Global warming Definition Definition of Green House Effect Al Gores Prediction Major Causes Greenhouse Gases

Plate Tectonics Solar Energy Volcanism

=Physical impacts -Effects on weather -Cryosphere -Oceans -Sea level rise = Impact on Social systems -Food supply -Droughts and agriculture -Health -Water resources -Migration and conflict

=Addressing the Issue of global warming -Mitigation

Solar Energy ,Biofuel Cell Charge

-Adaptation Dams, Stocking, Preserving food necessities , Storing Water

Conclusion

Global warming is the hot new topic of this century as catastrophic climatic events keep on ravaging the whole planet, annihilating entire villages and towns, and financially crippling the affected regimes. However, most of the people are not even familiar with the term Green House Effect. Therefore, we must first know what the terms mean, and only then We can truly understand its impacts. The greenhouse effect is a natural process by which the earth retains some of the energy of the sunrays, and utilizes it to warm it enough to sustain life on it. This process is mediated by the presence of some gases in the earths surroundings that form a layer around it, and are known as Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Al Gore, Nobel Peace Prize Winner 2007, underlined the possibility of the collapse of a major ice sheet in Greenland or in West Antarctica, either of which could raise global sea levels by approximately 20 feet (6 m), flooding coastal areas and producing 100 million refugees. Melting water from Greenland, because of its lower salinity, could then halt the currents that keep northern Europe warm and quickly trigger dramatic local cooling there. It also contains various short animated projections of what could happen to different animals more vulnerable to climate change. One of the first things scientists learned is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and humans emit them in a variety of ways. Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, factories and electricity production. Secondly over the course of millions of years, the motion of tectonic plates reconfigures global land and ocean areas and generates topography. This can affect both global and local patterns of climate and atmosphere-ocean circulation. The topography can influence climate. The existence of mountains (as a product of plate tectonics through mountain-building) can cause orographic precipitation. Volcanic eruptions, geysers, and hot springs, are examples of volcanic processes which release gases and particulates into the atmosphere. Presently the scientific consensus on climate change is that human activity is very likely the cause for the rapid increase in global average temperatures over the past several decades. Consequently, the debate has largely shifted onto ways to reduce further human impact and to find ways to adapt to change that has already occurred Pakistan is facing existence of five major risks related to climate change including rise in sea level, glacial retreats, floods, higher average temperature and higher frequency of droughts. Pakistan is ranked 16th on the Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI) by Maple Croft. Jumping up 13 positions in one year.

German watch also places Pakistan as the most affected country for 2010 and in top 10 for 1990-2010 by climatic changes. Scientific studies showed that average global temperature has risen by about 1 degree Centigrade during the past century. International Panel on Climate Change Global temperatures are projected to increase further between 1.4 degree Centigrade and 5.8 degree Centigrade by 2100 and to continue to rise long after. Climate changes are costing the economy $14 billion a year, which is almost 5% of the GDP. According to the Asian Development Bank, more than 10 million people have been displaced in Pakistan over the last 2 years due to these climate related disasters. In addition, being a predominantly agricultural economy, climate change is estimated to decrease crop yields in Pakistan not only as a result of flooding, but also as a result of changing temperatures, which in turn will affect livelihoods and food production. Deterioration of climate is irreversibly harming Pakistan, as the glacier melt in the Himalayas is projected to increase flooding and affect water resources within the next two to three decades. This will be followed by decreased river flows over time as glaciers recede. The glacial melt will affect fresh water flows with dramatic adverse effects on biodiversity and livelihood with possible long-term implications on regional food security. This increase was mostly due to fossil fuel burning and deforestation. The climate change effect, on one hand may reduce the flow of freshwater into the delta and on the other hand it will accelerate the already occurring sea intrusion in the deltaic area. The ravaging sea continues to engulf the surrounding land, and consumes 80 acres a day on an average. Six subdivisions of Thatta, which were previously considered extremely prosperous due to extensive agriculture, are now amongst the poorest parts of the country due to the engulfment by the sea. The climate change effect, on one hand may reduce the flow of freshwater into the delta and on the other hand it will accelerate the already occurring sea intrusion in the deltaic area. Climate change is a global phenomenon. Several steps have been taken by world organizations particularly united nations. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. In 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Poland proposed that developed countries would provide expertise, and possibly aid, to developing nations to cope with loss and damage from such natural extremities as heat waves, droughts and floods and threats such as rising sea levels and desertification According to IPCC There are two ways to tackle the Climate change one is mitigation and the other is adaptation. Mitigation includes all activities such to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-reducing activities such as energy conservation, increased energy efficiency, and

satisfying more of society's power demands with renewable energy and nuclear energy sources. Climate mitigation also includes acts to enhance natural sinks, such as reforestation. Adaptation includes adjusting to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) to
moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with consequences.

Conclusion Pakistan, which is an already resource stressed country, has been crippled by the process of global warming, as the blatant floods and droughts continue to wreck the countrys economy. More than 10 million people have been displaced over the last two years, the agricultural land lies barren and financial losses have been estimated at $2 billion. These climatic catastrophes will not die down. Research studies have concluded that changing weather patterns will be the foundation for more intense and prolonged droughts and heat waves. Steps to reduce the overall emission of greenhouse gases have to be taken so that the planet Earth and its inhabitants can survive.