Design and Analysis of A Stable Stand According To Specification

NEC 14u1-Sem 2***************** BESIuN & ANALYSIS ******************
1

BESIuN ANB ANALYSIS 0F A
STABLE STANB ACC0RBINu T0
SPECIFICATI0N

! BRABY BRIFFA 14u194(N)

! NARK B0NELL0 17u994 (N)

! SEAN FARR0uIA 187794(N)

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2

C0NTENTS:

" Pioblem uS

" 0iiginal uesign Iueas u4

" Sketches uS

" Nateiial Selection & Young's Nouulus u6

" Alteinative Young's Nouulus Test u9

" Technical Sketches 1u

" Stiess & Stiain analysis 16

o Calculating the loauings uue to weight 17
o Stiesses anu Foices uue to Book-holuei Table 19
o Stiesses anu Foices on the Extenuable Shaft 21
o Stiesses on uiffeient sections 22
o Stability of Nouules in the system anu optimization 27

" Stability & Static Analysis Su

" }oints infoimation SS

S

PR0BLEN: -

The pioblem we aie uealing with heie is in a veiy
common eveiyuay task: Book-Reauing. Foi most
people this isn't an issue howevei foi many people
aiounu the woilu with special neeus oi simply unable
to use theii bouy as iequiieu uuiing the task, it
becomes veiy teuious anu may sometimes also be
faiily impiactical.

0pon initial iueas it is veiy obvious that in some way
the solution foi this pioblem has to pioviue the
ieauei, who is not as flexible, to manage to ieau a
book in the comfoit of his beuwheelchaiichaiisofa.

Bence a type of stanu has to be cieateu in a way that it
will holu the book holuei as well as the cameia, which
scans the pages fiom the book anu a scieen which
outputs the scanneu image foi the useiieauei.

Figuie 1 shows just this type of uevice but the pioblem with that type of book holuei is that
it is veiy limiteu anu immobile.

You can only use it whilst sitting uown on a table because of its weight anu size. This
theiefoie uoesn't solve the pioblem at all since we neeu something, which can be moveu
aiounu a househospital.

The uesign of the stanu will incluue: -

A) The smallest base as possible: a maximum weight will be set. This means that the
book must not exceeu a ceitain weight otheiwise the stability of the book holuei
stanu will be compiomiseu.
B) Insteau of having the S components: 1) Book holuei 2) Cameia S) Scieen all in one
uevice they aie sepaiateu in a way that they will fit on the stanu anu can be aujusteu
inuiviuually anu accoiuingly.

C) The aujustments must incluue positioning along the stanu itself as well as iotation
anu tilting.

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4
0iiginal Iueas: -

As the image illustiates the book holuei stanu has S paits:
1) The main shaft, which holus the book holuei anu its own beam.
2) The book holuei beam: this will holu the book only.
S) A shaft with a 0-piofile (semi-ciiculai), which connects the scieen to the main
shaft.
4) Small shaft that will enable aujustment of the scieen in the hoiizontal uiiection,
hence extenuing fuithei out.
S) The base.

0n the iight hanu siue of figuie 2, maikeu by the notation "i)" shows the iefeience to
the uesign of the stanu, which has on it the maximum anu minimum settings to which
the mouules can be aujusteu.

The uimensions maikeu in giey show the maximum anu minimum settings
allocateu to the shaft holuing the book holuei itself.

The uimensions maikeu in blue show the maximum anu minimum settings
allocateu to the actual total height of the stanu. This implies the aujustment of
the 0-piofile shaft in accoiuance with the main shaft.

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Figuie 2 shows the
fiist iueas put to
papei of the book
holuei stanu.
1
2
4 S
i)
S
The uimensions maikeu in ieu show the maximum anu minimum settings
allocateu to the cameia. The cameia is attacheu uiiectly to the main shaft
assuming its weight uoesn't affect the system anu moieovei the joint holus the
full weight of the cameia. Impoitant to note that the settings foi aujusting the
cameia aie in a way such that it is always above the book holuei anu will nevei
be too close to the book holuei itself. This is uone foi piacticality as otheiwise
the cameia will enu up hitting the book holuei anu hence a minimum cleaiance
between the cameia anu the book holuei is set.

The extenuing shaft, which is pait 4), will have a minimum length away fiom the
0-piofile of Summ anu can be extenueu to 1Summ away fiom it.

N0TE: - To give maximum flexibility of the given system the settings foi the book
holuei anu the cameia will be in a way such that they can be tuineu, whilst in a fixeu
position, aiounu the ciicumfeience of the shaft.

SKETCBES: -

NATERIAL SELECTI0N: -
SIBE vIEW
FR0NT vIEW
These aie the S main shafts useu in
the uesign excluuing the book
holuei beam with the table.

Note: - }oints will be uiscusseu latei
on.
IS0NETRIC vIEW
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6

Buiing its !"#$%&'!(%) +,# it is assumeu the mateiial will always obey Booke's law, this
implies that the Young's Nouulus (E) will be a iatio of tensilecompiessive stiess to
tensilecompiessive stiain anu it will nevei expeiience plastic uefoimation.

It is now time to select what we think is a suitable mateiial foi the stanu. Fiom the
mateiials libiaiy a vaiiety of inteiesting steels anu othei metallic compounus anu
elements weie taking into consiueiation. It is impoitant to note that selection of the
mateiial is uetiimental to the enu piouuct anu calculations.

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It is impoitant to note that Young's Nouulus is the most piactically useu elastic
mouulus howevei theie is also the -.#%$ /!0+)+, as well as the 1+)2 /!0+)+, anu
"!',,!(3, $%&'! which give inuications of the mateiials behavioi in the elastic iegion.

When uoing a stiess anu stiain analysis the mechanical piopeities aie pivotal to the
enu piouucts success. These aie mainly:
1) Tensile stiength oTS
2) Fiactuie stiength oF
S) Yielu Stiess oY (Sheai Yielu Stiess & 0niaxial Yielu Stiess)
4) Baiuness, B (is appioximateu to B - S oY)

The uensity of the mateiial chosen also has to be taken into consiueiation, as it will
ultimately affect the weight of the whole stiuctuie. Noieovei the melting tempeiatuie
(Softening) has to be analyzeu anu stateu. Above this paiticulai tempeiatuie the
mechanical piopeities of the mateiial will fall immeuiately.

N0TE: - Biffeient mateiials will be useu foi the main stiuctuie itself anu the base,
which is consiueieu anothei element of the stiuctuie.

Aftei assessing these piopeities fiom the Nateiials Bata Book |1j the choice was
naiioweu uown to S mateiials:
I. Cast Iion
II. Low Caibon Steels
III. Low Alloy Steels
Iv. Stainless Steels
v. Aluminum Alloys

Poisson's Ratio; v= - lateial stiain
Longituuinal stiain
Sheai Nouulus; u - SE
8
Bulk Nouulus; K - E

7
# Foi the stanu itself it was ueciueu to use low caibon steel. This is because out of all S
mateiials it has the highest ianging Young's Nouulus, anu a veiy iespectable Yielu anu
Tensile Stiength.

Stainless Steels aie veiy close when it comes to these piopeities but when compaiing
the piices Nilu Steel is much moie feasible foi this piactical application. Aluminum,
which has a gieat auvantage since its uensity is the lowest of all of the mateiials, is a bit
moie expensive anu its mechanical piopeities aie less enhanceu.

Thus a Young's Nouulus Test is peifoimeu on a /')0 -&##) specimen. The expeiiment is
caiiieu out as follows:

A small unifoim piismatic specimen of milu steel is shapeu in the foim of a beam to be
useu in the cantilevei set-up shown in figuie 4 below.
It is assumeu that the mateiial is isotiopic meaning the piopeities aie the same oi veiy
similai in all uiiections along each giain in the mateiial. |2j

SET-0P: -

Nethou:

0sing a u-Clamp in the lab, the specimen was fixeu into place. It is fiee on the othei siue
anu it is maue suie that the specimen with iectangulai cioss section is peifectly
hoiizontal. The specimen's face is paiallel to the bench to which the clamp is attacheu.
Weights in steps of u.S Newtons aie auueu. The uisplacement in the veitical uiiection
uesciibeu by o aie measuieu anu iecoiueu. The height, h of the beam is measuieu
using veiniei's calipeis.

0sing the following equation the 2
nu
moment of aiea oi moment of ineitia of the
specimen was founu

Reaction Foice
Reaction
Noment
I = b.h
S

12
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|1jhttp:wwwmup.eng.cam.ac.ukweblibiaiyenginfocueuuatabooksmateiials.puf
|2j http:www.uoitpoms.ac.uktlplibtheimal-expansionexpt1.php

8
Theie is a ielationship between the young's mouulus, the veitical uisplacement, o anu
the Loau attacheu to the fiee enu.

A table is computeu showing the vaiious uisplacements unuei the steppeu loauings.

A giaph was plotteu using the values fiom the pievious table.

The giauient of the giaph is useu foi the calculation as follows:

The length of the specimen is equal to u.1S meteis.
The bieauth is equal to u.u1 meteis whilst the thickness is of u.uu1meteis.

Noment of Ineitia, I = 112 x u.u1 x u.uu1
S
= 8.SSS x 1u
-1S
m
S

Thus Young's Nouulus, E = 1S x (uiavitational Constant x Length of the specimen)
L0AB, N BEFLECTI0N, o (x 1u
-S
)
u.u u.uu
u.S u2.9u
1.u u6.6u
1.S u8.8u
2.u 1S.4u
2.S 16.uu
o = 1 P. L
S
S E. I
= A y = (16-2.9) x1u
-S
= 6.SS x 1u
-2
mN
-1

Ax 2.S -u.S
>%,:= () * >%,:= /B 6&B1&<."/0 F7 G/,-
9
uiauient x Noment of Ineitia

$ 9.81 x u.1S
S

S x 6.SS x 1u
-2
x 8.SSS x 1u
-1S

$ 2u2 uiga Pascals

Fiom the Bata Books the following was infoimation about /')0 -&##) was collecteu:

This confiims that the expeiiment peifoimeu was accuiate enough anu the specimen
behaveu in an elastic mannei.

Note: The highei the Young's mouulus, the stiffei the mateiial anu the haiuei it is to
stietch it. Bowevei if it is too big the elements in the stiuctuie will become too iigiu.

# 0thei Nethou to veiify the Young's Nouulus of a mateiial: -

1) Insteau of using a beam one can use a wiie to finu the Young's mouulus of a
ceitain mateiial. The set-up is uepicteu in figuie S below.

Softening
Tempeiatuie
uegiees
Celsius
Fiactuie
Toughness
(NPaVm)
Bensity Kgm
S

oY NPa oTS NPa E uPa
148u -1S26 41 -82

78Su- 79uu 2Su - 29S S4S - S8u 2uu - 21S
The system is fixeu to the
suppoit usually the ioof of
the ioom itself anu using 2
wiies of the same mateiial,
one of which is useu just
foi iefeience anu to
eliminate any eiiois uue
to sagging of the suppoit
oi theimal expansion the
extension is measuieu anu
iecoiueu foi any given
loau on the mateiial.
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The Aiea of cioss section is measuieu using the
sciew gauge, which measuies the uiametei, whilst
the extension is ieau fiom the veiniei's scale anu
the oiiginal length is measuieu using a metei iule.
1u

11

12

1S

14

1S

16

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The stiess analysis will be caiiieu out this way; the fiee bouy uiagiam of the system
involveu is uiawn with all the uimensions anu positioning of the foices. The foices
acting on the system as can be seen in figuie 6 incluue the weights of the shafts ANB the
ieaction foice anu moment uue to the beam, which is attacheu to the main shaft that is
holuing the book holuei.

N0TE: The weights of the shafts aie acting thiough the centioiu of each of the shafts in
the uesign. BENCE it means that since the mateiial is homogenous, the centei of giavity
is equivalent to the centioiu.

!"#$%& H
1SS
W1 = Scieen = 12.7N
W2 = Extenuing Shaft = 16.9SN
WS = 0-piofile shaft = S1.SS N
W4 = Nain Beam = 66.97N
Rx = Reaction of table = 9uN

!"#$%& N) * !%&&*2/-O -",#%,9 P".= -"9&07"/07
17

Calculating the Loauings uue to weight: -

To finu the weight of the iespective shafts we neeu to assume a piactical outei iauius of
the ciiculai cioss-section anu a thickness of Nilu Steel to be useu. It was ueciueu that
the thickness to be useu in the ciiculai cioss section woulu be u.Scm.

S Biffeient Weights have to be calculateu: -
$ Nain shaft
$ 0-piofile (semi-ciicle) shaft
$ Extenuing Shaft

EL8M ?4L!+

volume of 0utei-cylinuei:
A = x (u.u2S)
2
= 1.96S x 1u
-S
m
2

v1 = 1.96S x 1u
-S
m
2
x 1.2 meteis length = 2.SS6 x 1u
-S
m
S

volume of Innei-cylinuei:
A = x (u.u2)
2
= 1.2S7 x 1u
-S
m
2

v2 = 1.2S7 x 1u
-S
m
2
x 1.2 meteis length = 1.Su8 x 1u
-S
m
S

v1 - v2 = v Total
2.SS6 x 1u
-S
m
S
- 1.Su8 x 1u
-S
m
S
=8.48 x 1u
-4
m
S

NASS = BENSITY X v0L0NE
NASS = 78Su Kgm
S
x 8.48 x 1u
-4
m
S
= 6.6S68 Kg
Weight = 66.S7 N

00TER BIANETER = u.uSN
INNER BIANETER = u.u4N
The weight of the main
shaft acts in the miuule
of the shaft, which
means u.6 meteis up
fiom the x-axis in
figuie & in the centei
of the cioss section
shown above.
Centei

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18

S*T%/B"1& ?=,B.

A = x (u.u2S)
2
= 1.96S x 1u
-S
m
2

v1 = 1.96S x 1u
-S
m
2
x u.S6SS meteis length = 1.11u x 1u
-S
m
S

A = x (u.u2)
2
= 1.2S7 x 1u
-S
m
2

v2 = 1.2S7 x 1u
-S
m
2
x u.S6SS meteis length = 7.1u6 x 1u
-4
m
S

v1 - v2 = v Total
1.11u x 1u
-S
m
S
- 7.1u6 x 1u
-4
m
S
=S.994 x 1u
-4
m
S

NASS = 78Su Kgm
S
x S.994 x 1u
-4
m
S
= S.1SS Kg
Weight = S1.SS N

KU.&0-"0# ?=,B.
A = x (u.u2S)
2
= 1.96S x 1u
-S
m
2

v1 = 1.96S x 1u
-S
m
2
x u.SuS meteis length = S.989 x 1u
-4
m
S

A = x (u.u2)
2
= 1.2S7 x 1u
-S
m
2

v2 = 1.2S7 x 1u
-S
m
2
x u.SuS meteis length = S.8SS x 1u
-4
m
S

v1 - v2 = v Total
S.989 x 1u
-4
m
S
- S.8SS x 1u
-4
m
S
=2.1S6 x 1u
-4
m
S

NASS = 78Su Kgm
S
x 2.1S6 x 1u
-4
m
S
= 1.69S Kg
Weight = 16.9S N

The weight of the 0-Piofile
shafts acts a uistance of
4RS wheie R is the
centioiual iauius of the
-.%4& noteu on figuie # as
1SSmm.
The length was
calculateu using
the outei-iauius
of this shaft,
which was
18umm anu fiom
the fact that it
foims a peifect
semi-ciicle.
The weight of the main
shaft acts in the miuule
of the shaft, which
means u.1S2S meteis
up fiom the x-axis in
figuie & in the centei
of the cioss section
shown above.
The Extenuing
Shaft as sketcheu
on the iight has its
enu point on the
centei axis of the
scieen, in this way
the weigh the
scieen acts uiiectly
at the enu of this
shaft. Note in this
figuie it is extenueu
to its maximum.
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19
At this point we have figuieu out the weights of the stiuctuie. Bowevei the most
impoitant pait hasn't been tackleu yet. This is the table on which the book-holuei will
stay.

Stiesses anu Foices uue to Book-holuei Table:-

Impoitant to note that this time a 5#%6 will be useu with a $#7&%(8+)%$ 7$!,, ,#7&'!(
this time. This beam will be attacheu to the joint, which will in tuin be attacheu to the
main shaft. This implies that the beam will be attacheu to the Nain shaft in the foim of a
cantilevei. The beam will be welueu to the table on which the book holuei will be
placeu anu then attacheu to the joint. Bence the beam anu the table on top of it is 1
piece, howevei the high-stiength iobust joint will able to aujust along the main shaft in
the veitical uiiections, which aie stateu in the technical uiawings.

In figuie 9 the foice of 9uN acting in the miuule is shown on the fiee
bouy uiagiam computeu. The Loau uiagiam anu Sheai Biagiam weie
also plotteu. The ieaction foice has a value of 9u Newtons anu the
Reaction moment has a value of 27 Nm Clockwise.

# Refeiiing back to figuie #, these ieactions will be useu when the
piincipal stiesses will be analyzeu along uiffeient sections of the
system. Bence at this point we have acquiieu the weight of the
stiuctuie anu the ieactions uue to the table.
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NB = 27.u Nm
2u

The ueflection of the beam holuing the table can be seen in figuie 1u below. The laigest
ueflection occuis at the fiee enu of the beam.

Since theie is no noimal foice on this beam, the only
foice acting is sheai. The effects of this foice can be seen
in figuie 11 below on the iectangulai cioss-section
togethei with its inteinal uistiibution.
A Nohi Ciicle was plotteu.
The sheai stiess acts in the
y-x plane accoiuingly anu
its maximum value is
11SKPa.

Assuming a maximum
yielu stiess of 28u NPa,
which is in iange foi Nilu
Steel the beam, uoes not
fail anu it has an allowable
positivenegative moment
of 2.24KN-m.

The maximum
compiessive stiess
alloweu on the beam
SS6KN.
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!"#$%& (5) * E/=% R"%<1&
!"#$%& (() * R%/77*?&<."/0 ,0- 6"7.%"W$."/0 /B ?=&,% !/%<&
"0.&%0,11O
21
Stiesses anu Foices on the Extenuable Shaft: -

In figuie 14, the equivalent
stiess analysis is caiiieu out
showing a maximum stiess
of 1.uS7 x 1u
6
Pa.
These stiesses will be tiansfeiieu fiom
the joint connecting this shaft to the 0-
piofile anu all the way thiough the main
shaft as will be calculateu latei on.
Figuie 1S illustiates the stiesses in
the extenuable shaft which is
suppoiting the weight of both the
joint holuing the scieen anu
obviously the weight of the scieen
itself. The siue, which is uepicteu in
blue, is wheie the extenuing shaft
will connect to the 0-Piofile shaft
anu the siue that has ieu is the fiee
enu wheie the scieen will be
attacheu. This will have the biggest
ueflection iegaiuless of the
tiltiotation of the scieen with a
maximum ueflection still assuming
elasticity of 6.226 x 1u
-6
m.
!"#$%& (;) * ?.%&77&7 L1/0# .=& KU.&0-,W1& ?=,B.
!"#$%& (A) * 6"7:1,<&9&0. ,1/0# .=& KU.&0-"0# 7=,B.
22

Stiesses on uiffeient sections: -

Now it is time to tackle uiffeient sections in the shafts anu finu the maximum noimal
stiesses anu in-plane sheai stiesses anu obtain a uiffeiential volume on which we coulu
obtain the piincipal stiesses anu theii oiientation anu compaie to the maximum
allowable stiesses of the mateiial.

SECTI0N 1: -

FS
F2
F1
Z-axis
X-axis
Point A
Point E
Equivalently, the stiain has been computeu inuicating a
maximum of 4.SSS x 1u
-6
.
!"#$%& (H) * ?.%,"07 L1/0# .=& KU.&0-,W1& ?=,B.

!"#$%& (N) * !%&&*2/-O -",#%,9 /B ?&<."/0 (
2S

We will now use the fiee-bouy uiagiam in figuie 16 foi the magnituue of the foices anu
the uimensions. Impoitant to note that the same cooiuinate axes was useu thioughout
to maintain integiity in the calculations anu all the foices aie acting 0N the Z-axis
eliminating any moments that coulu occui about this axis.

Section piopeities: -

--A = x (u.u2S
2
-u.u2
2
)

= 7.u69 x 1u
-4
m
2

--Iy = Ix = 4(u.u2S
4
-u.u2
4
) = 1.811 x 1u
-7
m
4

--(QA)X = 4(u.u2S) S |(12)()(u.u2S )
2
j - 4(u.u2 ) S |(12)()( u.u2 )
2
j
= S.u8SS x 1u
-6
m
S

--(QA)Y = u

--(QE)Y = 4(u.u2S) S |(12)()(u.u2S )
2
j - 4(u.u2 ) S |(12)()( u.u2 )
2
j
= S.u8SS x 1u
-6
m
S

--(QE)X = u

--} = 2 |u.u2S
2
-u.u2
2
j = S.62S x 1u
-7
m
4

Inteinal Foices anu Noments Statically Equivalent Equations:

2Fx = u vx - F1 -F2 -FS = u # vx = 6u.98 N
2Fy = u # vy = u
2Fz = u # Nz = u
2Nx =u # Nx = u
2Ny = u# Ny - F2(u.488) -F1(u.641) =
Ny = 8.262 + 8.141 = 16.4u N-m
2Nz = u# Tz = u

M/%9,1 ?.%&77) *

?=&,% ?.%&77) *

Theie can be 2 types of sheai stiesses; one can be obtaineu using the sheai foimula &
one using the Toision foimula.

o = N + NxY + NYX
A Ix Iy

+v = vQ
It
+twist = Ti
}
v = Sheai Foice
Q = 1
st
Noment of Aiea
I = 2
nu
Noment of aiea
} = Polai Noment of Ineitia
i = laigest uistance fiom centei of
cioss-section
oE = u + u - 16.4u N-m x u.uSm
1.811 x 1u-
7
m
4

oE = 4.S2789 NPa
(Compiession)
+twist = u
(+A) ZX = 6u.98N x S.u8SS x 1u
-6
m
S

1.811 x 1u-7m
4
x u.uSm

oA = u NPa

24

(+A) ZX = S4.2S KPa
(+A) ZY = u KPa

o1, 2 = oA + oB + ioot |(oA - oB)
2
+ +v
2
j
2 2
tan2p = +v
(oA - oB)2
(+E) ZX = u KPa
(+E) ZY = u KPa

oE = - 4.S2789 NPa oA = u NPa

Since we have consiueieu 2 elements fiom the cioss-section on the
centeiline one woulu expect uiffeient values foi piincipal stiesses as
well as oiientation of these uiffeiential volumes howevei uue to all
the loauings on the stanu foi this section aie all uue to weight anu
they aie assumeu to be acting uownwaius, on each of these elements
theie is eithei sheai oi noimal stiess thus the piincipal stiesses will
be the same as the ones illustiateu on both uiagiams above.

N0TE: - Any element subjecteu to Naximum Sheai stiesses will be
4S fiom the position of an element subjecteu to the piincipal
stiesses.

2S

SECTI0N 2: -


--A = x (u.u2S
2
-u.u2
2
)

= 7.u69 x 1u
-4
m
2

--Iy = IZ = 4(u.u2S
4
-u.u2
4
) = 1.811 x 1u-7m
4

--(QA) Z = 4(u.u2S) S |(12)()(u.u2S )
2
j - 4(u.u2 ) S |(12)()( u.u2 )
2
j
= S.u8SS x 1u
-6
m
S

--(QA) Y = u

--} = 2 |u.u2S
2
-u.u2
2
j = S.62S x 1u
-7
m
4

Inteinal Foices anu Noments Statically Equivalent Equations:

2Fx = u Nx - F1 -F2 -FS = u # Nx = - 6u.98N
2Fy = u # vy = u
2Fz = u # vz = u
2Nx = u # Tx = u
2Ny = u # Ny - FS(u.1SS) -F2(u.488) -F1(u.641) =
Ny = 4.8S9 + 8.262 + 8.141 = 21.262N-m
2Nz = u# Nz = u

M/%9,1 ?.%&77) *

FS
F1
o = N + NZY + NYZ
A Iz Iy

FS
F2 F1
B
oB = -6u.98N + u - 21.26 N-m x u.uSm
7.u69 x 1u
-4
m
2
1.811 x 1u-
7
m
4

oB = S.9S6NPa
(compiession)

!"#$%& (Q) * !%&&*2/-O -",#%,9 /B ?&<."/0 (

26

SECTI0N S: -

This section picks an element fiom the veiy
bottom of the main shaft anu hence all the
foices will be now consiueieu. We will
consiuei point B.


--A = x (u.u2S
2
-u.u2
2
)

= 7.u69 x 1u
-4
m
2

--Iy = IZ = 4(u.u2S
4
-u.u2
4
) = 1.811 x 1u-7m
4

--(QB) Z = 4(u.u2S) S |(12)()(u.u2S )
2
j -
4(u.u2 ) S |(12)()( u.u2 )
2
j
= S.u8SS x 1u
-6
m
S

--(QB) Y = u

--} = 2 |u.u2S
2
-u.u2
2
j = S.62S x 1u
-7
m
4

Inteinal Foices anu Noments Statically Equivalent
Equations:

2Fx = u Nx - F1 -F2 -FS- F4 - R = u # Nx = - 217.6N
2Fy = u # Ny = u
2Fz = u # Nz = u
2Nx = u # Tx = u
2Ny = u # Ny - FS(u.1SS) -F2(u.488) -F1(u.641) - (NR)y
=
Ny = 4.8S9 + 8.262 + 8.141 + 27.89 =
49.1S17N-m
2Nz = u# Nz = u

M/%9,1 ?.%&77) *

o = N + NZY + NYZ
A Iz Iy

Note that no Sheai foice
oi Toique Sheai acts on
the system.
oB = - S.9S6NPa

oB = -217.6N + u - 49.1S N-m x u.uSm
7.u69 x 1u
-4
m
2
1.811 x 1u-
7
m
4

oB = 1S.878NPa
(compiession)

!"#$%& (V) * G,7. 7&<."/0 $: ."11 .=& W,7& /B .=& 7.,0-Z
!"#$%& (X) * 811$7.%,."/0 /B .=& -"BB&%&0.",1
F/1$9&
27

STABILITY 0F N0B0LES IN TBE SYSTEN & 0PTINIZATI0N: -

When having a system with columns aftei uoing a Stiess Analysis we'ie able to have
iesults of the magnituue anu the type of stiesses at uiffeient points whethei they aie
noimal (compiession oi tension) oi Sheai stiesses. When compiession is involveu in a
long slenuei shaft buckling has to be taken into consiueiation. Buckling is simply
instability that will eventually leau to failuie.

Lateial ueflection of a beam will cause
buckling if the maximum axial loau that a
column can withstanu which is calleu ciitical
loau is exceeueu.

If we consiuei initially an iueal column, which
can be implementeu foi oui main shaft, it is
assumeu to be peifectly stiaight befoie any
loauing anu all the loauing aie applieu thiough
the centioiu. The calculation above all
assumeu this.

If the column at one point in time ieaches the ciitical loau PCR it will be iight on the
limit of stability. It is vERY INP0RTANT to note that the ciitical loau is not uepenuent
on the stiength of the paiticulai mateiial but iathei it is calculateu on the uimensions
of the beam itself, which incluue the 2
nu
moment of aiea, its length anu the Young's
mouuluselasticity of the mateiial.

When consiueiing the main beam:

0nce again theie is no Sheai
foice oi Toique Sheai as the
foices aie acting uniaxial
thiough the main shaft anu
hence the main shaft wont
expeiience any consiueiable
amount of sheai howevei we
will have to consiuei 5+72)'(8
latei on.
oB = -1S.878NPa

PCR =
2
E. I
L
2

E = 2u2 uPa
I = 1.811 x 1u
-7
m
S
L =1.2m
PCR = Suu.88 KN

!"#$%& 5Y) * 2$<31"0# /B ?1&0-&% R/1$907 [;\
|Sj http:emweb.unl.euuNEuABBANEmS2S21-
Buckling%2uof%2ucolumnsBuckling%2uof%2ucolumnsfilesi
mageu2u.gif

28

The ciitical stiess can be calculateu by incluuing the geometiic iation KLi, which is the
slenueiness iatio. It is a measuie of the column's flexibility. "i" is the iauius of gyiation
which can be calculateu as follows:

In-fact the tensile stiength gatheieu fiom the Bata book gave a iange of values foi
tensile stiength of milu steel between S4S - S8u NPa.

Note: - It is consiueieu that the main shaft is fixeu at both enus to give the iigiuity the
system iequiies to obtain stability of the entiie system, which will be uesciibeu in the
next section.

When all these paiameteis wheie enteieu in the NB Solius' Buckling Nouule the
following uiagiams weie computeu. Noieovei uisplacement stuuies weie also caiiieu
out:

oCR =
2
E
(Li)
2

i = (IA)
12
i = u.u16m oCR = SS4.428 NPa

Constant K = column effective length factor

Both ends pinned (hinged, free to rotate),
k = 1.0.
For both ends fixed, k = 0.50.
For one end fixed and the other end
pinned,
k = 0.699....
For one end fixed and the other end free to
move laterally, k = 2.0.
Beie we can see uiffeient the
effect of buckling accoiuing to
Eulei's buckling foimula. The
axis aie switcheu foi the
uiagiams foi completeness
sake howevei since it's a
ciiculai cioss section anu foi
the foimula it is iequiieu that
the least moment of ineitia as
well as least iauius of gyiation
is useu, both of these values
will be equal foi the y anu z
axis.
!"#$%& 5() *
2$<31"0# /B E,"0
?=,B.Z
29

Figuie 22 iepiesents a stuuy on
the uisplacement of the main
column uue to buckling. The
maximum uisplacement is equal
to 1.8S8 x 1u
-4
m.
The giaph in figuie # uepicts the
allowable stiess against the
slenueiness iatio.

It is impoitant to note that when
uecieasing the aiea of cioss-section
assuming the mateiial is the same, the
ciitical stiesses thioughout aie going
to ueciease anu since the iauius of
gyiation is going to inciease.

Bence upon analyzing the system since
the stiesses uevelopeu on the stanu,
which is consiueiably laige in size
(book-holuei is 6u cm by 62 cm) aie
ielatively low compaieu to the
maximum possible stiesses that this
paiticulai mateiial can withstanu.
Theiefoie an optimizeu system woulu
iueally have a factoi of safety, which is
smallei anu hence the ciitical uesigneu
stiesses will be smallei.
This implies that a smallei aiea may be enough to holu the loauings that aie
applieu to the stanu foi this mateiial. Bence to make a moie feasible uesign
foi manufactuiing anu piouuction an optimizeu mouel woulu have a smallei
iauius than the one useu foi the calculations.

!"#$%& 55) *G,.&%,1 6"7:1,<&9&0. -$& ./ 2$<31"0#
>%,:= 5) * L11/P,W1& ?.%&77 F7 ?1&0-&%0&77 J,."/
Su
F1 = weight of the u piofile =
Su.7 N

F2 = weight of the extenueu
shaft = 16.6 N

FS = weight of the scieen =
12.4 N

F4 = weight on the book
holuei = 9u N

FS = weight of the main
column = 6S.2 N

F6 = weight of the base

a = u.uS m
b = u.S m
c = u.4S m
u = u.1 m
e = u.2 m
f = u.2 m

STACIC ANALYSIS, STABILITY ANB CALC0LATI0N 0F SNALLEST BASE: -

!"#$%& 5;) * !%&&*2/-O
-",#%,9 B/% 7.,."<
,0,1O7"7Z
S1

Foi Equilibiium Conuitions:

Anticlockwise Noments = Clockwise Noments

!
!"#$
! !!
!"#$%
! !!
!"#$%&'(
! ! !
!""# !!"#$%
! !!
!"#$!!"#
! !!
!"#$$%
!

!
!"#$
!"" !!"!! !"" !!"!! !" ! !" !"" !!"!! !"" !!"!! !"#

!
!"#$
!"" !!"#" !!"#$# ! !""" !!"#$ !!!"#

!
!"#$
! !"!!"#

!"## ! !!!"#$ !"

The mass of the base was ueteimineu to meet equilibiium conuitions. Fiom the uensity
the volume can be ueteimineu anu ultimately all the uimensions of the base can be
ueteimineu.

!"#$%&' !
!"##
!"#$%&

!"#$ !
!!!"
!"#$%&

!"#$%& ! !!!" !!"
!!
!!

Beteimining the thickness:

!"#$%& ! !!!" ! !"
!!
!!

!"#$%& !"#$ ! !!! ! !!!

!!!" ! !"
!!
! !!!
!
!!!

wheie t is the thickness of the base.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

! ! !!!"#$ ! !"
!!
!

Thickness of about u.2u4 cm will keep the stiuctuie fiom toppling ovei.aaaaaaaa
The stability of the system is computeu with the settings that will most
likely cieate an imbalance in the system, which compiomises the
stability anu hence the uimensions of the smallest base possible aie
computeu. The book-holuei table is iotateu hoiizontally to the siue of
the scieen itself, which will make it much haiuei to balance out the
foices since all the loauings will be on one siue. In this way it is maue
ceitain that the base will be stable.
S2

A base of u.4 m by u.4 m anu a thickness of 2.uS7S x 1u
-S
m will keep the stiuctuie
stable.

The stability is also affecteu if the usei applies a uownwaiu foice on the scieen while
tiying to aujust it to his neeus.

The Aiea of the base also cateis foi people in wheel chaiis because the span between
the two wheels is moie than u.4 m.

Each of the foui wheels on the base piouuce the same ieaction. Refeiiing to the FBB
useu in the stability analysis, theie aie 2 paiis of wheels, which aie collineai in the z-
axis. Theiefoie it is possible to compute the static equivalence in 2B.

2Fy = u

Wbase + Wmainshaft + Wextshaft + Wupiofile + Wholuei + Wscieen = RA + RB

But RA = RB

24.92S + 6S.2 + 16.6 + Su.7 + 9u + 12.4 = 2RA

2S9.82S = 2RA

RA = 119.91N

But RA = 2Rwheel

Rwheel = S9.9SSN

SS

}oints Infoimation: -

The stanu will consist of five joints. 0ne will be useu foi the cameia anu the book
holuei, two foi the 0-Piofile beam anu anothei joint so that the scieen can be tilteu.
Thiee sleeve joints will be useu, a ball joint will be useu foi the cameia anu a univeisal
joint foi the scieen so it can be tilteu. The main column of the stanu will also be
telescopic so it can ieach a maximum height of 1.2 m.
A long sleeve joint will be useu anu the cameia anu book holuei will be attacheu to it.
The sleeve joint will be able to tighten by means
of fly nuts. With fly nuts the usei can easilhy
tighten he joints when the uesiieu setting of the
stanu is ieacheu. Theiefoie when the usei
touches the stanu oi someone else by mistake,
the positioning of the book holuei anu cameia
aie not lost.
A similai joint will be useu foi the u-piofile.

This sleeve joint foi the 0-piofile will
allow the 0-piofile with the extenuable
shaft (theiefoie the scieen too) to iotate
about the main shaft. A ball joint is useu
foi the cameia so it coulu tilt. The ball
on stuu will piotiuue out of the sleeve
joint anu the ball joint.

This joint system will allow the cameia to tilt so if the book is in the miuule of the book
holuei the cameia coulu be centieu on the centie of the page.
Anothei type of sleeve joint will be useu to connect the 0-Piofile with the extenuable
shaft. The joint below will be useu so the
extenuable shaft coulu extenu thiough it easily.

!"#$%& 5;) *+=& 0/%9,1 0$.7 /0 .="7 B"#$%&
P"11 <=,0#& ./ B1O 0$.7 7/ .=& $7&% P/$1- W&
,W1& ./ ."#=.&0 .=& 71&&F& ]/"0.Z
!"#$%& XA) * 2,11 ]/"0. B/% .=& <,9&%,
!"#$%& 5H) * S*:%/B"1& R/00&<."/0
S4

The following image shows how the main shaft will be able to extenu by means of a
telescopic shaft.

!"#$%& 5N) * +&1&7</:"0# ?=,B.
SS

FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Declaration
Plagiarism is defined as the unacknowledged use, as one's own, of work of another person,
whether or not such work has been published, and as may be further elaborated in Faculty or
University guidelines" (University Assessment Regulations, 2009, Regulation 39 (b)(i),
University of Malta).
I / We*, the undersigned, declare that the [assignment / Assigned Practical Task report /
Final Year Project report] submitted is my / our* work, except where acknowledged and
referenced.
I / We* understand that the penalties for committing a breach of the regulations include loss
of marks; cancellation of examination results; enforced suspension of studies; or expulsion
from the degree programme.
Work submitted without this signed declaration will not be corrected, and will be given zero
marks. * Delete as appropriate.
(N. B. If the assignment is meant to be submitted anonymously, please sign this form and
submit it to the Departmental Officer separately from the assignment).

NAME & SURNAME PERCENTAGE SIGNATURE
BRADY BRIFFA 33.33 %
MARK BONELLO 33.33%
SEAN FARRUGIA 33.33%

Design and Analysis of A Stable Stand According To Specification

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