ACTIVITY # ____ Science III

Second Quarter

ACTIVITY TITLE: Boyles Law: Pressure and Volume TYPE OF ACTIVITY: Discussion - Comprehension Activity LEARNING TARGET/S: Understanding gas by analyzing the relationship of pressure and volume ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: What is the effect of relationship of pressure and volume in gases? ANSWER: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ REFERENCE/S: Copyright 2001, 2012 Trustees of Dartmouth College Last updated Tuesday, March 20, 2012

CONCEPTS:

ABOUT HIM: Robert Boyle (1627-1691) was an Irish-born gentleman philosopher who did researcg and investigation in physics, chemistry, alchemy, and theology. Boyle was one of the original Fellows of the Royal Society. Boyle concentrated intently on the quiet study of science, rather than the wealth or praise he could have attained from his studies. Boyle is known as the fouder of modern chemistry because he believed in the intrinsic value of chemistry, developed the rigorous experimental scientific method, and defined the element. Boyle, in his study of gas, conceptualized the gas particle as a spring. Boyles study of gases also helped lead to the development of atomic theory. ABOUT THE BOYLES LAW: Boyles Law states that for a fixed amount of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional. Boyle's Law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle-Mariotte Law) states that the absolute pressure and volume of a given mass of confined gas are inversely proportional, if the temperature remains unchanged within a closed system. That is to say, the product of pressure and volume is a constant for a given mass of confined gas as long as the temperature is constant. The law was named after chemist and physicist Robert Boyle, who published the original law in 1662. Boyle showed that the volume of air trapped by a liquid in the closed short limb of a J-shaped tube decreased in exact proportion to the pressure produced by the liquid in the long part of the tube. The law itself can be stated as follows: for a fixed amount of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature, P (pressure) and V (volume) are inversely proportional (when one doubles, the other halves).

NOTE: Remember that these relations hold true only if the number of molecules n and the temperature are both constant. This is a relation of inverse proportionality; any change in the pressure is exactly compensated by an opposing change in the volume. As the pressure decreases toward zero, the volume will increase without limit. Conversely, as the pressure is increased, the volume decreases (but it can never reach zero).
BASIC APPLICATION:

UNDERSTANDING BOYLES LAW THROUGH MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT: Boyle's Law states that the volume of a sample of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure applied to the gas if the temperature is kept constant. According to Boyle's Law: P1 x V1 = constant After the change in pressure and volume, P2 x V2 = constant Combine the two products:

When any three of the four quantities in the equation are known, the fourth can be calculated. For example, if P1, V1 and P2 are known, the V2 can be solved by the following equation: V2 = P 1 x V 1 / P2 EXAMPLE: A balloon with a volume of 2.0 L is filled with a gas at 3 atmospheres. If the pressure is reduced to 0.5 atmospheres without a change in temperature, what would be the volume of the balloon? Solution: Since the temperature does not change, Boyle's law can be used. Boyle's gas law can be expressed as: PiVi = PfVf where Pi = initial pressure Vi = initial volume Pf = final pressure Vf = final volume To find the final volume, solve the equation for Vf: Vf = PiVi/Pf Vi = 2.0 L Pi = 3 atm Pf = 0.5 atm

Vf = (2.0 L)(3 atm)/(0.5 atm) Vf = 6 L/0.5 Vf = 12 L Answer: The volume of the balloon will expand to 12 L. NOW, ITS YOUR TURN. TRY ANSWERING THE GIVEN EXERCISES: 1. A sample of oxygen gas (O2) has a volume of 8.0L and a pressure of 1.0 atm. What is the new pressure if the volume is decreased to 2.0L? 2. A 100 ml of H2 gas was collected to register at a particular temperature at 760mmHg. What is the new volume of gas when the barometer reads 745 mmHg at this same temperature? 3. The volume of a confined gas at one atmosphere (atm) is 25mL at 25oC. If the volume increases to 30 mL, what must be the new pressure in the system under the same temperature?

ACTIVITY # ____ Science III

Second Quarter

Charless Law: Temperature and Volume Discussion - Comprehension Activity Understanding gas by analyzing the relationship of temperature and volume ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: What is the effect of relationship of temperature and volume in gases? ANSWER: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ REFERENCE/S: Copyright 2001, 2012 Trustees of Dartmouth College Last updated Tuesday, March 20, 2012 ACTIVITY TITLE: TYPE OF ACTIVITY: LEARNING TARGET/S:

CONCEPTS:

ABOUT HIM: Jacques Charles was born in Beaugency, France on the 12th of Novemeber 1746 and he died April 7th, 1823 in Paris. He was a chemist, physicist, mathematician, inventor and aeronaut. He also was a clerk in the finance ministry who developed an interest in science, especially in the preparations of gases and also experimented with electricity. He knew that in 1766 the British scientist Henry Cavendish had isolated a gas that was 4 times lighter than air hydrogen. So with this evidence on the 27th of August 1783 Charles first balloon was released. The balloon was made of silk with a cover of rubber solution varnish to keep the hydrogen inside. One of the spectators was the American Ambassador to France Benjamin Franklin who replied, when someone asked him of what possible use this new invention could have: And of what use is a new-born baby? The balloon came down to earth about 45 minutes later in a field near to the little village of Gonesse. It was here that the local farmers gave their famous display of the eternal human fright of new technology and strange phenomena. W ith pick axes and spades they attacked the monster that had tumbled down from the sky, inspired by the beasts behaviour to sigh and groan and emit a horrible smell. The horsemen who had been following the balloon could only save some torn remains by the time they arrived. Charles first balloon had reached a height of approximately 2 miles and had covered 43km over land before it landed. ABOUT THE CHARLESS LAW: At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature on the absolute temperature scale (i.e. the gas expands as the temperature increases). Charles law describes the relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas. The law was rst published by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he referenced unpublished work by Jacques Charles from around 1787. This law states that at constant pressure, the volume of

a given mass of an ideal gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature (in kelvin) increases or decreases. Another way of saying this is that at constant pressure, temperature and volume are directly proportional. The law itself can be stated as follows: Charles's Law states that the volume of a sample of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure kept constant.

NOTE: Remember that these relations hold true only if the Charles Law problems must have the PRESSURE CONSTANT
BASIC APPLICATION:

UNDERSTANDING CHARLES LAW THROUGH MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT: Charles's Law states that the volume of a sample of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure kept constant. According to Charles' Law: V1 / T1 = constant

After the change in temperature and volume, V2 / T2 = constant Combine the two:

When any three of the four quantities in the equation are known, the fourth can be calculated. For example, if T1, V1 and V2 are known, the T2 can be solved by the following equation: T2 = V2 x (T1/V1) EXAMPLE:
A 600 mL sample of nitrogen is heated from 27 C to 77 C at constant pressure. What is the final volume?Solution: Solution: The first step to solving gas law problems should be converting all temperatures to absolute temperatures. This is the most common place mistakes are made in this type of homework problem. T K = 273 + C Ti = initial temperature = 27 C Ti K = 273 + 27 Ti K = 300 K Tf = final temperature = 77 C Tf K = 273 + 77 Tf K = 350 K The next step is to use Charles' law to find the final volume. Charles' law is expressed as: Vi/Ti = Vf/Tf where Vi and Ti is the initial volume and temperature Vf and Tf is the final volume and temperature

Solve the equation for Vf: Vf = ViTf/Ti Enter the known values and solve for Vf. Vf = (600 mL)(350 K)/(300 K) Vf = 700 mL Answer: The final volume after heating will be 700 mL.

NOW, ITS YOUR TURN. TRY ANSWERING THE GIVEN EXERCISES: 1. A sample of neon gas at 760mmHg has a volume of 10.0L and a temperature of 34oC. Find the new volume of the gas after the temperature has been increased to 75oC at 760 torr. 2. Suppose there are 10 L of a gas at 20oC. If the pressure does not change, what will be the volume of the gas at 0oC?

ACTIVITY # ____ Science III

Second Quarter

Gay-Lussacss Law: Temperature and Pressure Discussion - Comprehension Activity Understanding gas by analyzing the relationship of pressure and temperature ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: What is the effect of relationship of pressure and temperature in gases? ANSWER: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ REFERENCE/S: Copyright 2001, 2012 Trustees of Dartmouth College Last updated Tuesday, March 20, 2012 ACTIVITY TITLE: TYPE OF ACTIVITY: LEARNING TARGET/S:

CONCEPTS:

ABOUT HIM: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (17781850) grew up during both the French and Chemical Revolutions. His comfortable existence as the privately tutored son of a well-to-do lawyer was disrupted by political and social upheavals: his tutor fled, and his father was imprisoned. Joseph, however, benefited from the new order when he was selected to attend the cole Polytechnique, an institution of the French Revolution designed to create scientific and technical leadership, especially for the military. In 1808 Gay-Lussac announced what was probably his single greatest achievement: from his own and others' experiments he deduced that gases at constant temperature and pressure combine in simple numerical proportions by volume, and the resulting product or products if gasesalso bear a simple proportion by volume to the volumes of the reactants. This conclusion subsequently became known as Gay-Lussacs law. ABOUT THE BOYLES LAW: States that pressure of a gas is directly related to its Kelvin temperature. The expression Gay-Lussac's law is used for each of the two relationships named after the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and which concern the properties of gases, though it is more usually applied to his law of combining volumes, the first listed here. The first law relates to volumes before and after a chemical reaction while the second concerns the pressure and temperature relationship for a sample of gas The law itself can be stated as follows: An increase in temperature increase the pressure of the gas as long as the volume and number of moles of the gas remain constant.

NOTE: Remember that these relations hold true as long as the volume and number of moles of the gas remain constant.
BASIC APPLICATION:

UNDERSTANDING GAY-LUSSACS LAW THROUGH MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT: Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure of a gas is directly related to its Kelvin temperature According to Gay-Lussac's Law: P1 / T1 = constant After the change in temperature and pressure, P2 / T2 = constant Combine the two:

When any three of the four quantities in the equation are known, the fourth can be calculated. For example, if T1, V1 and T2 are known, the V2 can be solved by the following equation: V2 = T1 x V1 / T2 EXAMPLE:
A 20 L cylinder containing 6 atm of gas at 27 C. What would the pressure of the gas be if the gas was heated to 77 C?Solution: Solution The cylinder's volume remains unchanged while the gas is heated so Gay-Lussac's gas law applies. Gay-Lussac's gas law can be expressed as Pi/Ti = Pf/Tf where Pi and Ti are the initial pressure and absolute temperatures Pf and Tf are the final pressure and absolute temperature First, convert the temperatures to absolute temperatures. Ti = 27 C = 27 + 273 K = 300 K Tf = 77 C = 77 + 273 K = 350 K Use these values in Gay-Lussac's equation and solve for Pf. Pf = PiTf/Ti Pf = (6 atm)x(350K)/(300 K) Pf = 7 atm Answer: The pressure will increase to 7 atm after heating the gas from 27 C to 77 C.

NOW, ITS YOUR TURN. TRY ANSWERING THE GIVEN EXERCISES: 1. 10.0 L of a gas is found to exert 97.0 kPa at 25.0C. What would be the required

temperature (in Celsius) to change the pressure to standard pressure? 2. 5.00 L of a gas is collected at 22.0C and 745.0 mmHg. When the temperature is changed to standard, what is the new pressure?

ACTIVITY # ____ Science III

Second Quarter

ACTIVITY TITLE: TYPE OF ACTIVITY: LEARNING TARGET/S:

Ideal Gas Law Discussion - Comprehension Activity Understanding gas by analyzing the relationship between the nonconstant properties (n, P, V, T )of ideal gases. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: What is the effect of relationship between the non-constant properties (n, P, V, T ) of ideal gases? ANSWER: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ REFERENCE/S: Copyright 2001, 2012 Trustees of Dartmouth College Last updated Tuesday, March 20, 2012

CONCEPTS: ABOUT THE IDEAL GAS LAW: KINETIC THEORY ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT IDEAL GASES There is no such thing as an ideal gas, of course, but many gases behave approximately as if they were ideal at ordinary working temperatures and pressures. Real gases are dealt with in more detail on another page. The assumptions are: Gases are made up of molecules which are in constant random motion in straight lines. The molecules behave as rigid spheres. Pressure is due to collisions between the molecules and the walls of the container. All collisions, both between the molecules themselves, and between the molecules and the walls of the container, are perfectly elastic. (that means that there is no loss of kinetic energy during the collision). The temperature of the gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules. And then two absolutely key assumptions, because these are the two most important ways in which real gases differ from ideal gases: There are no (or entirely negligible) intermolecular forces between the gas molecules. The volume occupied by the molecules themselves is entirely negligible relative to the volume of the container.

THE IDEAL GAS EQUATION

The ideal gas equation is:

On the whole, this is an easy equation to remember and use. The problems lie almost entirely in the units. I am assuming below that you are working in strict SI units (as you will be if you are doing a UK-based exam, for example).

EXPLORING THE VARIOUS TERMS Pressure, p Pressure is measured in pascals, Pa - sometimes expressed as newtons per square metre, N m -2. These mean exactly the same thing. Be careful if you are given pressures in kPa (kilopascals). For example, 150 kPa is 150,000 Pa. You must make that conversion before you use the ideal gas equation. Should you want to convert from other pressure measurements:

1 atmosphere = 101,325 Pa 1 bar = 100 kPa = 100,000 Pa

Volume, V This is the most likely place for you to go wrong when you use this equation. That's because the SI unit of volume is the cubic metre, m3 - not cm3 or dm3. 1 m3 = 1000 dm3 = 1,000,000 cm3 So if you are inserting values of volume into the equation, you first have to convert them into cubic metres. You would have to divide a volume in dm3 by 1000, or in cm3 by a million. Similarly, if you are working out a volume using the equation, remember to covert the answer in cubic metres into dm3 or cm3 if you need to - this time by multiplying by a 1000 or a million. If you get this wrong, you are going to end up with a silly answer, out by a factor of a thousand or a million. So it is usually fairly obvious if you have done something wrong, and you can check back again. Number of moles, n This is easy, of course - it is just a number. You already know that you work it out by dividing the mass in grams by the mass of one mole in grams. You will most often use the ideal gas equation by first making the substitution to give:

I don't recommend that you remember the ideal gas equation in this form, but you must be confident that you can convert it into this form. The gas constant, R A value for R will be given you if you need it, or you can look it up in a data source. The SI value for R is 8.31441 J K-1 mol-1The temperature, T The temperature has to be in kelvin. Don't forget to add 273 if you are given a temperature in degrees Celsius.

Using the ideal gas equation Calculations using the ideal gas equation are included in my calculations book (see the link at the very bottom of the page), and I can't repeat them here. There are, however, a couple of calculations that I haven't done in the book which give a reasonable idea of how the ideal gas equation works The law itself can be viewed as a combination of all the gas laws discussed in the previous activities. The ideal gas equation enables us to examine the relationship between the nonconstant properties of ideal gases (n, P, V, T) as long as three of these properties remain fixed.

NOTE: Remember that these relations hold true as long as three of these properties (n, P, V, T) remain fixed.

UNDERSTANDING IDEAL GAS LAW THROUGH MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT The state of an ideal gas is determined by its pressure, volume, and temperature according to the equation: PV = nRT where: P is the absolute pressure V is the volume of the vessel n is the number of moles of gas R is the ideal gas constant T is the absolute temperature

EXAMPLE:
6.2 liters of an ideal gas are contained at 3.0 atm and 37 C. How many moles of this gas are present?

Solution
PV = nRT where P = pressure V = volume n = number of moles of gas R = gas constant = 0.08 L atm / mol K T = absolute temperature in Kelvin Step 1 Convert C temperature to K T = C + 273 T = 37 C + 273 T = 310 K Step 2 Solve ideal gas law for number of moles n = PV / RT n = ( 3.0 atm x 6.2 L ) / ( 0.08 L atm /mol K x 310 K) n = 0.75 mol Answer There are 0.75 mol of the ideal gas present in the system.

NOW, ITS YOUR TURN. TRY ANSWERING THE GIVEN EXERCISES:

1. Calculate the pressure exerted by 0.300 mole of gas contained in an 8.00 L vessel at

180C. 2. What is the molecular weight of a gas if 2.1 g of the gas occupies a volume of 1.72 L at 25oC and 750 mmHg? 3. How many moles of gas are contained in 890.0 mL at 21.0 C and 750.0 mm Hg pressure?

ACTIVITY # ____ Science III

Second Quarter

Avogadros Law: Temperature and Pressure Discussion - Comprehension Activity Understanding gas by analyzing the relationship of volume and number of moles ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: What is the effect of relationship of volume and number of moles in gases? ANSWER: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ REFERENCE/S: Copyright 2001, 2012 Trustees of Dartmouth College Last updated Tuesday, March 20, 2012 ACTIVITY TITLE: TYPE OF ACTIVITY: LEARNING TARGET/S:

CONCEPTS:

ABOUT HIM: In 1811 Avogadro hypothesized that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. From this hypothesis it followed that relative molecular weights of any two gases are the same as the ratio of the densities of the two gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.In 1808 Gay-Lussac announced what was probably his single greatest achievement: from his own and others' experiments he deduced that gases at constant temperature and pressure combine in simple numerical proportions by volume, and the resulting product or productsif gasesalso bear a simple proportion by volume to the volumes of the reactants. This conclusion subsequently became known as Gay-Lussacs law. Avogadro also astutely reasoned that simple gases were not formed of solitary atoms but were instead compound molecules of two or more atoms. (Avogadro did not actually use the word atom; at the time the words atomand molecule were used almost interchangeably. He talked about three kinds of molecules, including an elementary moleculewhat we would call an atom.) Thus Avogadro was able to overcome the difficulty that Dalton and others had encountered when Gay-Lussac reported that above 100oC the volume of water vapor was twice the volume of the oxygen used to form it. According to Avogadro, the molecule of oxygen had split into two atoms in the course of forming water vapor. ABOUT THE AVOGADROS LAW: Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) is a gas law, which states that under the same condition of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules. The law is named after Amedeo Avogadro who, in 1811, hypothesized that two given samples of an ideal gas of the same volume and at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. Thus, the number of molecules or atoms in a specific volume of ideal gas is independent of their size or the molar mass of the gas. As an example, equal volumes of molecular hydrogen and nitrogen contain the same number of molecules when they are at the same temperature and pressure, and observe ideal gas behavior. In practice, real gases show small deviations from the ideal behavior and the law holds only approximately, but are still a useful approximation for scientists.

The law itself can be stated as follows: If the mole of a gas is doubled, then volume will double as long as pressure and temperature remain the same

NOTE: Remember that these relations hold true as long double as long as pressure and temperature remain the same

BASIC APPLICATION:

UNDERSTANDING AVOGADROS LAW THROUGH MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT:

Avogadro's Law states if the mole of a gas is doubled, then volume will double as long as pressure

and temperature remain the same. According to Avogadros' Law: V1 / n1 = constant After the change in volume and number of molecules, V2 / n2 = constant Combine the two:

When any three of the four quantities in the equation are known, the fourth can be calculated. For example, if n1, V1 and n2 are known, the V2 can be solved by the following equation: V2 = n1 x V1 / n2 EXAMPLE:
A 6.0 L sample at 25 C and 2.00 atm of pressure contains 0.5 moles of a gas. If an additional 0.25 moles of gas at the same pressure and temperature are added, what is the final total volume of the gas? Solution Avogadro's law can be expressed by the formula: Vi/ni = Vf/nf where Vi = initial volume ni = initial number of moles Vf = final volume nf = final number of moles For this example, Vi = 6.0 L and ni = 0.5 moles. When 0.25 moles are added nf = ni + 0.25 moles nf = 0.5 moles = 0.25 moles nf = 0.75 moles The only variable remaining is the final volume. Vi/ni = Vf/nf Solve for Vf Vf = Vinf/ni Vf = (6.0 L x 0.75 moles)/0.5 moles Vf = 4.5 L/0.5 Vf = 9 L Check to see if the answer makes sense. You would expect the volume to increase if more gas is added. Is the final volume is greater than the initial volume? Yes. This check is useful since it is easy to put the initial number of moles in the numerator and the final number of moles in the denominator. If this happened, the final volume answer would be smaller than the initial volume. Answer: The final volume of the gas is 9.0 L.

NOW, ITS YOUR TURN. TRY ANSWERING THE GIVEN EXERCISES:

1. A balloon containing 2.00 moles of helium has a volume of 880 mL. What is the new volume after 6.00 moles of helium are added to the balloon at the same temperature and pressure? 2. 5.00 L of a gas is known to contain 0.965 mol. If the amount of gas is increased to 1.80 mol, what new volume will result (at an unchanged temperature and pressure)? 3. A cylinder with a movable piston contains 2.00 g of helium, He, at room temperature. More helium was added to the cylinder and the volume was adjusted so that the gas pressure remained the same. How many grams of helium were added to the cylinder if the volume was changed from 2.00 L to 2.70 L? (The temperature was held constant.)