Mechanical-Nonlin 13.0 App2A Element Technology

Customer Training Material
Appendix 2A Element Technology
ANSYS Mechanical Structural Nonlinearities

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. Release 13.0 December 2010
A2A-1
ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology
Overview
This is an optional lecture intended for users who want to obtain a better understanding of element technology options used in structural t t l nonlinear li simulations. i l ti With the variety of technologies available in many elements, choosing the best element formulation option to solve problems most efficiently can be challenging. Fortunately, WB Mechanical will automatically activate the best options based on the analysis challenges present in the model.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
A2A-2
Release 13.0 December 2010
Overview
However, the analyst of nonlinear problems still has decisions to make. For example, since large nonlinear models can be very challenging h ll i and d computationally t ti ll expensive, i it is i sometimes ti advantageous to drop element mid-side nodes.
Advantages to lower order elements: Runtime Efficiency Computational Stability Disadvantage to lower order elements: Shear Locking with conventional, displacement based formulations in b di dominated bending d i t d problems bl . To address this challenge, WBMechanical automatically enhances the lower order elements with a more robust technology.
A2A-3
... Overview
Solution Output records the element technology being activated based on the element order chosen (midside nodes) and the material association.
Elastic material or metal plasticity with higher order elements Default URI 2D plane l stress/strain t / t i metal plasticity with lower order elements 2D plane strain elastic material with lower order elements
Enhanced Strain
Simplified Enhanced Strain
A2A-4
Overview
In addition, material incompressibility can also present problems with conventional formulations. In anticipation of this challenge, WBMechanical activates a special formulation called Mixed u-P u-P. Solution output reports when Mixed u-P is activated.
Solution output p also reports p its effects on convergence g
A2A-5
Overview

The general recommendation is to accept the automatic formulation settings when they are activated. It is, , however, , important p to understand them:
What triggers these changes to element formulation? What are the effects on convergence patterns and results?
With these questions in mind, the following topics will be covered:

A. B B. C. D. E E. F. G. H H. Conventional Displacement Formulation Shear and Volumetric Locking Selective Reduced Integration (B-bar) Uniform Reduced Integration (URI) Enhanced Strain (ES) Simplified Enhanced Strain (SES) Mixed u-P Formulation Summary
A2A-6
A. Conventional Displ. Formulation

For any element, DOF solution u is solved at nodes Stresses and strains are calculated at integration g points. p They y are derived from DOF.
For example, we can determine strains from displacements via:
= B u
, u
Where B is called the strain-displacement matrix Wh When we post-process t results, lt stress/strain t / t i values l at t integration points are extrapolated or copied to nodal locations
The image on the right shows a 4-node quad element with 2x2 integration, integration points shown in red.
A2A-7
Conventional Displ. Formulation
Integration points for conventional displacement-based elements follow Gauss quadrature rules and are the same order as the element. This is called full integration.
Element Type Full Integration Order 4 Node Quad 2x2 8 Node Quad 3x3 8 Node Hex 2x2x2 20 Node Hex 3x3x3 1
In other words, full integration means that the numerical integration rule is accurate for all components of strain energy for geometrically undistorted elements. elements
Note that ANSYS uses a 14pt integration scheme, which is also considered full integration
A2A-8
... Conventional Displ. Formulation
Fully integrated, lower-order conventional displacement elements are susceptible to shear and volumetric locking, so they are rarely, if ever, used. Fully integrated, higher-order conventional displacement elements are also prone to volumetric locking.
A2A-9
B. Shear and Volumetric Locking
There are two problems with conventional displacement-based elements: shear locking and volumetric locking:
Shear Locking results in bending behavior being too stiff (parasitic shear stresses). This is a property of the geometry, when thin members are subject to bending. Volumetric Locking results in overly stiff response. This is a property of the material, when the Poissons ratio is near or equal to 0.5.
A2A-10
... Shear Locking
Fully integrated lower order elements exhibit overstiffness in bending problems. This formulation includes shear strains in bending which do not physically exist, exist called parasitic shear shear.
Below are element shear strain plots in MAPDL. Both beams are identical in geometry, material properties, boundary conditions and loading.
Higher Order Elements produce correct results
Lower Order Elements with conventional, fully integrated, displacement based formulation in bending produces shear locking
A2A-11
... Shear Locking

Recall, for a beam in pure bending the shear strain is zero.
Correct Response: Pure bending deformation for a differential volume, plane sections remain plane, top and bottom edges become arcs, xy = 0.
Shear Locking: Fully integrated lower order element deformation, top and bottom edges remain straight, right angles are not preserved, xy is non zero.
A2A-12
... Volumetric Locking
Volumetric locking occurs in fully integrated elements when the material behavior is nearly or fully incompressible (Poissons ratio approaches or equals 0.5).
The incompressibility can occur from a hyperelastic material or plastic flow (discussed later). Spurious pressure stresses develop in the element element, which cause the element to have an overstiffness for deformations that should not cause any volume change. Volumetric locking may also cause convergence problems.
Volumetric locking can occur for various stress states, including plane strain, axisymmetric, and 3-D stress.
For plane stress problems, volumetric locking does not occur because out-of-plane strains are used to satisfy incompressibility condition.
A2A-13
... Example of Volumetric Locking
Contours of hydrostatic pressure results in conventional elements are shown below (ANSYS Results Plot (NL,HPRES)).
A2A-14
We can separate stress into volumetric (-p) and deviatoric (s) components:
= pI + s
1 p 1 - p
=
2
Stress State (Where: 1 =
+
p p 2 - p 3 - p
Deviatoric stress (s) causing angular g distortion only y
3
2 = 3)
Hydrostatic stress (p) causing volume change only
A2A-15
The hydrostatic pressure (p) is defined as the product of the bulk modulus (K) and volumetric strain (vol):
p = K vol 1 = ( x + y + z ) 3 E K= 3(1 2 ) vol = x + y + z
( 1 2 ) ( =
E
+ y + z )
A2A-16
From the equations on the previous slide, if Poissons ratio is near or equal to 0.5, we can see that:
Bulk modulus K will be very large or infinite Volumetric strain vol will be near or equal to zero This is called nearly or fully incompressible material behavior
Nearly or fully incompressible materials present numerical difficulties, and they also exhibit overly stiff behavior.
This is most clearly seen in bulk deformation problems From a computational standpoint, nearly incompressible and fully incompressible problems are treated differently.
A2A-17
... Example of Volumetric Locking
Example of Volumetric Locking in Thick-Walled Cylinder with Conventional displacement based elements
As incompressibility increases volumetric increases, locking develops, resulting in unacceptable error in the displacement
%18 Error in displacement calculation

A2A-18
... Element Control
The 18x series of structural elements that WB-Mechanical uses offers up to five different technologies to address potential problems with shear and volumetric locking: B-Bar, URI, ES, SES, and Mixed u-P. u-P
Fullyessible Incompre (Hyperelasticity) N N N N Y Shear Lo ocking (Bending g) Nearlyessible Incompre (Plasticit ty, Hyperela asticity) N Y Y Y N Y Y N Y Y Order Higher-O Element s Y Y Lower-O rder Element s Y Y Y Y Y Element ogy Technolo B-Bar Enhanced Strain Simplified S p ed Enhanced a ced St Strain a URI Mixed U-P
Higher-order 18x elements (PLANE183, SOLID186-187) use URI by default. SOLID186 has an option to use full integration integration. Lower-order 18x elements (PLANE182, SOLID185) use ES by default, except when hyperelastic material is assigned.. B-Bar, ES, and SES are not applicable to higher-order elements. Mixed u-P technology gy is independent p of the others, , so may y or may y not be activated in conjunction with B-Bar or URI.
A2A-19
Element Control
The element technology is defined by a particular key option (KEYOPT):

KEYOPTS are switches, used to turn various element options on or off. KEYOPTS have many applications. Controlling element technology is just one use. For example, PLANE182 element uses KEYOPT(1) to define which t h l technology is i used d and d KEYOPT(6) to t control t l mixed i d u-P Pf formulation l ti
Refer to the Elements Reference Manual for more details on each of the 18x element types and their respective key options.
A2A-20
Element Control
The syntax for the KEYOPT command is as follows: KEYOPT, ITYPE, KNUM, VALUE
Where ITYPE is the Element type number KNUM is the number of the KEYOPT VALUE is the value of this KEYOPT
Example, if element type#1 is PLANE182, enhanced strain can be activated with the following command:
KEYOPT,1,1,2 , , ,
Key Option Value (for enhanced strain) Key Option Number (for element technology) Element Type Number Refer to the ANSYS Commands Manual for more details
A2A-21
Formulations
The next few sections present details on each of the formulations used in WB-Mechanical 18X Structural elements
C. D. E E. F. G. H H. Selective Reduced Integration (B-bar) Uniform Reduced Integration (URI) Enhanced Strain (ES) Simplified Enhanced Strain (SES) Mixed u-P Formulation Solid-Shell Formulation
A2A-22
C. The B-Bar Method
The B-bar method (a.k.a., selective reduced integration, constant dilatational elements, constant pressure approach) uses an integration rule one order lower for volumetric terms. terms
Recall that the stress state can be separated in hydrostatic (p) and deviatoric (s) terms.
= pI + s p = K voll s = 2Ge = K voll I + 2Ge

In the above equation, vol is volumetric strain and e is deviatoric strain. K is the bulk modulus and G is the shear modulus.
A2A-23
... The B-Bar Method

Strains are related to displacements via the following:
B = B v + Bd Bv V B = Bv + Bd B dV =
v
= B u
When evaluating B, however, we will use two different integration orders for volumetric and deviatoric components.
Bv is evaluated with one integration point (reduced integration) On the other hand, Bd is evaluated with 2x2 integration points (full integration)
A2A-24
... The B-Bar Method
As shown on the previous slide, the volumetric and deviatoric components of B are not evaluated at the same order of integration. Only the volumetric component Bv has reduced integration. That is why this method is called selective reduced integration or constant pressure approach. It is also known as the B-bar method because B is averaged on the volumetric term.
= B u
The fact that the volumetric term Bv has reduced integration allows it to be softer since it is not fully integrated. This allows for solution of nearly incompressible behavior and overcomes volumetric l ki locking. However, because the deviatoric term Bd remains the same, parasitic shear strains still exist, so this formulation is still susceptible to shear locking.
A2A-25
D. Uniform Reduced Integration
Uniform Reduced Integration (URI) uses an integration rule one order lower than needed for numerically exact integration
Element Type 4 Node Quad 8 Node Quad 8 Node Hex 20 Node Hex Full Integration Order 1 2x2 3x3 2x2x2 3x3x3 Reduced Integration Order 1x1 2x2 1x1x1 2x2x2
This is similar to selective reduced integration integration, but both volumetric and deviatoric terms have reduced integration. This formulation leads to a more element flexibility which helps g eliminate shear and volumetric locking.
Reduced integration of volumetric terms allows solution of nearly incompressible problems. Reduced integration of deviatoric terms prevents shear locking in bending problems problems.
1
This is full integration as noted in literature, not necessarily related to 18x elements implementation
A2A-26
... Uniform Reduced Integration
Unfortunately, the reduced integration of deviatoric terms causes modes of deformation which have zero strain energy, called zero energy or hourglass modes. By themselves, these are uncontrollable modes of deformation which lead to physically unrealistic behavior. In the lower order element with one integration point shown below, two modes of deformation are illustrated where the single integration point does not capture any strain energy in the element.
By default, Mechanical, will not use the URI option in the lower order PLANE182 and SOLID185 elements.
A2A-27

URI elements have many nice benefits:
Can be used in nearly incompressible problems to overcome volumetric locking g Can be used in bending problems without worrying about shear locking No additional DOF are required, and, in fact, less CPU time is required for element l t calculations. l l ti Fil File sizes i (e.g., ( *.esav) * ) are reduced. d d This Thi provides id efficient solutions, especially for nonlinear problems.
A2A-28
On the other hand, a user needs to consider a few things when using URI:
Lower-order URI elements are susceptible to hourglassing, hence URI is not the set automatically by Simulation. Lower-order URI elements may be too flexible, especially in bendingdominated problems, so a finer f mesh may be required such that displacements are not over-predicted Both lower- and higher-order URI elements have an integration rule which hi h is i one order d lower l than th full f ll integration. i t ti This Thi means stresses t are evaluated at 1 point for lower-order elements and 2x2 or 2x2x2 for higher-order elements. Hence, more elements may be required to capture stress gradients. URI cannot be used alone in fully incompressible analyses. For fullyincompressible situation, URI can be used with Mixed u-P (discussed ate ) later)
A2A-29
E. Enhanced Strain Formulation
Enhanced Strain Formulation (a.k.a. Incompatible Modes, Assumed Strain) adds internal degrees of freedom to lower-order quad/hex elements. The displacement gradient tensor is modified with these extra enhanced terms, hence the name Enhanced Strain. S
Enhanced Strain elements are useful when shear or volumetric locking are encountered (e.g., bending dominated problems or nearly incompressible material behavior).
There are two elements which can use Enhanced Strain, Strain when in quad or hex shape:
PLANE182 when KEYOPT(1)=2 SOLID185 when KEYOPT(2)=2
A2A-30
... Enhanced Strain Formulation
This formulation is only applicable for lower-order elements in quad or hex shape.
El Element t performs f best b t when h nearly l rectangular t l ; on the th other th hand, h d they do not perform well when trapezoidal. This is a limitation of the Enhanced Strain technology. Higher Higher-order order elements do not suffer from shear locking.
Axial Mode: 1st Natural Frequency Ratio Shape PLANE182 PLANE183 SOLID185 SOLID187 SOLID186 Rectangular 1.004 1.001 1.005 1.000 1.002 T Trapezoid id (15) 1 004 1.004 1 001 1.001 1 005 1.005 1 000 1.000 1 002 1.002 Trapezoid (30) 1.004 1.001 1.005 1.000 1.002 Trapezoid (45) 1.005 1.001 1.006 1.000 1.002 Parallelogram (15) 1.004 1.001 1.005 1.000 1.002 Parallelogram (30) 1.004 1.001 1.005 1.000 1.002 Parallelogram (45) 1.004 1.001 1.005 1.000 1.002 Bending g Mode: 1st Natural Frequency y Ratio Shape PLANE182 PLANE183 SOLID185 SOLID187 SOLID186 Rectangular 1.010 0.999 1.010 1.004 0.999 Trapezoid (15) 1.567 1.000 1.596 1.005 1.000 Trapezoid (30) 1.973 1.003 2.009 1.008 1.003 Trapezoid (45) 2.207 1.012 2.245 1.020 1.012 Parallelogram (15) 1.040 0.999 1.042 1.005 0.999 Parallelogram (30) (30 ) 1 091 1.091 0 999 0.999 1 097 1.097 1 009 1.009 0 999 0.999 Parallelogram (45) 1.119 0.999 1.126 1.020 0.999
A2A-31

Example of Volumetric Locking in Thick-Walled Cylinder

Ri=3,Ro=9 SOLID185 with enhanced strain SOLID45 with extra shape Pure elastic material (E=1000) Different Poissons ratios (nu=0.0, 0.25, 0.3, 0.49, 0.499,0.4999) Linear analysis
A2A-32

Example of Volumetric Locking in Thick-Walled Cylinder
Results from older Element 45 Results from Element 185
%18 Error in displacement calculation
%1.6 Error in displacement calculation
A2A-33
Enhanced Strain Formulation was designed for bending and nearly incompressible applications in mind
Enhanced Strain alone cannot be used for fully incompressible analyses, but it can be used in conjunction with Mixed u-P (discussed later) for those situations. It is generally not recommend for use with Mixed u-P u P when bulk compression is the dominant behavior. In this case B-Bar with Mixed u-P is considered more effective.
Enhanced Strain has the above advantages, but it may be more computationally expensive
The extra internal DOF mentioned on the previous slides are condensed at the element level level, but there is still extra computational time (and larger *.esav file) associated with it.
Quad PLANE182 and hex SOLID185 use Enhanced Strain

The Enhanced Strain terms will have little benefit in bending if the element is distorted, especially if trapezoidal.
A2A-34

Additional notes on Enhanced Strain Formulation:
By default, the Enhanced Strain Formulation is used for quad or hex shape p only. y In degenerate g form, , the Enhanced Strain formulation is not used, and degenerate shape functions are automatically used instead, which provides greater robustness for nonlinear solutions. With the ETCONTROL,,OFF ,, command, , regular g shape p functions (including ( g use of Enhanced Strain formulation) can be used in degenerate form, although this is not recommended. Despite p the above points, p , in general, g , degenerate g lower-order elements should not be used at all except as fillers in unimportant regions since 3node triangles and 4-node tetrahedra are constant strain elements.
A2A-35
F. Simplified Enhanced Strain
Simplified Enhanced Strain (a.k.a. Extra Displacement Shapes, Bubble Functions) can be thought of as a subset of Enhanced Strain, discussed earlier.
Simplified Enhanced Strain has additional internal degrees of freedom for lower-order quad/hex elements to prevent shear locking only. The extra internal DOF to treat volumetric locking are not present. Although the internal DOF are meant to augment the shape functions to provide more flexibility (as discussed in Section E), this also results in softening of the element, so volumetric locking is also sometimes alleviated ll i t d indirectly i di tl to t some degree. d However, if material incompressibility is a concern, the user should not use Simplified Enhanced Strain, as it does not address volumetric l ki directly. locking di tl
A2A-36
... Simplified Enhanced Strain
There are two 18x elements which can use Simplified Enhanced Strain, when in quad or hex form:
PLANE182 when KEYOPT(1)=3 SOLID185 when KEYOPT(2)=3 Similar to Enhanced Strain, Simplified Enhanced Strain terms will have little benefit in bending if the element is distorted, especially if t trapezoidal. id l
For 2D elements (PLANE182), 4 internal DOF are added whereas for 3D (SOLID185) (SOLID185), 9 i internal t l DOF are present. t Th These internal i t l DOF are condensed out at the element level.
A2A-37
... Simplified Enhanced Strain
Simplified Enhanced Strain can be used in situations where shear locking may be present, but volumetric locking is not an issue
It is a subset of Enhanced Strain, so it may be slightly more efficient in situations where volumetric locking is not a concern Simplified Enhanced Strain can be used with Mixed u-P formulation for nearly- or fully-incompressible situations. In these cases, there will be no difference in the use of Simplified Enhanced Strain or regular Enhanced Strain in conjunction with Mixed u-P As noted in Section E, Enhanced Strain does not use extra internal DOF for volumetric terms if used in conjunction with Mixed u-P. Hence, Enhanced Strain and Simplified Enhanced Strain will be the same if Mixed u-P formulation is also activated.
A2A-38
G. Mixed u-P Formulation
Mixed u-P formulation is used to treat volumetric locking by solving hydrostatic pressure (or volumetric strain) as an additional DOF. Separate interpolation functions are used for displacement and hydrostatic pressure (or volumetric strain) DOF. There are three different Mixed u-P formulations that can be used for cases of nearly or fully incompressible materials: Nearly-incompressible elasto-plastic materials (Mixed u-P I) Fully-incompressible hyperelastic materials (Mixed u-P II) Nearly-incompressible hyperelastic materials (Mixed u-J) Only Mixed u-P II is activated automatically in WB-Mechanical when fully incompressible hyperelastic materials are associated with nonplane stress states. This section will focus on Mixed u-P II only. Users can refer to the ANSYS documentation for more details on the formulations u-P u-P I I and u-J u-J . These can be activated manually for the nearly incompressible cases as necessary using a command object.
A2A-39
... Mixed u-P Formulation
When Mixed u-P is activated, hydrostatic pressure is treated as an independent DOF which is solved for. The matrix equation is:
K uu K Pu
K uP u F = 0 P 0
Note: Because the material is fully incompressible, [Kpp]=0,
Because the Lagrange Multipliers (internal DOF P) are kept in the assembled stiffness matrix, direct solvers must be used with this f formulation. l ti Iterative It ti solvers l such h as PCG cannot t handle h dl the th resulting ill-conditioned matrices.
A2A-40

For hyperelasticity, the volume ratio (J) is defined as:
V J= Vo
where V and Vo are the updated and original volumes of the element, respectively respectively. To maintain incompressible behavior, a volumetric compatibility constraint t i t must tb be satisfied ti fi d
For fully-incompressible hyperelastic materials, no volume change should occur. With the th use of f J, the th volume l change h can be b quantified tifi d For fully-incompressible case, J should be equal to 1. In other words, the final and original volumes should be the same (no volume change)
A2A-41
The discussion on the previous slide emphasized the fact that the volume ratio J should be constant (J=1), which is true for fully incompressible materials:
J 1 = 0
This leads to the following volumetric compatibility equation:
J 1 dV J Vtol V
A2A-42
The default value of Vtol is 1e-5. The Solution Information Branch will record when this condition is not satisified.
If the model fails to converge because the Mixed u-P volumetric compatability condition cannot be met met, it might be helpful to loosen this tolerance.
Note: Loosening this tolerance has the effect of allowing some small amount of compressibility in the material. This should only be done as a last resort after other solution convergence options (i.e. increasing the number of substeps) have been tried.
A2A-43
... Volumetric Tolerance
WB-Mechanical users do not have direct access to the tolerance on volumetric compatibility constraints, but it can be changed via Command Objects. j
Manually y activating g Mixed u-P is necessary y in order for subsequent solc,,,vtol to be accepted
Solution Information Branch will record this change
A2A-44
... Considerations for Mixed u-P
For a fully incompressible problem, no unique solution may exist if all boundary nodes have prescribed displacements. This is due to the fact that hydrostatic pressure (internal DOF) is independent of deformation. Hydrostatic pressure needs to be determined by a force/pressure boundary condition. Without this, the hydrostatic pressure cannot be calculated i.e., there is no unique solution. For these situations where this occurs occurs, having at least one node without applied boundary condition will remedy this situation. When the number of pressure DOF (Np) is greater than the number of active (unconstrained) displacement DOF (Nd), this is an overconstrained co st a ed model, ode , which c results esu ts in locking. oc g Ideally, dea y, t the e ratio at o o of Nd/Np should be 2/1 for 2D problems or 3/1 for 3D problems. Overconstrained models can be overcome by mesh refinement, especially in areas without displacement constraints.
A2A-45
... Considerations for Mixed u-P
WB-Mechanical provides an extensive library of element technology using Mixed u-P formulation for nearly and fully incompressible materials.
Mixed u-P, by itself, addresses the issue of volumetric locking For fully-incompressible hyperelastic materials, WB-Mechanical must use the mixed u u-P P formulation. formulation For nearly-incompressible elasto-plastic material, WB-Mechanical will not turn on mixed u-P automatically. Mixed u-P Formulation can be combined with B-bar, URI, Enhanced Strain, or Simplified Enhanced Strain Formulations in nearly incompressible applications using command objects.
A2A-46
H. Solid-Shell Formulation
A special Solid-Shell Element is available to model thin to moderately-thick shells in 3D form.
This is a 3D 8-node hex element with translational DOF
This element has 7 internal DOF, similar to Enhanced Strain but decoupled in bending direction. Assumed strain method also used for thickness-related components components.
These 7 internal DOF are condensed out at the element level
This formulation is available in the SOLSH190 element
There are some situations where use of either shell or regular solid elements may y not be desirable ( (next slide), ), so the SOLSH190 element provides a good solution in these cases
A2A-47
Solid-Shell Formulation
Considerations for Shells:
Nonlinear MPC required for g shells to solids for largeg connecting deflection analyses Currently supported by 17x contact elements with MPC bonded contact DOF not continuous at interface since nodes not shared Treatment of variable thickness is complicated Currently, AI*Environment 5.0/5.1 supports variable thickness midsurface extraction Limited application to thick shells
Considerations for Solids:

The error in the kinematic approximation with linear 3D solid elements becomes apparent in bending dominant problems as thickness decreases Higher-order 3D solid elements do not have this problem Current element technologies technologies, such as Enhanced Strain, are not sufficient to remedy this numerical locking in linear 3D solid elements when thickness/ length ratio is very small
A2A-48
Although a 8-node hex element, SOLSH190 element coordinate system not defined solely by ESYS but by nodal connectivity SOLSH190 element z z-axis axis is defined by nodal connectivity. connectivity Use of VEORIENT (prior to meshing) or EORIENT (after meshing) is required to redefine z-axis. Element x- and yaxes are defined via ESYS similar to SHELL elements The nodal connectivity shown on the right of I-J-K-L forms the bottom face. The top face is formed by M-N-O-P. The element z-axis is then defined as the normal of the midplane p (shown ( in light g blue) ) Prism form of SOLSH190 is stiff in bending, so it should only be used as filler elements.
A2A-49
SOLSH190 has 2x2x2 integration points Unlike SHELL elements, SZ is not automatically zero. SOLSH190 has 3D stress state (SZ can be non non-zero) zero) SHELL181 has user-defined section integration points through-plane (section definition) and either 1 or 2x2 integration points in-plane. SOLSH190 currently has a fixed number of integration points. This is an important consideration for nonlinear materials since more than one element through the thickness may be required (see example below, 2 elements thru thickness)
A2A-50
Example of Solid-Shell Element

Simple example of buckling of arch shown on right
Comparison p of SHELL181, , SOLID185 (Simplified Enhanced Strain), and SOLSH190
For thin structures, SOLSH190 matches SHELL181

SOLID185 requires additional elements along edge
For thick structures, SOLSH190 matches SOLID185
3rd mode elem/thick elem/edge SHELL181 1 10 20 50 SOLID185 1 10 20 50 3 10 20 50 5 10 20 50 SOLSH190 1 10 20 50 3 10 20 50 5 10 20 50
thick 1 00E 03 1.00E-03 3.7496 3.4509 3.3743 3533.8000 50.9320 3 7035 3.7035 3534.0000 50.8300 3.6230 3533.8000 50.9040 3 6708 3.6708 3.7232 3.4530 3.3751 3.6055 3.4384 3 3764 3.3764 3.4980 3.4201 3.2714
1.00E-02 1 00E 02 3750 3451 3374 39403 4096 3386 39403 4096 3386 39403 4096 3386 3722 3445 3373 3722 3445 3373 3722 3445 3373
1.00E-01 1 00E 01 3.74E+06 3.44E+06 3.37E+06 4.31E+06 3.48E+06 3 38E+06 3.38E+06 4.31E+06 3.48E+06 3.38E+06 4.31E+06 3.48E+06 3 37E+06 3.37E+06 3.72E+06 3.44E+06 3.37E+06 3.72E+06 3.44E+06 3 37E+06 3.37E 06 3.72E+06 3.44E+06 3.37E+06
1.00E+00 1 00E+00 3.09E+09 2.89E+09 2.84E+09 3.55E+09 3.23E+09 3 14E+09 3.14E+09 3.49E+09 3.18E+09 3.10E+09 3.45E+09 3.14E+09 3 07E+09 3.07E+09 3.40E+09 3.17E+09 3.11E+09 3.37E+09 3.15E+09 3 09E+09 3.09E 09 3.33E+09 3.12E+09 3.06E+09
2.00E+00 2 00E+00 1.64E+10 1.57E+10 1.55E+10 2.23E+10 2.07E+10 2 04E+10 2.04E+10 2.13E+10 1.99E+10 1.96E+10 2.04E+10 1.91E+10 1 88E+10 1.88E+10 2.23E+10 2.07E+10 2.04E+10 2.13E+10 1.99E+10 1 96E+10 1.96E 10 2.04E+10 1.91E+10 1.88E+10
A2A-51
Element Control
As stated earlier, the Solver Output reports the element technology being activated based on the element order chosen by user and the material association.
Elastic material or metal plasticity with higher order elements Default URI 2D Plane Stress/Strain Metal Plasticity with lower order elements 2D Plain Strain Elastic material with lower order elements Fully incompressible hyperelasticity with higher or lower order elements
Enhanced Strain
Simplified Enhanced Strain
B-Bar with Mixed u-P

A2A-52
Element Control
Users do have the option to turn Element Control off, thereby:

Accepting the default technology Receiving only suggestions in the Solution output with no changes.
The exception p to this is Mixed u-P which must be turned on for fully y incompressible materials. Refer also to ETCONTROL in Commands Manual
A2A-53
Element Control
With Element Control set to Manual, users can manually toggle between Full and Reduced Integration Schemes
This switch only applies to higher order elements. It is sometimes helpful to force full integration g when only y one element exists across the thickness of a part. Doing this helps prevent hour-glassing.
A2A-54
Element Control
Users can also override the default key option settings by executing the following KEYOPT command within a command object under the part branch. Recall: KEYOPT, ITYPE, KNUM, VALUE Where ITYPE is the Element type number KNUM is the number of the KEYOPT VALUE is the value of this KEYOPT E Example, l if element l tt type#1 #1 i is PLANE182 PLANE182, enhanced h d strain t i can be b activated with the following command:
KEYOPT,1,1,2
Key Option Value (for enhanced strain) Key Option Number (for element technology) Element Type Number
A2A-55
Summary
In summary, there are many different technologies for continuum elements to alleviate shear and volumetric locking
Unfortunately, y, there is no silver bullet in circumventing g mesh locking, but Mechanical provides a wealth of element formulations, so that users can balance accuracy, robustness, and efficiency in solving a wide range of nonlinear problems. Lower-order elements can use B-Bar, URI, Enhanced Strain, or Simplified Enhanced Strain. Moreover, Mixed u-P may be used in conjunction with any of these formulations. Higher-order elements usually use URI only (except for SOLID186, which can also use full integration). Mixed u-P may be toggled on or off, depending on the problem. Mechanical will automatically set the best formulation option based on the material properties and element order, although having an understanding of the pros and cons of each formulation can be very helpful in interpreting Solution Output with difficult problems. problems The general recommendation is too accept these defaults
A2A-56
References for Further Reading

Some useful references on numerical theory:
1. Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures Vol.1 and 2, M.A. Crisfield, John Wiley & Sons, 1996 & 1997. 2. Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics for Finite Element Analysis, Bonet and Wood, Cambridge University Press, 1997. 3. Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Medium, Malvern, Prentice Hall 1969. Prentice-Hall, 1969
A2A-57

Mechanical-Nonlin 13.0 App2A Element Technology

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Mechanical-Nonlin 13.0 App2A Element Technology

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Customer Training Material

Appendix 2A Element Technology

ANSYS Mechanical Structural Nonlinearities

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

Customer Training Material

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

Customer Training Material

Simplified Enhanced Strain

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

Customer Training Material

Solution output p also reports p its effects on convergence g

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

Customer Training Material

With these questions in mind, the following topics will be covered:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

A. Conventional Displ. Formulation

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

Conventional Displ. Formulation

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

... Conventional Displ. Formulation

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

B. Shear and Volumetric Locking

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

... Shear Locking

Customer Training Material

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

... Shear Locking

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

... Volumetric Locking

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

... Example of Volumetric Locking

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 December 2010

ANSYS Mechanical Element Technology

... Volumetric Locking