CE 374 K Hydrology

Systems and Continuity

Daene C. McKinney

River Basin Management

Infrastructure control, Institutional policies & incentives Warnings, Alarms Precipitation, Temperature, Humidity, Streamflow Water Quality, Groundwater, Snow pack, Evapotranspiration

Decision Implementation

Data Measurement
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Decision Support System

Decision Making

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Data Processing & Archiving

Analysis Data base Data model Data display Rainfall/runoff, Flooding, Hydraulics, Water Allocation, Water Pollution, Environmental Flows

MCDM Operating rules Expert system Optimization, Warnings Risk management, Dispute Resolution

Water Resources Planning and Management

Identification, formulation and analysis of projects and designs Based on scientific, legal, ethical, economic, , concepts
Problems Considered Municipal and industrial supply Irrigation Flood control Hydroelectric power Navigation Water quality Recreation Fisheries Drainage & sediment control Preservation and enhancement of natural water areas, ecological diversity, archeology, etc

Water Resource Systems Analysis

Water resources problems are
Complex, interconnected, and overlapping Involving water allocations, economic development, and environmental preservation

Systems analysis
Break complex system down into components and analyze the interactions between the components Central method used in water resources planning

Some Systems:

System
Parameters,

Watershed Aquifer Development Area Detention Basin

Transformation function Inputs, I Q(t) = (, ) * I(t) Outputs, Q

Policies or controls,

System Transformation Function

Q(t) = (, ) * I(t)

Mathematical model Typically a set of algebraic equations Derived from differential equations of
Conservation of Mass (e.g., continuity) Conservation of Momentum (e.g., Manning) Conservation of Energy (e.g., friction loss)

System Characteristics
Linear vs nonlinear
Linear - superposition is valid
If I1 Q1 and I2 Q2 Then I1 +I2 Q1 + Q2

Lumped vs distributed parameter (spatially varying) Steady-state vs transient (time dependent) Deterministic vs stochastic (random)

Atmospheric Moisture Snow Interception

Throughfall and Stem Flow

Rain Evaporation
En e rg y

Snowpack Snowmelt Pervious Surface Impervious Evapotranspiration Overland Flow Evaporation Infiltration Soil Moisture Percolation

Watershed Boundary

Groundwater Groundwater Flow Streams and Lakes Channel Flow Runoff

Hydrologic Processes
(Precipitation, Evaporation, Infiltration, Runoff)
Transform the distribution of water in the hydrologic cycle Governed by fundamental conservation principles Reynolds Transport Theorem allows us to derive these fundamental principles
Atmospheric Moisture Snow Interception Rain Evaporation
En e rg y

Throughfall and Stem Flow

Snowpack Snowmelt Pervious Surface Impervious Evapotranspiration Overland Flow Evaporation Infiltration Soil Moisture Percolation

Watershed Boundary

Groundwater Groundwater Flow Streams and Lakes Channel Flow Runoff

Systems
Laws of Mechanics
Written for systems System = arbitrary quantity of mass of fixed identity Fixed quantity of mass, m

Conservation of Mass
Mass is conserved and does not change

Momentum
If surroundings exert force on system, mass will accelerate

Energy
If heat is added to system or work is done by system, energy will change

dm =0 dt

r r d (mV ) F= dt

dE dQ dW = dt dt dt

Control Volumes
Solid Mechanics
Follow the system, determine what happens to it

Fluid Mechanics
Consider the behavior in a specific region or Control Volume

Convert System approach to CV approach

Look at specific regions, rather than specific masses

B = dm = d
CV CV

= mass, momentum, energy (extensive)

Reynolds Transport Theorem

Relates time derivative of system properties to rate of change of property in CV

dB dm = amount of B per unit mass (intensive)

Reynolds Transport Theorem

I II III

(BII + BIII )t + t (BI + BII )t dB = lim dt t 0 t (BII )t + t (BII )t (BIII )t + t (BI )t = lim + t t t 0
r r dB d = d + V dA dt dt CV CS

Continuity Equation
(Conservation of Mass)
B = M mass of the system; = dM dm =1

r r dB d = d + V dA dt dt CV CS
if = constant

r r d 0= d + V dA dt CV CS

r r d d + V dA = 0 dt CV CS
dS + Q (t ) I (t ) = 0 dt dS = I (t ) Q (t ) dt
Inflow Outflow = Change in Storage

Discrete Time Continuity

dS = I (t ) Q(t ) dt dS = I (t )dt Q (t )dt
Sj

L3 m3 ft 3 Units of each term = ( , ) T s s

dS =

jt

S j 1

( j 1) t

I (t )dt

jt ( j 1) t

Q (t )dt

S j S j 1 = I j Q j S j = S j 1 + I j Q j

Units of each term = L3 (m3 , ft 3 )

Volume of water in storage at the end of the next time period t, Sj, equals the volume in storage at the beginning of that period, Sj-1, plus the volume of inflow, Ij-1, minus the volume of outflow, Qj-1

Shoal Creek Flood Memorial Day 1981

Normal flow = 90 gpm Storm peak = 6.5 million gpm 13 lives lost

Shoal Creek Flood Memorial Day 1981

6.31 in. of rain fell uniformly over 7.03 sq. mi. What was the equivalent volume of water?
6.31in * 1ft * 7.03 mi 2 * (5280 ft/mi )2 12 in = 103,055,525 ft 3 * 7.48052 gal/ft 3 = 770,908,921gal 770 million gallons in 8 hours
20000 18000 16000 14000 Runoff (cfs) 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Time (hr) 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

1 2 3

Precip (in)

Example Shoal Creek

Given:
Incremental precipitation over the watershed, pulse Streamflow measured at the outlet, continuous

Find: Storage as function of time Convert streamflow to pulse data Average streamflow over time interval Equivalent depth over the watershed Continuity Eq.
S0 = 0; S1 = S0 + I 0 Q0 ; S 2 = S1 + I1 Q1

1 t = hour 2 1 (Qi + Qi +1 )t 2 11 (Qi + Qi +1 )t A2

S j = S 0 + ( I i Qi )
i =1

20000 18000 16000

1 2 3

Runoff (cfs)

Shoal Creek Flood

Time Time Incremental Instantaneous Interval Precip Streamflow j t hr 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0

14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Time (hr) 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

Ij
in 0 0.15 0.26 1.33 2.20 2.08 0.20 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.31

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

I1

Q(t) cfs 203 246 283 828 2323 5697 9531 11025 8234 4321 2246 1802 1230 713 394 354 303

Incremental Incremental Cumulative Streamflow Storage Storage Sj Sj Qj in 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.17 0.44 0.84 1.13 1.06 0.69 0.36 0.22 0.17 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.04 in in 0.00 0.13 0.36 1.62 3.65 5.29 4.65 3.61 2.55 1.85 1.49 1.27 1.10 1.00 0.93 0.89 0.86

S = S1 S0

Q1

0.13 0.23 1.27 2.03 1.64 -0.64 -1.04 -1.06 -0.69 -0.36 -0.22 -0.17 -0.11 -0.06 -0.04 -0.04

S 2 = S1 + I1 Q1 S j = S 0 + ( I i Qi )
i =1 j

Precip (in)

Shoal Creek Flood

Shoal Creek at Northwest Park, Austin, Texas, May 24-25, 1981 Area= 7.03 mi2 195985152 Time Time Incremental Instantaneous Interval Precip Streamflow j t hr 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 Incremental Incremental Cumulative Streamflow Storage Storage Sj Sj Qj in 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.17 0.44 0.84 1.13 1.06 0.69 0.36 0.22 0.17 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.04 in 0.13 0.23 1.27 2.03 1.64 -0.64 -1.04 -1.06 -0.69 -0.36 -0.22 -0.17 -0.11 -0.06 -0.04 -0.04 in 0.00 0.13 0.36 1.62 3.65 5.29 4.65 3.61 2.55 1.85 1.49 1.27 1.10 1.00 0.93 0.89 0.86

2.5 Streamflow (in) Precip (in) 2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

Ij
in 0 0.15 0.26 1.33 2.20 2.08 0.20 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.31

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Q(t) cfs 203 246 283 828 2323 5697 9531 11025 8234 4321 2246 1802 1230 713 394 354 303

0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

2.5 2.0 Change in Storage (in) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0.0
6.0 Storage (in) 5.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0