The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview

The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview

The MUL
2
Team
July 8, 2011
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Theories of Structures at a Glance
Classical Model Pioneers (Beam)
Leonardo Da Vinci
Euler
De Saint
Venant
Timoshenko
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Theories of Structures at a Glance
Classical Beam Theory Features

Low computational cost.

Reliable results for
slender, compact, and
homogenous structures in
bending.

Poor accuracy in
analyzing short,
thin-walled, and
non-homogenous
structures.
The analysis of different loading conditions (e.g. torsion) requires
the use of ad hoc models which are problem dependent (Is
shear present? Which is the cross-section shape? Etc.)
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Theories of Structures at a Glance
Washizus Statement: Arbitrary Rich 1D Models
An arbitrary rich
displacement eld could
lead to more and more
accurate results
independently of the
problem characteristics.
Challenging goal: how to nd a way to make the choice of the
number of terms arbitrary?
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Theories of Structures at a Glance
Our Proposal: the CUF Models for 1D (Beam) and 2D
(Plate/Shell) Theories
The Carrera Unied Formulation, CUF, allows us to use any
order expansions of the unknown variables.
Main Features
Hierarchical structure, that is, the order of the theory can be
chosen as input.
Different expansion types can be adopted (e.g. Taylor,
Lagrange).
Arbitrary geometries and boundary conditions can be used.
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Outline
1 CUF Theoretical Introduction
2 Taylor-Based 1D Models
3 Lagrange-Based 1D Models, LE
4 Guidelines and Recommendations
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
CUF Theoretical Introduction
The Carrera Unied Formulation, CUF
Main feature of CUF
Problem equations and matrices are obtained by means of a few
fundamental nuclei which are formally independent of the order,
N, of the model.
Main capability
Hierarchical The order of the model is a free-parameter.
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
CUF Theoretical Introduction
CUF Description
Unied Formulation of the Displacement Field
u = F

, = 1, 2, ...., M
F

= f (x, z), where x and z are the cross-section coordinates (1D -

Beam)
F

= f (z), z is the thickness coordinate (2D - Plate/Shell)

N-order model for Beams, (x and z are the cross-section coordinates)
u
x
= u
x
1
+ x u
x
2
+ z u
x
3
+ x
2
u
x
4
+ xz u
x
5
+ z
2
u
x
6
+ ...
u
y
= u
y
1
+ x u
y
2
+ z u
y
3
+ x
2
u
y
4
+ xz u
y
5
+ z
2
u
y
6
+ ...
u
z
= u
z
1
+ x u
z
2
+ z u
z
3
+ x
2
u
z
4
+ xz u
z
5
+ z
2
u
z
6
+ ...
N-order model for Plates, (z is the thickness coordinate)
u
x
= u
x
1
+ z u
x
2
+ z
2
u
x
3
+ z
3
u
x
4
+ ...
u
y
= u
y
1
+ z u
y
2
+ z
2
u
y
3
+ z
3
u
y
4
+ ...
u
z
= u
z
1
+ z u
z
2
+ z
2
u
z
3
+ z
3
u
z
4
+ ...
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
CUF Theoretical Introduction
A Decade of CUF Plate/Shell Models
E. Carrera,
Developments, ideas and evaluations based
upon the Reissners mixed variational theorem in
the modeling of multilayered plates and shells,
Applied Mechanics Reviews, Vol. 54, 2001, pp.
301-329.
E. Carrera,
Theories and nite elements for multilayered
plates and shells: a unied compact formulation
with numerical assessment and benchmarking,
Archives of Computational Methods in
Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2003, pp. 216-296.
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
CUF Theoretical Introduction
Fundamental Nuclei
Analytical Solution (ANLT)
The Principle of Virtual Displacements
L
i
=
_
l
u
T

K
s
u
s
dy + u
T

s
u
s

y=L
y=0
_
L
k
p

xx
, L
k
p

zx
_
=
_
l
u
x
_
p
k
xx
E
kz

, p
k
zx
E
kx

_
dy
, s: Expansion function
indexes.
Navier-type solution.
Finite Element Formulation (FEM)
L
int
= q
T
i
K
ijs
q
sj
L
ine
= q
T
i
M
ijs

q
sj
L
ext
= Pu
T
i, j: Shape function
indexes.
, s: Expansion function
indexes.
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
CUF Theoretical Introduction
Assembly for a given i, j pair (FEM)
K
zx
K
zy
K
yy
K
yx
K
zz
K
yz
K
xx
K
xy
K
xz
{
3 x 3 Nucleus
{
3 x M x M lock s-B
= 1
= 2, M-1
= M
}
}
}
s = 1 s = 2, M-1 s = M
}
} }
A Component of the Stiffness Matrix Fundamental Nucleus
K
ijs
xx
=

C
22
_

F
,
x
F
s,
x
d
_
l
N
i
N
j
dy +

C
66
_

F
,
z
F
s,
z
d
_
l
N
i
N
j
dy+

C
44
_

F
s
d
_
l
N
i,
y
N
j,
y
dy
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Taylor-Based 1D Models
The Taylor CUF 1D Models, TE
u
x
= u
x
1
+x u
x
2
+ z u
x
3
+x
2
u
x
4
+ xz u
x
5
+ z
2
u
x
6
+ ...
u
y
= u
y
1
+x u
y
2
+ z u
y
3
+x
2
u
y
4
+ xz u
y
5
+ z
2
u
y
6
+ ...
u
z
= u
z
1
.,,.
N=0
+x u
z
2
+ z u
z
3
.,,.
N=1
+x
2
u
z
4
+ xz u
z
5
+ z
2
u
z
6
.,,.
N=2
+...
Important feature
Classical models, such as Timoshenko, are obtainable as
particular cases of the linear model.
Main Tags
Isotropic
Thin-Walled FGM
Static Free Vibrations
Aeroelasticity
Arlequin
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Taylor-Based 1D Models
Torsion of a Compact Section Structure (FEM)
E. Carrera, G. Giunta, P.
Nali, and M. Petrolo,
Rened beam elements
with arbitrary
cross-section geometries,
Computers and
Structures, Volume 88,
Issues 5-6, 2010, Pages
283-293.
EBBM and TBM: null displacements!
(a) N = 1 (b) N = 2
(c) N = 3 (d) N = 4
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Taylor-Based 1D Models
Torsion of a Wing Model (FEM)
E. Carrera, G. Giunta, P.
Nali, and M. Petrolo,
Rened beam elements
with arbitrary
cross-section geometries,
Computers and
Structures, Volume 88,
Issues 5-6, 2010, Pages
283-293.
Torsion analysis of a wing
via a fourth-order model
Deformed
Undeformed
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Taylor-Based 1D Models
Point Load on a Thin-Walled Cylinder (FEM)
z
x
O
y
d
E. Carrera, G. Giunta, M.
Petrolo,
A Modern and Compact
Way to Formulate
Classical and Advanced
Beam Theories,
In: Developments in
Computational Structures
Technology, Ch. 4. DOI:
10.4203/csets.25.4. 2010.
F
Load N = 11
Undeformed
Shell
N = 11
N = 4
TBM
Computational Cost
CUF 1D, 7000 DOFs
Shell 50000 DOFs
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Taylor-Based 1D Models
Lobe Modes of a Thin-Walled Cylinder (FEM)
At least a third-order model is necessary to detect these modal
shapes!
Two Lobes Three Lobes
Two Lobes, 2D Three Lobes, 2D
First two-lobe frequency
Theory DOFs f [Hz]
EBBM 155
TBM 155
N = 1 279
N = 2 558
N = 3 930 38.755
N = 4 1395 25.156
N = 5 1953 20.501
N = 6 2604 20.450
N = 7 3348 17.363
Shell 49500 17.406
Solid 174000 18.932
E. Carrera, G. Giunta, M.
Petrolo,
A Modern and Compact
Way to Formulate
Classical and Advanced
Beam Theories,
In: Developments in
Computational Structures
Technology, Ch. 4. DOI:
10.4203/csets.25.4. 2010.
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Taylor-Based 1D Models
Functionally Graded Material Beam (ANLT)
G. Giunta, S. Belouettar,
E. Carrera,
Analysis of FGM beams
by means of a unied
formulation,
IOP Conference Series:
Material Science and
Engineering, Accepted.
FEM 3D
N=1
N=2
N=4
Mid-Span
Bending Stress
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
FEM 3D
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
N = 1
Shear Stress
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
FEM 3D
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
N = 5
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Taylor-Based 1D Models
Arlequin Method in the Framework of CUF 1D Theories
Main idea: higher-order elements are employed only in the
portion of the structure in which lower-order theories would
yield inaccurate results.
E.g.: in A
1
a rst-order model, in A
2
a fourth-order model. S is
the overlapping volume.
The global mechanical problem is solved by merging together
the two sub-domains via the Arlequin method implemented by
means of CUF.
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Taylor-Based 1D Models
Arlequin Method Numerical Results (FEM)
Arlequin
a
Arlequin
b
10
1
ux uy 10
2
uz 10
1
xx 10
1
xy 10
1
yy DOF

N=4 3.741 2.544 2.118 1.425 8.461 5.214 2745

N=1 3.749 2.522 0.053 1.446 5.000 4.870 549
Arlequin
a
3.729 2.537 2.116 1.424 5.000 5.217 1197
Arlequin
b
3.716 2.547 0.056 1.444 8.352 4.807 1197
a
Rened elements near the loading application zone.
b
Rened elements near the simply support.

DOF: degrees of freedom.

Shear Stress
3D
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
N = 4
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
Arlequin
b
F. Biscani, G. Giunta, S. Belouettar, E. Carrera, H. Hu,
Variable kinematic beam elements coupled via Arlequin method,
Composite Structures, Accepted.
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Taylor-Based 1D Models
Aeroelastic Coupling (@ SDSU with Dr. Luciano Demasi)
CUF 1D models are particularly eligible for Aeroelastic
Applications since:
They are computationally cheap;
They provide accurate shell-like displacement elds.
Aerodynamic Models
VLM
.,,.
Steady
+ DLM
.,,.
Unsteady
Flutter Solution
Quartic Approximation of the Aerodynamic Kernel + G-Method
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Taylor-Based 1D Models
Static Aeroelastic Analysis of a Swept Tapered Wing
A. Varello, M. Petrolo, E.
Carrera,
A Rened 1D FE Model
for the Application to
Aeroelasticity of
Composite Wings,
In: IV International
Conference on
Computational Methods
for Coupled Problems in
Science and Engineering,
2011.
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Taylor-Based 1D Models
Effect of the Sweep Angle on Flutter
0
20
40
60
80
100
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
V
e
lo
c
it
y
,

m
/
s
Sweep Angle, Deg
CUF
Koo
0
20
40
60
80
100
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

,

H
z
Sweep Angle, Deg
CUF
Koo
20
25
30
35
40
45
50 55 60 65 70
f [H
z
]
Mode 3
Mode 4
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
50 55 60 65 70
D
a
m
p
in
g
V [m/s]
Mode 3
Mode 4
Koo, K.N.
Aeroelastic Characteristics of Double-Swept Isotropic and Composite Wings,
Journal of Aircraft, 38(2), 343-348, 2001
Petrolo M., Carrera E. and Demasi L.
An Advanced Unied Aeroelastic Formulation based on 1D Higher-Order Finite Elements,
In: 15th International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics 2011 - IFASD2011, 26-30 June 2011,
Paris,2011
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Lagrange-Based 1D Models, LE
Lagrange-Based 1D Models: Displacement Unknowns
only
u
x
= L

u
x

u
y
= L

u
y

u
z
= L

u
z

L9 polynomials - Isoparametric
L

=
1
4
(r
2
+r r

)(s
2
+...
Main Tags
Open
Cross-sections
Thin-Walled
Local Model
Renements
Shell-Like BCs Solid-Like BCs
Composite
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Lagrange-Based 1D Models, LE
A Typical Cross-Section Mesh
z
x y
b
h
t
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Lagrange-Based 1D Models, LE
Open Cross-Sections
z
x y
b
h
t
E. Carrera, M. Petrolo,
Rened Beam Elements
with only Displacement
Variables and Plate/Shell
Capabilities,
Submitted.
Solid
Beam
ONLY
Lagrange
1D models
can detect
such a
result!
Computational Cost
CUF 1D, 6500 DOFs
Solid 130000 DOFs
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Lagrange-Based 1D Models, LE
Shell-Like BCs
BCs on the lateral
edges
Solid
Beam
Computational Cost
CUF 1D, 7000 DOFs
Solid 43000 DOFs
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Lagrange-Based 1D Models, LE
Solid-Like BCs
Clamped Point
Computational Cost
CUF 1D, 7500 DOFs
Solid 85000 DOFs
Solid
Beam
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Lagrange-Based 1D Models, LE
Arbitrary BCs: Panel Flutter by means of CUF 1D
Carrera E. , Zappino E. , Augello G. , Ferrarese A. and Montabone M.
Aeroelastic Analysis of Versatile Thermal Insulation Panels for Launchers Applications,
In: ESA - 7th European Aerothermodynamics Symposium on Space Veicles 2011, Bruges, Belgium.
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Lagrange-Based 1D Models, LE
Composite Structures: ESL and LW Descriptions
Equivalent Single Layer:
Taylor and Lagrange

s
Layer 1

s
Layer 2

s
Layer 3

s
Multilayer
Multilayered
Structure
3 X 3 Fundamental
Nucleus Array
Assembled ESL
Matrix
Layer-Wise: Lagrange

s
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3

s
Multilayer
Multilayered
Structure
3 X 3 Fundamental
Nucleus Array
Assembled
LW Matrix

s
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Lagrange-Based 1D Models, LE
Composite Longeron
Computational Cost
CUF, 12 L9 8000 DOFs
Solid 250000 DOFs
Timoshenko
-2.245e-006
-2.24e-006
-2.235e-006
-2.23e-006
-2.225e-006
-2.22e-006
-2.215e-006
-2.21e-006
-2.205e-006
CUF
SOLID
-2.85e-006
-2.8e-006
-2.75e-006
-2.7e-006
-2.65e-006
-2.6e-006
-2.55e-006
-2.5e-006
-2.45e-006
-2.8e-006
-2.75e-006
-2.7e-006
-2.65e-006
-2.6e-006
-2.55e-006
-2.5e-006
-2.45e-006
-2.4e-006
-2.35e-006
-2.3e-006
E. Carrera, M. Petrolo,
Rened One-Dimensional Formulations for Laminated
Structure Analysis,
AIAA Journal, In Press.
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Lagrange-Based 1D Models, LE
The Very Last Extension: Component-Wise Approach, an
Outlook
CUF Lagrange 1D models can describe each Layer but they
can also model Fibers and Matrix.
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Guidelines and Recommendations
A Mixed Axiomatic/Asympthotic Approach
1 The problem data are xed.
2 A theory is xed and used to
establish the accuracy.
N = 0 N = 1 N = 2
u
x1
u
x2
x u
x3
z u
x4
x
2
u
x5
xz u
x6
z
2
u
y1
u
y2
x u
y3
z u
y4
x
2
u
y5
xz u
y6
z
2
u
z1
u
z2
x u
z3
z u
z4
x
2
u
z5
xz u
z6
z
2
3 Each term is deactivated in
turn.



4 Does the absence of the term
corrupt the solution?
Active term Inactive term
Yes, No,
5 The most suitable
kinematics model is then
detected for a given
structural lay-out.



u
x
= x u
x
2
+x
2
u
x
4
+z
2
u
x
6
u
y
= u
y
1
+x u
y
2
+xz u
y
5
u
z
= x u
z
2
+z u
z
3
+xz u
z
5
The 1D CUF Models, a brief Overview
Guidelines and Recommendations
Reduced Models with a Fourth-Order Theory Accuracy
E. Carrera and M. Petrolo,
On the Effectiveness of
Higher-Order Terms in
Rened Beam Theories,
Journal of Applied
Mechanics, , Volume 78,
2011, DOI:
10.1115/1.4002207.
M
eff
/M
36/45
Point Load on a Thin-Walled Cylinder



21/45
Torsion of a Thin-Walled Cylinder



44/45
Combined