modulation (FM) receiver that uses doubleconversion to receive a signal con carrier frequency 162.475 MHz (weather channel #4) Frequency modulation will be discussed in the next section The dual-conversion allows good image rejection by using a 10.7 MHz rst IF and then can provide good selectivity by using a second IF at 455 kHz; why? The ratio of bandwidth to center frequency can only be so small in a low loss RF lter The second IF lter can thus have a much narrower bandwidth by virtue of the center frequency being much lower A higher rst IF center frequency moves the image signal further away from the desired signal
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CHAPTER 3. ANALOG MODULATION

For high-side tuning we have f image = f c + 2 f IF = f c + 21.4 MHz Double-conversion receivers are more complex to implement

Mixers The multiplier that is used to implement frequency translation is often referred to as a mixer In the world of RF circuit design the term mixer is more appropriate, as an ideal multiplier is rarely available Instead active and passive circuits that approximate signal multiplication are utilized The notion of mixing comes about from passing the sum of two signals through a nonlinearity, e.g., y (t ) = [a1 x1(t ) + a2 x2(t )]2 + other terms 2 2 2 2 = a1 x1 (t ) + 2a1a2 x1(t )x2(t ) + a2 x2 (t ) In this mixing application we are most interested in the center term ydesired(t ) = 2a1a2 x1(t ) x2(t ) Clearly this mixer produces unwanted terms (rst and third), and in general may other terms, since the nonlinearity will have more than just a square-law input/output characteristic
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