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Chapter Overview
In this chapter, general tools and procedures, not specific to a particular source of nonlinearity, but useful for achieving convergence and post processing results are introduce: A. Building a Nonlinear Model B Obtaining a nonlinear solution B.
Step Controls Solver Controls Restart esta t Controls Co t o s Nonlinear Controls Output Controls Analysis Data Management
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What is different about building a nonlinear model vs. a linear model? A model undergoing mildly nonlinear behavior due to large deflection and stress stiffening effects might need no modification with regards to geometry set up and meshing.
Include geometric features to overcome singularities that cause convergence trouble. (i.e. add radius to sharp corner for example)
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With regards to meshing, if large strains are expected, the shape checking option may be changed to Aggressive
For large-deflection g analyses, y , if elements may y undergo g some change g in shape, this may reduce the fidelity of the solution By using Aggressive shape checking, WB-Mechanical will ensure that the element q quality y is much better p prior to solution in order to anticipate p distortion of the element in the course of a large-strain analysis. The quality of the Standard shape checking is suitable for linear analyses, so it does not need to be changed in linear analyses With aggressive shape checking set, some mesh failures may be more likely. See WB-Mechanical - Intro for ways y to detect and remedy mesh failures.
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For any structural element, DOF solution u is solved at nodes Stresses and strains are calculated at integration points. They are derived from DOF.
For example, we can determine strains from displacements via:
= B u
, u
The image on the right shows a 4-node quad element with 2x2 integration, integration points shown in red. When we post-process results, stress/strain values at integration points are extrapolated or copied to nodal locations
linear results are extrapolated Nonlinear results are copied
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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With Element Control set to Manual, users can manually toggle between Full and Reduced Integration Schemes
This option influences the number of integration points within an element.
This switch only applies to higher order elements. It is sometimes helpful to force full integration when only one element exists across the thickness of a part for improved accuracy.
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By default, WB Mechanical element technology will mesh geometry with higher order elements (with midside nodes).
Users have the option to drop midside nodes
Kept midside nodes (Quadratic shape function) 20-Node Hex
In challenging large deflection, bending dominated problems with nearly or fully compressible nonlinear materials, it can sometimes be advantageous to drop the midside nodes and allow the code to implement enhanced strain formulations automatically Refer to Appendix 2A for a more detailed discussion of element technology.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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It is important to note the orientation of loads and its effect on the structure in large-deflection analyses:
Load Acceleration (constant direction) ( ) Direction Before Deflection Direction After Deflection
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Linear static requires q only y one p pass through g the matrix equation q solver (Figure on left) Nonlinear performs a new solution with every iteration (Figure on right). F K 1 u u F
Ki
F = Ku
Fi = Kiui
Release 13.0 December 2010
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F F1 ustart u Load
Time tmax
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If no specifications are defined (Auto Time Stepping = Program Controlled), Mechanical will set specifications automatically depending on the nature of the nonlinearity in the model. If taking the default auto time stepping specs, user should always verify that these values are adequate by checking the Solution Information folder at the b i i beginning of f the th run and d watching t hi for f bisections. bi ti Discussed in more detail in Chapter 8 Nonlinear Diagnostics
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Please refer to your Workshop Supplement for instructions on: W2A- Small Deflection Vs. Large Deflection Analysis
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Restart Controls (contd) Generate Restart Points - Enables the creation of restart points with the following options Program Controlled: Instructs the program to select restart point generation settings g automatically y
The setting is equivalent to Load Step = Last and Substep = Last.
Manual: Exposes additional options (next slide) Off: Restricts any new restart points from being created.
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Equally Spaced: Creates specified number (N) of restart points at equally spaced time intervals within a load step.
Where N is defined in Rate of Recurrence Field
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For example, to write 3 equally spaced restart files for each load step:
Load r4 r3 r2 2
r5
r6 (last converged)
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Restart files are always retained for an incomplete solve due to a convergence failure or if solution run is manually interupted.
Under the Analysis Data Management category, setting Future Analysis to Prestressed analysis also forces the restart files to be retained. Similarly, setting Delete Unneeded Files to No implies that restart files are to be No retained.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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At the completion of the run, user can specify the restart point for the subsequent run.
If default restart controls were taken, restart will only be available for th last the l t successfully f ll converged d substep b t Restart Type = Manual Restart Point = Load Step 1, Substep 6
Restart specifications:
Once the restart specifications have been set and the analysis control t l settings tti and/or d/ existing i ti l loads d h have b been adjusted dj t d as needed, execute a solve to begin the solution restart
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When contact nonlinearities are present, these additional dditi l checks h k are not t included i l d d by b default d f lt because they are generally considered overly restrictive and can cause unnecessary divergence.
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The Force Convergence graph shows what the force criterion and residual forces (force convergence) are. When the residual forces are less than the criterion, the substep is assumed to be converged.
Additional useful features include the fact that converged substeps and loadsteps p are also indicated on this Solution Information chart with a green and blue dotted line, respectively.
Residual
Criteria
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Relying on displacement convergence alone can in some cases lead to erroneous results.
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Release 13.0 December 2010
Big g Residual
Nonlinear Controls (contd) The Minimum reference value (MINREF) is a safety feature that prevents your p y solution from trying y g to converge g to a zero tolerance.
If free-body (unconstrained) systems or mechanisms have no external forces, , the criterion (R * ||{ ||{F}|| }||2) will be zero. If the criterion is zero, the solution will never converge! In such cases, the program redefines the criterion to be (R * MINREF). Where R is the convergence tolerance value. The default value that WB-Mechanical uses for MINREF depends on the physics of the problem.
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Line Search is an additional tool intended to enhance convergence behavior. When active, line search multiplies the displacement increment by a program-calculated scale factor between 0 and 1, whenever a stiffening response is detected, detected typical in a contact application. application
By default, the program turns Line Search ON when contact elements are present. You can override the default to turn it on or off explicitly.
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To tighten or loosen a criterion, dont change the default reference value, but instead change the tolerance factor by one or two orders of magnitude. it d Do not use a loose criterion to eliminate convergence difficulties.
This simply allows the solution to converge converge to an incorrect result!
Tightening the criterion requires more equilibrium iterations. Review any MINREF warning messages during solution. Make sure the minimum reference value used makes sense for the problem being solved.
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The procedure for reviewing nonlinear results is similar to that of a linear p problem. The difference is that there is usually y more information to process
multiple results sets more information per result set (i.e (i e contact status, status pressure pressure, penetration, inelastic strains due to plasticity and or creep,...etc).
In large deformation problems, one usually should view the deformation with Actual scaling from the Result toolbar Any of the structural results may be requested, such as Equivalent Stress, shown below
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If contact is defined, a contact tool can be used to postprocess contact related results (pressure, penetration, frictional stress, status,..etc)
We can explore this tool in greater detail in Chapters 3 and 4
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If nonlinear material is defined, various stress and strain components can be requested.
We will explore this in greater detail in Chapters 5 and 6.
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Please refer to your Workshop Supplement for instructions on: W2B- Restart Control
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