7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Analytical Solution of Strain Energy Release Rate in Cracked Functionally Graded Bimaterial Beams

MASOUD TAHANI, AMIR MOHAMMAD HOSSEINI Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. e-mail: mtahani@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir

Abstract In this paper, a delaminated beam made of functionally graded materials subjected to general edge conditions is studied The mechanical properties vary as a general function of thickness coordinate and can be changed abruptly at the interface of two connected beams. The procedure is based on a technical engineering theory for calculation of strain energy release rate and its separation into modes I and II of fracture. By choosing a suitable displacement field based on second-order shear-thickness deformation theory and using the principle of minimum total potential energy, the equilibrium equations are obtained. The total strain energy release rate is obtained by using the J integral for the delaminated beam. The separation of J integral into modes I and II is carried out by decomposition of stress and strain fields from point symmetric to the crack plane. Double cantilever beam (DCB) problem is a special case of this general problem in which loading is in mode I of fracture. The results are compared with the results of finite element method. This comparison shows good agreement between the results. Key words functionally graded bimaterial, second-order shear-thickness deformation theory (SSDT), analytical solution, J integral

1. Introduction Functionally graded materials (FGMs) possess properties that vary gradually with location within the material. As the use of FGMs increases, new methodologies have to be developed to characterize FGMs and also to design and analyze structural components made of these materials. The methods should be such that they can be incorporated into available methods with least amount of modifications. One such problem is that of determination of fracture parameters for FGMs. Stress intensity factor and strain energy release rate are parameters to determine crack growth. The crack growth initiate, when the parameters reach to its critical limit. Both subjects of energy release rate and stress intensity factor have been studied by many researchers since the early 1960s. Most of them confined their research to homogeneous

Separation of Fracture Modes in Functionally Graded Bimateri Beams: Tahani, M. and Hosseini, A.M. isotropic materials, some of them to homogeneous bimaterial or to orthotropic and very few to non-homogeneous materials. By reviewing related papers on this subject, it is seen that most of the methods are based on the finite element models. Analytical work on FGMs goes back as early as the late 1960s when soil was modeled as a non-homogeneous material. Delale and Erdogan [1] analytically studied crack problem in an infinite plane where the elastic properties varied exponentially in the direction of the crack. Eischen [2] studied the crack-tipsingular behavior of the stress field in a non-homogeneous infinite plane by using an eigenfunction expansion technique. Jain and Rousseau [3] studied crack tip stress field in FGMs with linearly varying properties using an elasticity solution. Kubair et al. [4] modeled crack propagation along functionally graded bimaterial interfaces. Among the various methods presented, there appears to be no straightforward method for calculating stress field and strain energy release rates under general loading conditions with a good degree of approximation. The main objective of the present study is to introduce an analytical model for fracture in functionally graded bimaterial beams and to use this model for calculating strain energy release rate along with its separation into different modes of fracture.

2. Mathematical formulations The geometry of the structure and loads are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Double cantilever beam and the path of integration, region I: -a x 0, 0 z h/2, region II: -a x 0, -h/2 z 0, region III: 0 x l, -h/2 z h/2 The geometry is divided into three regions (i.e., regions I, II, and III). The crack length is a and the total length of the beam is a+l. The mechanical properties vary in the zdirection and are constant in the x-direction. A second-order shear-thickness deformation theory is used for modeling the displacement field as follows:

u1 ( x, y, z ) = u ( x ) + z x ( x ) + z 2 x ( x ) , u2 ( x, y, z ) = 0 , u3 ( x, y , z ) = w ( x ) + z z ( x )

(1)

where u1, u2, and u3 are displacement components in the x-, y-, and z-directions respectively. To develop a beam theory it is needed to assume that y=0 [5]. Using the principle of

7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY minimum total potential energy, equilibrium equations can be shown to be:
dN x =0, dx dRx z : Nz = 0 , dx

u :

dQx =0, dx dPx x : 2 Rx = 0 dx

w:

x :

dM x Qx = 0 dx

(2)

The moment and stress resultants are as follows:

N x N z M x Px A11 A 13 = B 11 D11 A13 A 33 B13 D13 B11 B13 D11 E 11 D11 u D13 z , E 11 x F11 x

Qx A55 = R x B55

B55 w + x D55 x z +2

(3)

where the rigidity terms are defined as:

(A

ij

, B ij , D ij , E ij , Fij ) = C ij (1, z , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 )dz

zu

( A55 , B 55 , D 55 ) = k z
2

zu
L

C 55 (1, z , z )dz
2

zL

(i, j = 1,3)

( k 2 = 5 6)

(4)

There are five coupled second-order ordinary differential equations for each region which is solvable for any kind of boundary conditions. There are also five force boundary conditions at x=-a in region I. Similarly there are five force boundary conditions for region II. By the assumption of a built in edge in region III at x=l, there will be five displacement boundary conditions. The displacement continuity conditions at x=0, make ten displacement boundary conditions. Finally, there will be five force continuity conditions at x=0.

3. Mixed mode strain energy release rate and its separation to modes I and II

Crack growth can be described by energy method. In the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), the strain energy release rate is identical to J integral which is defined as:
J =

u i d Wdz ij n j x

(5)

where is an arbitrary counterclockwise path around the crack tip, W is the strain energy density, njs are the components of unit outward normal vector to the path, ij is the stress tensor, and uis are the displacement components. Upon substitution of W=ij ij/2, strains, and displacements into Eq. (5) and integrating along an arbitrary path as seen in Fig. 1, the J integral can be obtained:

J = J1

x = x1

+ J2

x = x1

+ J3

x = x2

(6)

where J1, J2, and J3 are the J integrals along the path x=x1 at region I, x=x1 at region II, and x=x2 at region III. It is to be noted that since the traction vector vanishes on the horizontal divisions of the prescribed path, the J integral also vanishes on these divisions of the path. To

Separation of Fracture Modes in Functionally Graded Bimateri Beams: Tahani, M. and Hosseini, A.M. this end, the integration path is summarized only to the vertical divisions. In the mixed mode fracture, the value of J can be decomposed into three components as follows:

J = J I + J II + J III

(7)

where I, II, and III denote the three fracture modes. In the decomposition method the modes I, II, and III of J integral are directly obtained from modes I, II, and III stresses and displacements. To this end, the stress and strain products are obtained from points symmetric to the crack plane [6]. Then stresses can be written as:

u = ( I + II ) 2 + ( I II ) 2 ,

d = ( I + II ) 2 ( I II ) 2

(8)

where u and d are the stress tensors up and down of the crack surface. Subscripts I and II in the above relation refer to regions I and II. The first term in Eqs. (8) is the symmetric part of stress which is concerned with mode I of fracture and the second one is the anti-symmetric part which is concerned with mode II of fracture.

4. Numerical results and discussions

In this section numerical study of an FGM beam will be made based on the mentioned theory. It is assumed that h=5 mm, a=35 mm, and l=100 mm. The first example is a case in which two homogeneous metallic beams are bonded together and for brevity only one mode of loading is considered. The loading conditions of the example are as follows:
I 0 II N0 x = N x = M 0I x

=M

0 II x

I 0 II , Q0 x = Q x = 10 N

(9)

The beams at top and down are made of Steel and Aluminum respectively. Mechanical properties of St and Al can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1 Mechanical properties
Material Elastic modulus (GPa) Poisson's ratio Al 80 0.3 St 200 0.3 SiC 430 0.3

It must be noted that the accuracy of the results of this theory can be further enhanced by using higher-order terms in the expansion used for the displacement field or by using an improvement in the present theory. For the DCB specimen the actual distribution of u3 on the thickness of the beam, require at least a third-order polynomial with respect to zcoordinate. On the other hand, in the present theory, a first-order polynomial can not be a good approximation for u3 . As a result z and z dont have enough accuracy. Then in the improved theory, the effect of z on x is neglected and the compliance matrix is considered as

7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY follows:

0 0 x x 1 E 0 z = v E 1 E z 0 0 2 ( v 1 ) E + xz xz

(10)

The J integral is computed along paths with various distances from crack tip which previously named as x1 and x2 and the results are presented in Fig. 2 (a). It is seen that the convergence of J integral will occur in a path far away from the crack tip. In Fig. 2 (b) the results obtained from improved-SSDT (ISSDT) are compared with the results obtained from classical beam theory [7].

Fig. 2 (a) Convergence of J integral and (b) distribution of G versus crack length

Another example is a case in which an FGM beam is bonded to a homogenous beam. FGM chosen for the study consists of St and SiC with the properties listed in Table 1. The properties change smoothly from St on the bottom surface to SiC on the top surface of the upper beam. The beam at down is made of Aluminum. Without loss of generality, a linear distribution of mechanical properties is considered for the study. The geometry and the loads are same as the previous example. In this section the results obtained from SSDT and ISSDT are also compared with FEM results of ANSYS. For the DCB specimen displacements and stresses at the middle plane of the beam (i.e., the crack plane, at z=0) are compared with FEM results in Fig. 3. For determining G by FEM data, at first the stiffness of the beam for each load is computed and then G is calculated using the following relation:
G= dk (a ) U d F (a ) 1 dF (a ) 1 = = 2 = a da 2 2 da 2 da

(11)

where is the displacement of the load point and k is the stiffness. It is seen that fairly good agreements exist among the various results.

Separation of Fracture Modes in Functionally Graded Bimateri Beams: Tahani, M. and Hosseini, A.M.
a b c

Fig. 3 Distributions of (a) transverse deflection and (b) longitudinal normal stress x along specimen length at midplane and also (c) J integral and G versus crack length

5. Conclusions

In this study, displacement and stresses in the cracked functionally graded bimaterial beams are computed under general edge load conditions. The analysis treats the cracked beams as three beams joined together at the crack tip. A displacement field consistent with the physical deformation field is used in the minimum total potential energy principle for obtaining the equilibrium equations. After obtaining analytical solutions for the equilibrium equations, the strain energy release rate is obtained by using the definition of the J integral. The strain energy release rate is decomposed into fracture modes. The results are compared with FEM results. It is found that the strain energy release rate increases by increasing crack length.

References

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