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Gajendragad
Principal Scientist NIVEDI , Bengaluru, India.
ORGANIZATION
OF THE TALK
Introduction Basic concepts of Epidemiology Why do we need Epidemiology Uses of Epidemiology Types of Epidemiological studies
WHAT IS DISEASE ?
Any impairment of normal physiological function affecting all or part of an organism, especially a specific pathological change caused by infection, genetic defect, or environmental stress, etc., producing characteristic identifiable group of signs or symptoms
TIME -
EPIDEMIC CURVES
1 2 3
Diseases requiring tactical attention e.g. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Dengu fever
Epidemiology is the study of disease in populations and of factors that determine its occurrence. The key word being POPULATION. Literally,
The study of that which is upon people The study of disease in populations
It includes investigation and assessment of other health related events viz., productivity.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
The disease results from the interaction between the agent, (etiology) and the susceptible host (livestock population) in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from a source to the host.
Host
Environment
Environmental factors are extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the host and the opportunity for exposure.
Place Time
Of Disease
MANAGING
Multiple
DISEASE RISKS
perspectives, including:
SUSTAIN
BASIC
= = = = = =
What species/what population What clinical signs/what disease Where is it/what environment factors When has it occurred/seasonal/sporadic How is it spread/mode of transmission Why has it occurred now and here
These are the key factors for managing and controlling disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY: PROVIDING EVIDENCE FOR POLICY TO PROTECT & SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE PROSPEROUS SOCIETY
Understanding Who, What, Where, When, How & Why of disease occurrence is essential information for:
Managing disease events (reactive) Developing biosecurity & animal husbandry policy (proactive)
Leading to:
To help protect:
Livelihoods Livestock production/Trade
To provide:
Improved food safety (less zoonotic disease risk) Sustainable food supply (less livestock risk/food security)
Describe distributions
Measure associations
WHY
IS INTERPRETATION NEEDED?
Puzzles with Lots of pieces Rarely, if ever, will we find all of the pieces The pieces are often fuzzy in what they are and how they fit together Sometimes we put them together incorrectly The disease picture we are trying to construct can change
Outbreak Investigations (Field Epidemiology) Ongoing Surveillance Active, Passive, Targeted, Syndromic, Sentinel, Early Warning, Monitoring
Data
Practice,
Evidence based policy
USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
Determination of the origin of a disease whose cause is known. Investigation & control of a disease whose cause is either unknown or poorly understood. Acquisition of information on the ecology and natural history of a disease. Planning and monitoring of disease control programmes. Assessment of the economic effects of a disease & analysis of the costs and economic benefits of alternative control programme. Monitoring and Risk factor analysis.
INVESTIGATE
CAUSE IS EITHER
UNDERSTOOD
UNKNOWN OR POORLY
Epidemiological observations and studies are used to identify the cause of a disease and there by plan the control strategies Examples
Protective effect of cowpox virus against human small pox. Feeding of meat and bone meal contamination to cattle developed bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
ACQUISITION
Ecosyste m
Natural history of the disease
Agent or the etiology which infects host
Environmental influences and disease experience are not constant in time or uniform in space Epidemiology tries to describe and identify the environmental links with disease occurrence Anthropogenic impacts on reservoir-host communities that encourage pathogen dispersal In particular cross-species pathogen dispersal
Cohort Study The "What will happen to me?" study follows a group of healthy people with different levels of exposure and assesses what happens to their health over time. Case Control Study The "why me?" study investigates the prior exposure of individuals with a particular health condition and those without it to infer why certain subjects, the "cases," become ill and others, the "controls," do not. Occupational Epidemiological Study The occupational study can be designed using any standard epidemiologic design, simply selecting working people with particular jobs or exposures as subjects. Cross-Sectional Study The "Am I like my neighbors?" study compares groups in terms of their current health and exposure status and assesses their similarities.