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List of Figures
CS Equipment
Laser Instruments:
to create a visible line, or plane of known elevation or tilt The line or plane could be horizontal, vertical, or tilted. Single beam lasers will project visible string lines or plumb lines Rotating beam lasers: a rotating single beam to create a plane. Examples: Laser levels, laser theodolite and total stations, handheld EDM instruments (Figures 23-1 to 23-4) Recent technology of prism-less total stations and EDMs, and HDS High Density Surveys. Machine Guidance
HDS Surveys
Total
Stations: the ones designed for CS are of lower angular resolution(10 or 20), and shorter ranges(500 m)
Relative
GPS: sub-centimeter accuracy with real time kinematic GPS in horizontal, few cm in vertical. Must maintain visibility with satellites
Levels
Sanitary (sewage) sewers and storm sewers which carry storm runoffs operate under gravity. The grade in such pipelines is critical. City water, oil, and natural gas pipes are not as critical. The location of the line is determined after a profile leveling is done. The center line and an offset reference line are established. Precise alignment and grade are guided by laser beams or battered boards.
A- Cut and Fill: The center line and an offset line are marked and stationed. The actual profiling and staking are on the offset line, not the CL. Using profile leveling method, obtain ground elevation at each stake, compute the depth of cut or fill to the invert level. Mark that depth on the stake side facing the trench, mark the station on the other side of the stake. B- Line and grade: Generally done using laser equipment.
First step is to locate the building by boundary surveying. Stakes are placed temporarily at the corners as a check. In a small size building, a set of batter boards and reference stakes are first set. The boards are around the building corners and nailed at a full number of feet above the footing base or at first floor elevation. Nails are driven into the batter board tops so that a string connecting them will define an outside wall See fig 23-7, and the example which illustrates staking out the building in fig 23-8. In a larger building, radial methods, the one you used to lay out piles, are used used. Fig 23-9
We are simply trying to define (X,Y) and maybe (Z) of the center of the TS. Once stored in memory, the TS can do further computations onsite. Horizontal Orientation:
By azimuth: input occupied point coordinates and azimuth to another point. By coordinates: input occupied point coordinates and another point coordinates By resection: input coordinates of unoccupied points , at least three, output is occupied point coordinates.
First the instrument is oriented, and a file that contains control points and stake points information is downloaded into the total station. For 2-D stakeout, the number of the desired stake point is entered, the instrument will display differences of angles and distances to orient the prism. For 3-D works, The difference in elevation between the stake elevation and the required elevation (cut or fill) is also displayed.