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Appendix 6B Viscoplasticity with ANANDs Model

ANSYS Mechanical Structural Nonlinearities

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ANSYS Mechanical Viscoplasticity with ANANDs Model

Chapter Overview
This appendix presents an optional lecture on the ANAND material model.

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ANAND is an advanced rate dependent metal plasticity model useful for modeling highly nonlinear rate dependent metal plasticity. The following topics will be covered: A. Background on Viscoplasticity B The B. Th ANAND M Model d l C. Defining the material input D Analysis Settings for Viscoplasticity D. E. Reviewing viscoplastic results

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A. Background on Viscoplasticity

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In contrast to rate-independent plasticity discussed earlier, ratedependent plasticity is dependent on the strain rate or time. From a material standpoint standpoint, viscoplasticity and creep are the same same.
Usually, for engineering purposes, creep is used to describe the evolution of strain under a constant load. Creep deformation usually is important when the temperature is about 30-60% of the materials melting temperature. Also, the time period tends to be much longer; the creep and plastic strains are decoupled. Viscoplasticity option involves high-strain rate (i.e., impact, hot metal forming) loading situations. The inelastic strains are not decoupled as they are with the Creep calculations calculations.

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... Background on Viscoplasticity

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Comparison of Creep Models and ANAND Viscoplasticity Model

CREEP Isotropic No explicitly defined yield surface ANAND Isotropic No explicitly defined yield surface. However, includes evolution equation. No additional rate-independent plasticity allowed. Inelastic strains are coupled

Yield Surface

Combination Possible to combine with plasticity, which is decoupled with creep strains with rateindependent plasticity p y BISO, MISO, and BKIN None Suitable for small strain rates Suitable for small and large strain rates Strain Rates Long periods, creep and plasticity have Short/medium periods Time scale different time scales Temperature effects included as part of Anand's equation considers temperature effects Temperature equation (or material constants can be directly. No need to input temperatureEffects temperature-dependent) dependent material constants

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B. ANAND Model

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The rate-dependent plasticity option proposed by Anand has the following characteristics:
There is no explicit yield surface and no loading/unloading criteria that is used (i.e., no Bauschinger effect), unlike rate-independent models. Plastic flow is assumed to occur at all non-zero stress values, although, at t low l stresses, t the th plastic l ti flow fl may be b negligible. li ibl Anands model uses an internal scalar variable called the deformation resistance (denoted by s) to represent the isotropic resistance to the inelastic flow of the material. This is output as NL,PSV (plastic state variable). The material temperature is usually assumed to be greater than one half of the melting temperature. Output of inelastic strains is plastic strain

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... ANAND Model

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Anands model was originally developed for high-temperature metal forming processes such as rolling and deep drawing.
Anand, L., Constitutive Equations for Hot-Working of Metals, International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 1, pp. 213-231 (1985). Brown, S. B., Kim, K. H., and Anand, L., An Internal Variable Constitutive Model for Hot Working of Metals, International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 5, pp. 95-130 (1989).

However, some companies have also used this constitutive model for other applications, such as analyses of solder joints in electronics packaging.
Darveaux, R., Solder Joint Fatigue Life Model, Proceedings of TMS Annual Meeting, pp. 213-218 (1997). Darveaux, R., Effect of Simulation Methodology on Solder Joint Crack Growth Correlations, Proceedings of 50th Electronic Components & Technology Conference, pp. 1048-1058 (2000).

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... ANAND Model

Anands model for viscoplasticity: The flow equation can be written as:

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&in = Ae

Q RT

sinh s

1 m

At this point, point it may be useful to digress and compare Anands model with Generalized Garofalo (hyperbolic sine) creep equation: where

&cr = C1e

C4 T

[sinh (C2 )]C

The main difference between the hyperbolic yp sine creep p equation q and Anands model is the evolution equation [the deformation resistance (s)], explained next

C1 = A, C2 =

, C3 =

Q 1 , C4 = m R

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... ANAND Model

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The evolution equations (strain hardening/softening) are:

a B &in & = ho ( B ) s B
where

s B = 1 * s

&in s = s e A
*

Q RT

&in = effective inelastic deformatio n rate = effective Cauchy stress s = deformatio n resistance s * = saturation value of deformatio n resistance & = time derivative of deformatio n resistance s T = absolute b l t temperatu t t re
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... ANAND Model

Additional terms are defined as material constants:
Mat'l Parameter Description Constant initial value of deformation 1 so resistance 2 Q/R activation energy divided by universal gas constant 3 A pre exponential factor pre-exponential 4 5 6 7 m ho mutiplier of stress strain rate sensitivity of stress hardening/softening g g constant coefficient for saturation value of deformation resistance strain rate sensitivity of saturation i value l (deformation resistance) strain rate sensitivity of hardening or softening Units stress (e.g., psi, MPa) energy/volume (e.g., kJ/mole) 1/time (e.g., 1/second) dimensionless dimensionless stress (e.g., psi, MPa) stress (e.g., psi, MPa) dimensionless

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s
n

dimensionless, a>1.0

All constants must be positive. positive

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C. Defining Material Input

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As with other material models, ANANDs model can be inserting from the Plasticity Folder of the Engineering Data Toolbox
No temperature-dependent constants are allowed since temperature effects ff t are included i l d d in i Anands A d equation. ti

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... Defining Material Input

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Determination of the material parameters for Anands model is performed by curve-fitting a series of isothermal stress-strain tensile tests at different temperatures and strain rates. A detailed discussion of the transformation of experimental data to material constants can be found in the following references:
Anand, L., Constitutive Equations for Hot-Working of Metals, International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 1, pp. 213-231 (1985). Brown, S. B., Kim, K. H., and Anand, L., An An Internal Variable Constitutive Model for Hot Working of Metals, International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 5, pp. 95-130 (1989).

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D. Analysis Settings for Viscoplasticity

The Analysis Settings will be similar for most nonlinear problems
Although time has importance in a viscoplasticity problem, the solution can be static or transient. This would exclude or incl de inertial effects. include effects Ensure that the plastic strain increments are small enough to capture the path dependent response. Large Deflection = ON is recommend For large models with long run times and potential convergence trouble, consider setting up a Restart Control strategy in the event that adjustment to time step range or convergence criteria is necessary
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E. Reviewing Viscoplastic Results

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Results such as plastic strain and strain energy can be reviewed with same procedure as used with metal plasticity.
- Output of inelastic strains is plastic strain

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