Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
FORM 4
NOTES
Name: ______________________
Class: ___________
Transverse waves
Transverse waves are made up of _________________ and ____________________.
Definition of a transverse wave:
It is a wave in which the vibrations are _________________________ (900) to the direction of the
wave.
Longitudinal waves
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It is a wave in which the vibrations are ________________________ (1800) to the direction of the
wave.
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3 dimensional view
b) Longitudinal waves
The wavelength ( ) for a longitudinal wave is the length of a single wave made up of a compression and a
rarefaction. However, it is also equal to the distance between two successive ______________________ or
two successive ___________________.
http://einstein.byu.edu/~masong/HTMstuff/WaveTrans.html
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The displacement is the height of the wave, from its rest position.
The maximum displacement is called __________________.
So the amplitude is the height of a crest or the depth of a trough.
The greater the amplitude, the greater the ________________ of the wave.
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Frequency (f)
Definition:
It is the number of waves in _________ second.
If 5 waves are generated in one second, then the frequency = ___________.
If 100 waves are generated in one second, then the frequency = __________.
The frequency of a wave can only change if the frequency of
the source changes.
If you dip your finger in water 3 times in 1 second, your frequency
(the source) is 3Hz and the frequency of the waves is also 3Hz as 3
waves are produced every second. If the waves move in deep or
shallow water the frequency will still be 3Hz as you would still be
producing 3 waves in one second. Unless you change your
frequency (source), the frequency of the waves will not change.
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Definition:
It is the time taken to complete one wave.
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If it takes 3 seconds to complete one wave, then the periodic time = ___________.
If it takes 0.2 seconds to complete one wave, then the periodic time = __________.
Example:
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f =
1
T
and
T = 1
f
If 5 waves are produced in one second, find: a) the frequency, b) the periodic time.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Frequency (f) =
no of waves in 1 second
Ex 1
Ex 2
Ex 3
Ex 4
Ex 5
Ex 6
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Find the:
Ex 7
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a) frequency
____________________________________________________________________
Ex 10
Wave Velocity (v or c)
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Velocity = Frequency
v
=
f
(m/s)
Example 1:
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(Hz)
B
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Wavelength
(m)
Find the velocity of a wave having a frequency of 3Hz and a wavelength of 0.4m.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Example 2:
Find the frequency of a wave which is moving at 2m/s and which has a wavelength of 30cm.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Gamma rays have the ____________________ frequency, the _____________________ energy and the
__________________________ wavelength.
Radio waves have the _____________________ frequency, the _______________________ energy and
the __________________________ wavelength.
Gamma rays, X-rays, Ultraviolet, Visible light, Infra-red, Microwaves and Radio waves are all
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2. They do not need a medium to travel through, so they can travel in a ________________________.
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Approximate
(m)
Source
Use
Gamma
Additional information
Is very penetrating and can be
very dangerous if used
inappropriately.
Can
be
detected with a Geiger-Muller
tube.
Produced when electrons hit a
metal target. Can penetrate
flesh but not bones and so
produces a shadow, making
fractures visible. Parts of the
body need to be covered with
lead. Can be detected by
photographic plates.
X-rays
Ultraviolet
Can be detected by using
fluorescent chemicals making
objects glow in the dark.
Visible light
Infra-red
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Microwaves
Radio
waves
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Ripple tank
Water waves are transverse waves. They can be
studied in a __________________________.
Architects and engineers use ripple tanks to study
the best design for breakwaters before they start
projects on a large scale.
How do you produce straight waves in a ripple
tank?
By using a _____________________ that is forced
to move up and down by an electric motor.
How do you produce circular waves in a ripple
tank?
By using a _____________________ that is forced
to move up and down by an electric motor.
A _____________________ is an instrument that makes waves appear stationary.
The
___________________ is equal to the distance between two successive wavefronts and is measured
with a metre ruler.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=r0088hYFuws
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http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=stdi6XJX6gU
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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Question:
A graph of the displacement against distance for a wave is shown in the diagram.
a)
b)
c)
If the frequency of the source is 100Hz, calculate the velocity of the wave.
____________________________________________________________________________(2 marks)
d)
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The wave enters a medium and slows down. What change, if any, is there in the frequency?
____________________________________________________________________________(2 marks)
e)
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f)
How would the same graph be different if the wave had more energy?
____________________________________________________________________________(2 marks)
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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The narrow gap being similar to the wavelength of the waves causes more diffraction (spreading) of
waves and this would not be ideal for a harbour.
http://www.ngsir.netfirms.com/englishhtm/Diffraction.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=4EDr2YY9lyA
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Question:
Harbours have breakwaters to stop large waves.
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ii) 5 waves hit the breakwater every 20 seconds. What is the frequency of the water waves?
________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________ (2 marks)
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__________________________________________________________________________ (2 marks)
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b i) Complete the diagram above to show how the waves proceed after passing through the gap.
(2 marks)
ii) Explain why it would not be wise to make the gap too narrow.
________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________ (2 marks)
Question:
This question is about an experimental design about water
waves.
measuring tape
stopwatch
a) A tank 5 m long is filled with water. Using the apparatus above, describe how one could find the
speed of the water wave.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________(4 marks)
b) A student is told that the deeper the water, the less the wave velocity. Describe how he should
investigate this statement.
Method:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________(3 marks)
Table of results:
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(2 marks)
Graph:
___________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)
Precautions:
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___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ (3 marks)
From the shape of the graph, how could the student tell if the statement is correct?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________(2 marks)
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
SOUND
Sound energy travels in the form of longitudinal waves.
A longitudinal wave is made up of _______________________ (C) and ____________________ (R).
Sound waves from a loudspeaker produce compressions and rarefactions of invisible air molecules. A
compression is a region in which the number of air molecules (particles) is high. A rarefaction is a
region in which the number of air molecules is low.
The speaker has a cone which is made to vibrate in and out by an electric current. When the cone
moves, out the air in front is compressed and when it moves in, the air is rarefied.
Sound is not electromagnetic in nature as it requires a medium to travel. Sound does not travel
in a vacuum. If an explosion occurs in space, nothing will be heard as there the sound cannot travel.
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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As air is pumped out by a vacuum pump, the ringing of the bell gets
lower and lower. When all the air is removed, the hammer can be seen
vibrating but no sound is heard. This experiment shows that sound
does not travel in a __________________.
This is an instrument which after being struck vibrates at a certain frequency. If it has a frequency
of 256Hz, it means that it vibrates 256 times in one second.
Characteristics of sound
a) Pitch: Pitch is a term used by musicians to distinguish different notes.
The higher the pitch, the higher the _____________________.
b) Loudness: The loudness of a sound wave depends on how much ______________ it has.
The loudness and energy depend on the ____________________ of the sound wave. Another
word for loudness is _________________.
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Both sounds have the same pitch as the tuning forks vibrate at the same frequency.
So pitch and loudness are independent of each other.
Question:
In the lab a student connects a microphone to an oscilloscope so that it can be used to detect sound
waves. A loudspeaker producing a note of frequency 300Hz is placed in line with the microphone.
The trace obtained on the oscilloscope screen is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
a)
Figure 2
Figure 3
Explain how a sound wave travels through the air, from the loudspeaker to the microphone.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________ (2 marks)
b) If the velocity of sound in air is 330 m/s, what is the wavelength of the sound emitted?
_____________________________________________________________________________ (2 marks)
c) The student decreases the intensity (loudness) of the sound produced but does not change the frequency.
Draw the new trace produced on the screen in Figure 2.
(2 marks)
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d) The sound intensity is changed back to its initial value and this time the frequency is varied from 300Hz
to 600Hz. Draw the trace of the new note of frequency 600 Hz in Figure 3.
(2 marks)
e) The loudspeaker and microphone are now placed inside a sealed jar, as shown below. The loudspeaker
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produces a note of 300 Hz, and with the jar full of air the trace produced is as shown in Figure 1.
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If all the air is pumped out of the jar, what trace is now seen on the oscilloscope? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ (2 marks)
(Total 10 marks)
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Question:
The following are traces seen on an oscilloscope when 4 different sounds are produced.
Speed of sound
ANY sound in air travels at around 330 m/s. It does not depend on pitch or loudness.
The speed of sound is affected by the temperature and the material through which it travels.
The higher the temperature, the _______________ the sound travels.
Material
Air
Water
Steel
Reflection of sound
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Sound waves are reflected when incident onto a surface. The reflected sound is called an ___________.
An echo is less loud than the original sound. This is because it has less energy.
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Example :
A man standing at a distance of 200 m from a large high wall, produces a sound and hears an echo after 1.2
seconds. Find the speed of sound in air.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
A sound is produced (e.g. by clapping once). When the sound reaches microphone X,
_____________________________________.
When the sound reaches microphone Y,
_____________________________________. The distance d is measured with a metre rule and the
formula Speed = Distance is used.
Time
Method 2:
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A person standing at a distance of about 100 m from a large high wall, claps his hands at regular intervals to
coincide exactly with the echoes. The time taken for 50 claps is recorded.
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( ex. if the
Question:
Luke and David are standing between 2 walls A and B, 480 m from the nearest wall. David beats his drum
and Luke hears the first echo after 3 seconds.
Ultrasound
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Bats and dolphins use ultrasound to know how far they are
from objects and to hunt (echolocation).
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_____________________________________________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
__________________
[1]
[1]
[1]
D
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________________________________________________________________________
(ii) What is the value of the above frequency in Hertz?
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________________________________________________________________________
[1]
[1]
(iii) Calculate the wavelength of the sound waves produced, if their speed in air is 340 m/s.
________________________________________________________________________
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[1]
e) The bat is flying close to a wall and receives the reflected sound after 0.16 s.
(i)
________________________________________________________________________
[1]
(ii) Calculate the distance between the bat and the wall.
________________________________________________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
[1]
LIGHT
Objects which do not emit light themselves but reflect the light of luminous sources, are called
_______________________________ objects.
We see things because rays either come directly from them if they are luminous, or rays coming from
luminous sources are reflected by non luminous sources into our eyes.
Fill in the table below with the following items: fire, chair, shining mirror, moon, Jupiter, galaxy.
Luminous
Light rays
Non-luminous
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Light rays represent the direction in which light travels. Light rays may be _________________,
_______________________, or __________________________. We use a ray box to produce rays in
the lab.
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a ray box
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Light is reflected when it falls on a reflecting surface such as a mirror. Complete the diagram below
marking, the normal, incident ray, reflected ray, angle of incidence (i), angle of reflection (r).
Laws of reflection
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The table below shows the angles of reflection for different angles of incidence obtained by a student
during an experiment using a plane mirror and a ray box.
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
10
10
25
20
30
30
40
40
50
50
Experiment: Reflection
Apparatus: __________________________________________________________________________
Diagram:
Method:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Table:
Angle of incidence (0)
Conclusion:
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
The periscope
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a) Draw a ray from the shop sign S which reaches P after reflection at the mirror. Include in your diagram, the
incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal.
(2 marks)
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(1 mark)
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____________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)
d) Why does the boy find it difficult to read the sign?
____________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)
e) Why cant the student at Q see the image?
____________________________________________________________________________ (1 mark)
REFRACTION OF
When light travels through different substances or media, it changes direction because it changes
______________________. This phenomenon of bending is called _______________________.
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When light passes from one medium to another, its speed changes.
When light passes from an optically less dense medium (e.g. air) to an optically denser medium (e.g. glass) its
speed ____________________ and it is bent or refracted __________________ the normal.
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When light passes from an optically dense medium (e.g. glass) to an optically less dense medium (e.g. air) its
speed ___________________ and it is bent or refracted ___________________ the normal.
We can compare this effect to a fast car moving on a road that gets stuck in mud and comes out again.
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Every optical material has its own refractive index (e.g. n for glass =1.5, n for water = 1.33).
The greater the refractive index of a material, the more is it able to:
a) ________________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________________
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Example:
As light passes from air to glass its speed decreases from 3 x 108 m/s to 2 x108m/s. Find the refractive
index of glass.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Refractive index (n)
= real depth
apparent depth
Diffraction of light
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http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/java/diffraction/index.html
Light is made up of waves and so can be diffracted when it passes through a slit (gap). This however has to
be very narrow (< 1/100mm). This is because light has a very short wavelength.
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Reflecting Prisms
When the ray enters the face PQ it is not
refracted
as
it
enters
along
the
______________. The critical angle of glass is
420 and when the ray hits the side PR, the
__________________________ is exceeded
and
so
there
is
___________________________________.
Fibre Optics
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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Dispersion
White light can be split up into a spectrum of 7 different colours. This
phenomenon is called _______________________.
Continue the ray diagram to show the path taken by the different colours.
Mark on the screen where you think might be infra-red and ultraviolet radiation.
Which colour is most refracted? ___________________
Which colour travels fastest in glass? __________________
Lenses
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Lenses are used in optical instruments (e.g. microscopes, telescopes). There are two types of lenses:
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The convex lens is _______________ at the centre and it bends light _______________________.
The diverging lens is ________________ at the centre and it bends light _____________________.
The centre of the lens is called the _________________________.
The line through C at right angles to the lens is called the _________________________________.
The focal point is denoted by the letter F. It is also known as _____________________.
The
focal
length
is
the
distance
between
the
___________________
and
________________________________ of the lens.
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
the
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Magnification
The magnification m is given by the formulae:
m = height of image
height of object
or
The image distance is the distance between the ________________ and the lens.
The object distance is the distance between the ________________ and the lens.
Example:
Continue the following diagram, marking the image formed and stating its properties. Give a use for the
diagram below. Calculate also the magnification by using both formulae.
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________
Refer to page 12 to complete the table below
Height of image (cm)
Magnifying lens
Projector
Camera
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Magnification
The ray diagram for the above experiment would be the following:
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This method is approximate because the rays coming from the distant object may not be perfectly parallel.
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If a convex lens is thick it will be more able to bend parallel rays of light
over a short distance. Therefore the shorter the focal length, the greater the
power of the lens. Which of the lenses shown has the greatest power A, B
or C? Why? ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Object on F:
Object on 2F
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Example:
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A slide is placed 8cm away from a convex lens of focal length 12cm. Draw a ray diagram to scale to show how
the image forms. State the characteristics of the image. Find the image distance and also the magnification.
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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When a car keeps moving at the same speed, we say that the car
uniform __________________.
If the driver increases the speed of the car at a constant rate, we say that there is a constant or
is moving at constant or
uniform ______________________.
If the driver decreases the speed of the car at a constant rate, we say that there is a constant or
uniform ______________________.
Average Speed
Total Distance
Total Time
D
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Unit
Initial velocity
Final velocity
Time
Acceleration/Deceleration
Distance
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When an object is stationary (at rest) or moves at constant speed, its acceleration is ___________.
Acceleration is a vector quantity as it has ______________________ and _________________.
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Equations of motion
1)
3)
v = u + at
or
a = (v-u)
t
s = ut + a t2
2)
4)
s = (u+v) x t
2
2
2
v = u + 2as
Example 1:
A sprinter increases his speed from 2m/s to 6m/s in 8 seconds. Find:
a) his acceleration.
b) the distance travelled.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Example 2:
A car moving at a speed of 20 m/s is decelerated to rest in 4 seconds. Find:
a) its deceleration
b) the distance travelled.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Example 3:
A car starts from rest and is accelerated at 5m/s2 for 8 seconds. Find:
a) its final velocity.
b) the distance travelled.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Example 4:
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A boy starts from rest and completes a 200 m race in 20 seconds. Find:
a) his final velocity.
b) his average speed.
c) his acceleration.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Example 5:
An athelete runs a 100m race. He takes 5 seconds to cover the first 30m. If he continues to run the rest of the
race at constant speed, find:
a) his final velocity after 30m.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
b) his acceleration.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
c) the total time to run the race.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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The thinking distance is the ______________ moved by the car while the driver is ______________.
The braking distance is the ______________ moved by the car while the driver is _______________.
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TOTAL STOPPING
DISTANCE
THINKING
DISTANCE
BRAKING
DISTANCE
Example:
A car is moving at 15m/s. The driver sees a child standing in the middle of the road and takes 0.6seconds to
apply the brakes. If the car stops in a further 4 seconds. Find:
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________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________
Example:
A driver is driving his car at a speed of 10m/s. A child crosses the road and while the driver reacts, the car
moves a distance of 5m. The car is then brought to rest 6 seconds later. Find:
D
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________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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Example 1:
A car moves at a constant speed of 20m/s for 10 seconds. It is decelerated to rest in a further 4 seconds.
Sketch a velocity time graph and find:
a) the deceleration.
b) the total distance travelled.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Example 2:
The speed of a car is increased from 4m/s to 12m/s in 10 seconds. Sketch a velocity time graph and find:
a) the acceleration.
b) the total distance travelled.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
D
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________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Example 3:
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A car moves at a speed of 15m/s for 10 seconds. Its speed is decreased to 5m/s in a further 3seconds. Sketch
a velocity time graph and find:
a) the deceleration.
b) the total distance travelled.
________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Example:
Using the distance time graph shown find the speed of the
moving object shown.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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________ ________________.
This is negligible in the case of the marble and the iron ball.
Experiment:
Air is extracted by means of a vacuum pump.
A _____________ is created inside the tube.
The marble and feather inside the glass tube fall in the same way.
In a vacuum, there is no _____ ________________ since no air is present.
Therefore, the feather and the marble fall with an acceleration of
9.8m/s2.
acceleration of __________________.
Usually when we work problems, g is taken to be 10m/s2.
Object dropped
from 1m height
Typical
acceleration
Stone of
mass 0.1kg
Stone of
mass 5kg
Stone of 5kg
in vacuum
Feather
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Feather in
vacuum
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Small
parachute
Same parachute
in vacuum
( u = 0 m/s )
s= g t 2
Example 1 :
A ball is dropped from a certain height and takes 5 seconds to reach the ground. From which height was it
released? What have you assumed in your calculation?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Example 2 :
A stone is dropped from a height of 15m. Find the time it takes to hit the ground. What have you assumed?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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When the switch is on position 1, the ________________ attracts the iron ball.
When the switch is moved quickly to position 2, the iron ball __________ and the
_____________ starts.
The timer stops counting when the ____________ hits the _____________.
The distance fallen is measured with a __________________.
Using the equation:
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s= g t 2
g=2 s
t2
For example, if the distance fallen is 1 m and the time recorded is 0.45seconds:
g= 2x1
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
(0.45)
= 9.88m/s
2
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
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Isaac Newton
1643-1727
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When the sheet of paper is pulled rapidly, the coin falls into the glass. The coin is at
rest and does not want to change its state of motion.
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When a car stops suddenly, the body moves forward due to inertia. Seatbelts prevent the forward motion
caused by inertia. Airbags also help to prevent injury. Inertia can kill.
Website about crashtests: http://regentsprep.org/regents/physics/phys01/accident
Example 1:
_______________________________
In this case the object would __________________ to the _____________.
Example 2:
Name the forces:
F1 __________________________________
F2 __________________________________
F3 __________________________________
Force F1 is equal to 6,000N, force F2 is
equal to 1,000N and F3 is equal to 2,000N. Find the resultant force acting on the car in this case.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
In this case the car would __________________ to the _____________.
Example 3:
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a) _________________________________
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or
b) __________________________________
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Find the resultant force and state the type of motion in each case.
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b) accelerating.
Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
______________________________________
Example 4:
A rope is used to lift an object of mass 30kg.
a) Name the force caused by the mass of the object and label it in the diagram.
____________________________________________________________________
b) What is the value of the tension when the object is stationary?
____________________________________________________________________
c) What is the value of the tension when the object is lowered at constant speed?
____________________________________________________________________
d) What is the value of the tension when the object is lifted at constant speed?
____________________________________________________________________
e) Suggest a value for the tension when the object is accelerated upward.
_____________________________________________________________________
( F = m a )
a
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(N)
(kg)
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(m/s2)
Example 1:
Find the resultant force acting on an object having a mass of 6kg and which is being accelerated at 5m/s2.
___________________________________________________________________________________
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Example 2:
If the object has a mass of 3kg, find:
a) resultant force __________________________
b) acceleration
_____________________________________________________________________
5
Example 3:
A van is travelling on a horizontal road at constant velocity. The forces acting on the van are shown in the
diagram below. The force F produced by the engine is 500N.
Momentum
(kg m/s)
mass
(kg)
x velocity
(m/s)
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________________________________________________________
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Which one has more momentum in each case? (Use the signs >, < or =)
Car moving at 20m/s.
Example 4:
When accidents happen at sea, injured persons are often rescued by
helicopter as shown in the diagram.
a) If the mass of the helicopter is 1500kg, what upward force
must be produced by the rotation of the rotor blades to keep
the helicopter at constant height?
Explain.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
i)
After a brief
What is the tension in the rope as it is drawn into the helicopter at constant speed?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ii) Is the tension in the rope during the acceleration likely to be greater than, less than or equal to your
answer in part b i)? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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iii) The acceleration while they are being lifted is 0.5m/s2. Calculate the value of this tension.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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c) Calculate the power of the motor when the people at the end of the rope are rising at a constant speed.
(Assume the process is 100% efficient).
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Example 5:
A car starts from rest and reaches a speed of 20m/s in 5 seconds. If it has a mass of 1500kg, Find:
a) the acceleration. _____________________________________________________________________
b) the resultant force. ___________________________________________________________________
c) initial momentum. ___________________________________________________________________
d) final momentum. ____________________________________________________________________
e) change in momentum. ________________________________________________________________
Example 6:
A driver of mass 80kg loses control of his car which is moving at 10m/s, and crashes into a wall. He comes to
rest in 0.5 seconds. Find:
a) the deceleration of the driver ___________________________________________________________
b) the average decelerating force of the seatbelt on the driver if it is to hold him firmly in his seat.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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opposite direction.
d) One of the mallard ducks hits the aeroplane windscreen. Calculate the impact force on the windscreen, if
the collision lasts for 0.001seconds. ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
e) The aeroplane windscreen is designed to withstand an impact force of 5.0 x 104N. Will it break or not?
________________________________________________________________________________________
Newtons 2nd law : (Everyday examples)
F = m a
or
and
so F = m (v u)
a = (v u)
t
t
mv - mu = (change in momentum)
t
time
and
F =
Seatbelt
What is the use of a seatbelt?
_______________________________________________________________
Why should it stretch a little bit?
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Airbag
How does an airbag help to prevent injury?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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Crumple zones
What are crumple zones?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
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Catching a ball
Why should the hand be moved slightly backward?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Flexing knees after jumping
Why should we flex our knees when jumping?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
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Packaging material
Packaging material is designed in a way to ______________ the time of
_______________ and so protect fragile objects inside.
Hammering a nail
When a nail is hammered in a wooden block, the impact should last a
________ time, so that the force created is _____________________.
If both cardboard tubes are released from a height of 3m, the egg which
is resting on the crumpled aluminium foil would not break. Explain why.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Example 8:
a) A car advert specifies that the car can reach a speed of 25m/s from rest in 18 seconds. Calculate the
acceleration of the car.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Cars are tested for safety during accidents in special laboratories.
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i) When a car crashes into a wall, the person continues to move forward.
Explain why this happens.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
ii) Seatbelts are slightly elastic and stretch slightly before stopping the passenger from moving forward. What
is the advantage of this?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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iii) Airbags are designed to open in front of passengers in the case of an accident. Suggest two ways in which
an airbag can decrease the force of impact.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
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The distance is equal to the length of the glider and is measured with a metre ruler.
Example:
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A glider has a length of 10cm. It takes 0.4 seconds to pass in front of the photodiode.
Find the average speed of the glider.
________________________________________________________________________________________
On a LEVELLED airtrack the glider will move at CONSTANT SPEED when slightly pushed
When the glider is slightly pushed the time recorded on each timer is the _________. This means that the
glider is neither _________________ nor ___________________.
It is moving at __________
______________. The speed in each case can be found by using Speed = Distance/Time. The air track is
levelled by using a ________ _______________.
________________________________________________________________________________________
F=ma
a =
and so
aF
F
m
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e.g The harder you push a shopping trolley the more it will accelerate.
a 1
m
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e.g The greater the mass of the shopping trolleys the less they will accelerate.
Experiment:
The GREATER the
A weight (force) is used to pull the glider. The glider is released and its acceleration is noted. This is
repeated several times by adding more ___________________ to increase the force. It is noted that as the
force to pull the glider is increased the ______________________ increases. So acceleration and force are
____________________ proportional.
Table of results:
Force (N)
Acceleration (m/s2)
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Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
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Experiment:
The GREATER the
Mass
acceleration ( a 1/m )
A weight (force) is used to pull the glider. The glider is released and its acceleration is noted. This is
repeated several times by adding more ___________________ on top of each other to increase their
____________.
It is noted that as the mass of the gliders is increased, the acceleration
____________________. So acceleration and mass of gliders are ____________________ proportional.
Table of results:
Mass of Gliders (kg)
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Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
Acceleration (m/s2)
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Terminal Velocity
The feather is dropped from a
certain height. Initially its speed
increases and so there is an
______________________. At
this point the _____________ of
the feather is greater than the
_________ _________________.
However the air resistance
increases until it is equal to the
______________ of the feather.
At this point the resultant force is
equal to ___ N. The feather does
not accelerate any longer and
reaches it maximum constant
velocity
also
known
as
____________ ______________.
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Yes
Elastic
collision
Explosion
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An ice skater skating towards another one, moving on together after colliding.
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m1v1 + m2v2
(m1+m2)
v3
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________ (1)
iv) What is the total momentum after?
Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________________________ (3)
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________ (2)
vi) What is the kinetic energy of A before the collision?
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________ (3)
vii) What is the total kinetic energy of A and B after the collision?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________ (2)
viii) Can you explain the difference between the answers in vi) and vii)?
_____________________________________________________________________________________ (4)
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
m1v1 +
m2v2
m1 v3
m2v4
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Example:
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A sphere X of mass 4kg moving a 1m/s collides with an identical sphere Y which is at rest. If X stops:
a) Find the speed of sphere Y after collision.
b) Is K.E. conserved in this case?
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________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Example:
A minibus of mass 2000kg travelling at 10m/s collides headon with a car of mass 1200kg and which is moving at 30m/s
in the opposite direction. If the two vehicles stick together
on impact, find their common velocity and state in which direction they move.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Explosions
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When an explosion occurs the two objects separate and have an equal and opposite momentum.
Explosions are related to Newtons 3rd law which states that for every _______________ there is an equal and
opposite ________________.
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Example 1:
The velocity of a bullet of mass 5g after being fired is 60m/s. If the mass of the gun is 4kg, find the recoil
velocity of the gun.
Momentum bullet = Momentum gun
m1v1
m2v2
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________
Example 2:
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A man of mass 70kg jumps out of a boat with a speed of 3m/s. The
boat of mass 300kg moves backwards.
Example 3:
The diagram shows two stationary trolleys separated by a compressed spring and held together by a thread.
The mass of trolley A is 2kg and that of B is 1kg. When the thread is cut, the trolleys move rapidly apart.
a) Which force is causing the movement of the trolleys?
________________________________________________________________________________________
b) What is the total momentum before and just after the thread is cut? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
c)If trolley A moves off with a speed of 0.25m/s, calculate the speed at which trolley B moves off.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Example 4:
The diagram shows two girls on roller skates. Nicole has a mass of 25kg while
Roberta has a mass of 20kg. They are initially at rest.
a) What is the total momentum before they push each other? Why?
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________________________________________________________________
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c) Soon after they push each other, Nicole moves at a speed of 2m/s. Calculate her momentum.
________________________________________________________________________________________
d) What is the momentum of Roberta at this point? Why?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________________
e) Find the speed at which Roberta starts to move.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Experiment:
To prove the LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM ( for an inelastic collision)
Method:
Some plasticine is attached to glider 1 which is then slightly pushed. It passes in front of the first photodiode.
It then hits glider 2 which is at ___________. The two gliders ______________________________ and pass
in front of the second photodiode.
Results:
m1 is the mass of the ____________ glider.
m2 is the mass of the _____________ glider.
v1 is the velocity of the _____________ glider BEFORE collision = length of glider 1
Time of timer 1
v2 is 0m/s because glider 2 is at __________ BEFORE collision.
v3 is the velocity of ____________ trolleys AFTER collision =
Calculation:
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Precautions:
(m1+m2)
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v3
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The protons and
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So it is ______________ charged.
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neutrons are
imprisoned in the
_____________.
When rubbed with a cloth, PERSPEX (or cellulose acetate) becomes ___________________ charged.
Law of charges
Result
Positive
Positive
Negative
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Neutral
Neutral
Neutral
Charging by FRICTION
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Charged objects lose their charge faster in wet and humid conditions.
Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
Conductor/Insulator
Wooden bar
Plastic ruler
Metal ruler
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_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
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Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
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on
the
sphere,
the
greater
the
Unit
Example
Andre Ampere
1775 -1836
Charge
Current
Q
Charge
(Coulombs)
=
=
I
Current
(Amps)
t
x
D
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time
(seconds)
Example :
Find the amount of charge present if a current of 5A flows every 2 minutes.
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________________________________________________________________________________________
Electrical components
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Cell
Battery
Picture
Symbol
Use
Bulb/Lamp
Open switch
Closed switch
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Multimeter
Resistor
Variable resistor
(rheostat)
Conventional current and Electron flow
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Before electrons were discovered, scientists believed that current flowed from the positive to the negative
terminal of a cell. Later, they realized it was a mistake. It was too late to redefine all the electrical Physics,
so the inconvenience holds to this day. In the coursework we will use __________________________.
Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
Voltage
The difference in the number of electrons between the terminals of a cell is called
____________. The greater the difference, the greater the voltage. For ___________ to
Alessandro Volta
1745 -1827
flow, voltage needs to be present. If there is no voltage there can be no current flowing.
E.m.f stands for ________________________________ and is the voltage across a cell.
P.d stands for ___________________________ and is the voltage across the circuit.
Both e.m.f. and p.d . are measured in _____________.
E
Energy
(Joules)
=
=
Q
Charge
V
x
(Coulombs)
Voltage
(Volts)
Example:
Find the electrical energy used if the charge is 5C and the potential difference is 12V.
________________________________________________________________________________________
D
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If
one
bulb
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Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
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If
one
bulb
Resistance
The opposition to current flow is called __________________. Resistance depends on:
a) __________________ ( the thicker the wire, the _______________ the resistance).
b) ___________________ ( the longer the wire, the ____________ the resistance).
Georg Ohm
1789 -1854
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Measuring instruments
Current is measured by using an _______________. It is always connected in ____________ and has a
_______________ resistance.
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Voltage
Current
(Volts)
R
x
Resistance
(Amps)
(Ohms)
Example:
A current of 0.5A passes through a resistor of resistance 10. Find the voltage across it.
________________________________________________________________________________________
EQUATIONS:
1. Q = It
Example:
The p.d. across a resistor is 2V and a current of 4A flows through it. Find:
2. E = Q V
a) the resistance of the resistor.
3. V = I R
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. E = V I t
2
5. E = V t
R
6. E = I2 Rt
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To find the resistance of a metal wire we need to know its voltage and its current (R= V/I).
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Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
OHMS LAW
_____________ is directly proportional to ____________
as long as the _______________ remains constant.
Experiment:
The voltage is noted on the ________________.
The current is noted on the ________________.
This is repeated several times by changing the
current with the ___________________________.
Table:
Voltage (V)
Current (A)
Precaution: _______________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Graph:
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Metal
Filament lamp
Thermistor
Example 1:
a) Find the total resistance _____________________________
b) Find the total current flowing _________________________
c) Find the voltage across the 6 resistor.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
d) Find the voltage across the 2 resistor.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Example 2:
a) Find the total resistance _____________________________
b) Find the total current flowing _________________________
c) Find the voltage across the 5 resistor.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
d) Find the voltage across the 1 resistor.
___________________________________________________
Example 3:
___________________________________________________
a) Find the voltage across the 4 resistor. _________________
___________________________________________________
b) Find the voltage across R ____________________________
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Complete the diagrams to show how voltage may divide in series and parallel circuits
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Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
Example 4:
a)Find the voltage across the 12 resistor .
___________________________________________________
b)Find the voltage across the 6 resistor .
___________________________________________________
c) Find the current in the 12 resistor.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
d) Find the current in the 6 resistor.
___________________________________________________
e) Which resistor has more current flowing through it? Why?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Example5:
a) Find the voltage across AB.
___________________________________________________
b) Find the voltage across BC.
___________________________________________________
c) Find the current in the 8 resistor.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
d) Find the current in the 2 resistor.
___________________________________________________
Example 6:
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Example 7:
For two resistors in parallel the total resistance is found by using the
formula:
1 = 1 + 1
R
R1 R2
so 1 = 1 + 1
R
6
4
1 = 5
R
12
= 2 + 3 = 5
12
12
so R = 12 = 2.4
5
The combined resistance of resistors in parallel is always less than the resistance of the smallest resistor.
Example 8:
Example 10:
A current of 1A flows through the 2 resistor.
a) Find the voltage across the 2 resistor?
___________________________________________________
b)Find the current in the 4 resistor.
___________________________________________________
c) Find the current passing through R.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
d) Find the resistance of R.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Semiconductor components
These devices are made up of special material that gives them special properties.
Electrical
component
Symbol
Function
Diode
L.E.D
L.D.R
Thermistor
The diode:
The lamp will light in circuit _________.
B
Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
No damage
Example:
A L.E.D has a voltage drop across it of 2V and needs a current of only 0.01A. If it is connected to a 9V
supply , find the resistance of a protective resistor which is needed.
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A fixed resistor would usually look as shown and would not have any special
property apart from decreasing current. However, there are special resistors made up
of semi-conductor material that give these resistors special properties.
fixed resistor
SPECIAL RESISTORS:
L.D.R
Thermistor
A Light Dependent Resistor or (L.D.R) is a special resistor whose resistance varies with the amount of
____________________. It is made up of a special semiconductor material (cadmium sulphide). In the dark
it has a very high resistance (e.g. 2M) and in sunlight it has a very low resistance (e.g 100).
DARK - _______________ resistance
The Thermistor:
A thermistor is a special resistor whose resistance varies with ____________________. When cold, it has
a very high resistance, while when hot it has a very low resistance.
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The Lightmeter
and
the
current
is
__________________.
In sunlight, the resistance of the LDR is
__________________,
and
the
current
is
__________________.
The greater the amount of light, the ___________
the current flowing through the circuit.
Method:
When the temperature reaches 750C, the voltage is
noted on the _______________ and the current is
noted on the _______________.
Equation: ________________________________
Precaution:
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