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PA Workshop
Outline
Introduction DC and Loadline analysis Bias and Stability LoadPull Matching using Smith Chart Utility SourcePull PA Characterization Did we meet the specification? Optimize/Fine Tune the design Test Design with real world modulated signals Layout
Page 2
Baseband
MOD
Driver
PA
OSC
Page 3
PA requirements
The PA is typically the primary consumer of power in a transmitter. A major design requirement is how efficiently the PA can convert DC power to RF output power. The design engineer has to often concern himself with the Efficiency of the Power Amplifier. Notice that efficiency translates into either lower operation cost (e.g. cellular basestation) or longer battery life (e.g. wireless handheld). PA linearity is another important requirement, the input/ output relationship must be linear to preserve the signal integrity. The design of PAs often involves the tradeoff of efficiency and linearity.
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PA Design Requirement
RF Output Power: 50 W PEP Input Drive Level : 1 W Output Load (RL): 50 Efficiency () > 50% Bias Voltage: 28 V Device: MRF9045M
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DC Curves
FET Curve Tracer I_Probe IDS FSL_MRF_MET_MODEL VJ MRF1 MODEL=MRF9045M
PARAMETER SWEEP
ParamSweep Sweep1 SweepPlan="SwpPlan1" Start=2.5 Stop=5.0 Step=0.1
DC
DC DC1 SweepVar="VDS" Start=0 Stop=28*2 Step=0.1 Set drain and gate voltage sweep limits as needed.
Disp T emp
Page 6
DC Curves
5 4 Load_Line IDS.i, A 3 2
VDsat 1
0 0 5 10 15 20 25
IQ m3
30 VDS 35 40 45 50 55 60
MRF9045M_AMP X2
Port P2 Num=2
VJ
MSub
sl_tok_LL2012-F_J_19960828 L2 PART_NUM=LL2012-F82NJ 82 nH MSUB MSub1 H=33.6 mil Er=4.2 Mur=1 Cond=5.8E+08 Hu=3.9e+034 mil T =2.8 mil T anD=0.002 Rough=0 mil
Port P4 Num=4
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Stability Analysis
VDD
VGG MRF9045M_AMP X1
S-PARAMETERS
S_Param SP2 Start=1 MHz Stop=3000 MHz Step=1.0 MHz
StabFact
StabMeas
Mu
MuPrime
Mu Mu1 Mu1=mu(S)
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Stability Analysis
3E4 1E4
StabFact1
1E3 1E2 1E1 1 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
freq, GHz
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Impedance Matching
The need for matching circuits is because amplifiers, in order to perform in a certain way(e.g. maximize output power), must be presented with a certain impedance at both the load and the source ports. For example in order to deliver maximum power to the load RL the transistor must have termination Zs and ZL. The input matching network is designed to transform the generator impedance Rs to the optimum source impedance Zs. The output matching network transform the load termination RL (50 ) to the optimum load impedance ZL. A LoadPull measurement will help the designer determine the optimum load impedance ZL.
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LoadPull Setup
PARAMETER SWEEP ParamSw eep Sw eep2
I_Probe Is_high
Vs_high
HARMONIC BALANCE HarmonicBalance HB1 Freq[1]=RFfreq Order[1]=15 P_1Tone PORT1 Num=1 Z=Z_s P=dbmtow (Pavs) Freq=RFfreq
MRF9045M_AMP X2
I_Probe Is_low
Vs_low
VAR VAR2 Z_l_2 =Z0 + j*0 Z_l_3 = Z0 + j*0 Z_l_4 = Z0 + j*0 Z_l_5 = Z0 + j*0 Z_s_fund =1.0 + j*0 Z_s_2 = Z0 + j*0 Z_s_3 = Z0 + j*0 Z_s_4 = Z0 + j*0 Z_s_5 =Z0 + j*0
Var Eqn
Examples Search
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LoadPull Contours
PAE_contours_p Pdel_contours_p
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Output Match
C C1 C=12.975203 pF
Port P1 Num=1
C C2 C=2.307137 pF
C C3 C=27.689016 pF
Port P2 Num=2
DA_SmithChartMatch1_output_match_design DA_SmithChartMatch1 F=760 MHz Zs=50 Ohm Zl=(2.300-j*3.800) Ohm Z0=50 Ohm
Page 16
SourcePull Contours
Pdel_contours_p PAE_contours_p
Page 17
Matching Circuits
MLIN TL9 Subst="MSub1" W=63.670079 mil L=216.786614 mil MLIN TL8 Subst="MSub1" W=63.670079 mil L=786.342520 mil MLIN TL7 Subst="MSub1" W=199.971654 mil L=596.716535 mil
Output Match
Port P2 Num=2
Input Match
Port P1 Num=1
Port P2 Num=2
Page 18
Vin I_Probe Iin P_1Tone PORT1 Num=1 Z=50.0 Ohm P=dbmtow(Pin) Freq=fo Vdc= input_match X5 output_match MRF9045M_AMP X3 X4 V_DC SRC2 Vdc=VGS I_Probe Iload Vload R R1 R=50 Ohm
Var Eqn
Var Eqn
HARMONIC BALANCE
FSL_TECH_INCLUDE FSL_TECH_INCLUDE FTI HarmonicBalance HB1 Freq[1]=fo Order[1]=15 SweepVar="Pin" Start=-30 Stop=40 Step=1
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Output
40
Pdel_dBm
20
-20
-30
-20
-10
0 Pin
10
20
30
40
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GainComp
Gp
Pin
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m1
m1 Pin=30.000 PAE=49.618
PAE
Pin
Page 22
dBm(Vload[1]) 41.549
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Optimization Setup
OPTIM
Optim Optim1 OptimType=Gradient MaxIters=25 DesiredError=0.0 FinalAnalysis="None" NormalizeGoals=no SetBestValues=yes SaveSolns=yes SaveGoals=yes SaveOptimVars=no UpdateDataset=yes SaveNominal=no SaveAllIterations=no UseAllOptVars=yes UseAllGoals=yes SaveCurrentEF=no
GOAL
Goal Goal1 Expr="dBm(Vload[1])" SimInstanceName="HB1" Min=47.0 Max= Weight= RangeVar[1]= RangeMin[1]= RangeMax[1]=
GOAL
Goal Goal2 Expr="dBm(Vload[2])-dBm(Vload[1])" SimInstanceName="HB1" Min= Max=-40 Weight= RangeVar[1]= RangeMin[1]= RangeMax[1]=
Page 24
Optimization Results
InitialEF 67.187 optIter 10 FinalEF 0.000 Goal1 47.003 Goal2 -40.017
MLIN TL39 Subst="MSub1" W=63.670079 mil L=2194.444882 mil opt{ 250 mil to 3500 mil }
Before
After
Page 25
Optimization Values
TL39.L*1e5/2.54 551.591 TL15.L*1e5/2.54 247.144 TL7.L*1e5/2.54 320.449 TL8.L*1e5/2.54 622.341
TL30.L*1e5/2.54 814.900
TL31.L*1e5/2.54 202.643
TL9.L*1e5/2.54 248.635
TL32.L*1e5/2.54 184.709
TL10.L*1e5/2.54 244.711
Page 26
PA Results
60
m1
40
m1 Pin=30.000 Pdel_dBm=47.003
Pdel_dBm
20
Pin
Page 27
m3
60
m3 Pin=30.000 PAE=56.736
PAE
40
20
Pin
Page 28
m4 m4 Pin=30.000 Gp-Gp[0]=-0.728
Gp-Gp[0]
Pin
Page 29
Page 30
QAM_Mod Q1 FCarrier=Fc Pow er=Pc VRef=1.0 V LPF_RaisedCosineTimed Phase=0 GainImbalance=0 L5 PhaseImbalance=0 Loss=0.0 CornerFreq=bit_rate/8 ExcessBw =0.5 Type=Model w ith pulse equalization SquareRoot=Yes Delay=16/bit_rate
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Page 32
PA
QAM_src X2 Pc=Pow
SplitterRF S10
SplitterRF S7
PhaseShiftRF P1 PhaseShift=360-168
MatchedLoss M1 Loss=17.0
QAM Source
TimedSink RF_out Plot=Rectangular Start=DefaultT imeStart Stop=DefaultT imeStop ControlSimulation=YES
Page 33
Simulation Time Benchmark: Total bits: 1024 bits AVM disabled : 410 sec AVM enabled: 13 sec AVM data reuse: 5.5 sec -------------AVM data reuse (16 Kbits): 17.5 sec
Page 34
freq, MHz
freq, MHz
Page 35
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Page 36
Cosimulation Results
Carrier Power 30 dBm
peakP_in 32.163 peak_avg_in 4.951 avgPin 27.212
peakP_out 47.969
peak_avg_out 3.516
avgPout 44.453
peakP_in 30.000
peak_avg_in 7.788
avgPin 22.212
peakP_out 44.715
peak_avg_out 4.832
avgPout 39.883
Page 37
9E-1
1E-1
1E-1
1E-2
1E-2
1E-3
1E-3
1E-4
1E-4
1E-5 -8 -6 -4 -2 dB 0 2 4 6
1E-5 -8 -6 -4 -2 dB 0 2 4 6
Page 38
Var Eqn
Ref
tes t
EVM Ref
QAM_src X2 Pc=Pow
SplitterRF S7
PARAMETER SWEEP
ParamSweep Sweep1 SweepVar="Pow" SimInstanceName[1]="DF1" SimInstanceName[2]= SimInstanceName[3]= SimInstanceName[4]= SimInstanceName[5]= SimInstanceName[6]= Start=18 Stop=30 Step=1 DF DF1 DefaultNumericStart=0 DefaultNumericStop=100 DefaultTimeStart=0 DefaultTimeStop=Tstop SavedEquationName[1]="Tstep"
EVM_WithRef E2 StartSym=10 SymBurstLen=1024 SampPerSym=16 SymDelayBound=-1 NumBursts=2 MeasType=EVM_rms SymbolRate=0.25 MHz RES R1 R=50 Ohm
Page 39
EVM (%)
3 2 1 0 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Power (dBm)
Page 40
QAM_src X2 Pc=Pow
VSA_89600_1_Sink RES V1 R1 R=50 Ohm VSATitle="Simulation output" TStep=Tstep SamplesPerSy mbol=16 SetupFile="C:\Program Files\Agilent\89600 RestoreHW=NO SetFreqProp=Y ES
VAR VAR3 Tstep=1/(bit_rate*oversample) Tstop=num_bits/bit_rate Fc=760 MHz Pow=30 _dBm VAR VAR2 bit_rate=1.0 MHz oversample=4 num_bits=1024*16
Var Eqn
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PA Layout
MC U R VE2 M LI N TL20 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 668898 m l i L=225 m l i M LI N TL21 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 668898 m l i L=200 m l i Cur ve2 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 668898 m l i Angl e=90 Radi us=100. 0 m l i Nm ode=2
Por t P3 N um =3
sc_m r t _M C _G R M 40C 0G 050_D _19960828 C 20 PAR T_N U M =G R M 40C 0G 100D 050 10pF
sc_m r t _M C _G R M 40C 0G 050_J_19960828 C 17 M LI N TL39 Subst =" M Sub1" M TAPER PART_N U M =G RM 40C 0G 330J050 33pF M LI N TL7 Taper 2 Subst =" M Sub1" W1=199. 971654 m l i W2=63. 670079 m l i L=100. 0 m l i M LI N TL8 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 670079 m l i L=622. 343 m l i opt { 100 m l i t o 750 m l i} M LI N TL9 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 670079 m l i L=248. 635 m l i opt { 75 m l i t o 500 m l i} M LI N TL10 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 670079 m l i L=244. 711 m l i opt { 50 m l i t o 500 m l i}
W=63. 670079 m l i Subst =" M Sub1" L=551. 591 m l i opt { 250 m l i t o 3500 W=199. ml i} 971654 m l i L=320. 449 m l i opt { 75 m l i t o 500 m l i}
M TEE_AD S M TAPER M LI N TL15 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 670079 m l i L=247. 144 m l i opt { 50 m l i t o 500 m l i} M LI N TL32 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 670079 m l i L=184. 709 m l i opt { 100 m l i t o 500 m l i} M LI N TL30 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 670079 m l i L=814. 898 m l i opt { 250 m l i t o 1000 m l i} Taper 1 Subst =" M Sub1" W1=199. 971654 m l i W2=63. 670079 m l i L=100. 0 m l i M LI N TL31 Subst =" M Sub1" W=199. 971654 m l i L=202. 643 m l i opt { 75 m l i t o 750 m l i} sr _avx_C R _10_K_19960828 R 13 PART_N U M =C R 10- 150K 15 O hm M TEE_AD S Tee1 Subst =" M Sub1" W1=199. 971654 m l i W2=199. 971654 m l i W3=63. 668898 m l i sc_m r t _M C_G R M 40C 0G 050_C _19960828 Tee2 Subst =" M Sub1" W1=199. 971654 m l i W2=199. 971654 m l i W3=63. 670079 m l i sc_m r t _M C _G R M 40C 0G 050_J_19960828 C 24 PAR T_N U M =G R M 40C 0G 150J050 15pF C25 PAR T_N U M =G R M 40C 0G 020C 050 2pF
Por t P2 N um =2
Por t P1 N um =1
sc_m r t _M C _G R M 40C 0G 050_D _19960828 C 27 PAR T_NU M =G R M 40C 0G 090D 050 9pF sc_m r t _M C _G R M 40C 0G 050_C_19960828 C 28 PAR T_N U M =G R M 40C0G 020C 050 2pF sc_m r t _M C _G R M 40C 0G 050_J_19960828 C 18 PAR T_NU M =G R M 40C 0G 220J050 22pF
M Sub
M LI N TL1 Subst =" M SU B1" W=63. 668898 m l i L=100 m l i
SM T_Pad
SM T_Pad Pad1 W=50. 0 m l i L=40. 0 m l i PadLayer =" cond" SM O =5. 0 m l i SM _Layer =" sol der _m ask" PO =0 m l i
SM T_Pa d
M SU B SM T_Pad Pad2 W=70. 0 m l i L=40. 0 m l i PadLayer =" cond" SM O =5. 0 m l i SM _Layer =" sol der _m ask" PO =0 m l i R ough=0 m l i M Sub1 H =33. 6 m l i Er =4. 2 M ur =1 C ond=5. 8E+08 H u=3. 9e+034 m l i T=2. 8 m l i TanD =0. 002
sc_m r t _M C _G R M 40C 0G 050_J_19960828 M LI N TL44 M LI N TL40 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 668898 m l i L=200 m l i Subst =" M SU B1" W=63. 668898 m l i M LI N TL23 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 668898 m l i L=350 m l i M LI N TL22 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 668898 m l i L=200 m l i L=315. 0248 m l i C 21 PART_N U M =G RM 40C 0G 330J050 33pF
SM T_Pad
SM T_Pad
Por t P4 N um =4 sc_m r t _M C _G R M 40C 0G 050_D_19960828 C 22 PAR T_N U M =G R M 40C0G 100D 050 10pF
MC U RVE2 C ur ve1 Subst =" M Sub1" W=63. 668898 m l i Angl e=90 R adi us=100. 0 m l i N m ode=2
Pad3 W=30. 0 m l i L=30. 0 m l i PadLayer =" cond" SM O =5. 0 m l i SM _Layer =" sol der _m ask" PO =0 m l i
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Other Possibilities
Run an EM Cosimulation include layout effects in the simulation. Optimize design if necessary. Run Loadpull for IP3 or ACPR. The optimum load would then be a compromise between all the requirements. Use Connection Manager and real PA to validate design and compare vs. simulated results. Create a behavioral data model that can be used to protect you IP yet give access to your design results.
If there is any topic about PA Design and ADS you wish to discuss email me: wilfredo_rivas-torres@agilent.com
Page 49
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Revised: March 27, 2008
Product specications and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice. Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2008 Printed in USA, October 12, 2004 5989-9594EN