International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 6340(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 44-51, IAEME

AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 44-51 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 3.8231 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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MULTI OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF NEAR-DRY EDM PROCESS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
1

Dr. P. A. Deshmukh,

Mr. P. R. Cheke,

Mr. R. D. Shelke

ABSTRACT The correct selection of manufacturing technique is one of the most important aspects to take into consideration in the majority of manufacturing processes and particularly in processes related to Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). It is capable of machining geometrically complex or hard material components, which are precise and difficult-to-machine such as heat treated tool steels, composites, super alloys, ceramics, carbides, heat resistant steels etc. being widely used in die and mold making industries, aerospace, aeronautics and nuclear industries. This paper investigates near-dry electrical discharge machining to achieve the high material removal rate and better surface finish simultaneously. In near-dry EDM liquid and air mixture is used as dielectric medium and in wet EDM only liquid is used as dielectric. Input EDM parameters considered are discharge current, pulse on time, gap voltage and pulse off time on responses like material removal rate(MRR) and surface roughness in near-dry EDM. A well-designed experimental scheme was used to reduce the total number of experiments. Design of experiment were conducted with the L9 orthogonal array based on the Taguchi method. Multi-objective optimization is carried out with the help of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize both the responses at same time. It was experimentally found that, near-dry EDM exhibits the advantage of good machining stability at low discharge energy thus results in better surface finish. Keywords: Near-Dry EDM, Wet EDM and MRR. 1. INTRODUCTION Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is a thermoelectric process in which material removal takes place through the process of controlled spark generation. It is one of the most popular nontraditional machining processes being used today. EDM has achieved a status of being nearly indispensable in the industry because of its ability to machine any electrically conductive material irrespective of its mechanical strength. Despite its advantages, environmental concerns associated
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 44-51, IAEME

with the process have been a major drawback of EDM. Hydrocarbon oil based dielectric fluids used in EDM are the primary source of pollution from the process. Replacing liquid dielectric by mixture of gas and liquid is an emerging field in the environment-friendly EDM technology. Near dry EDM is a modification of the conventional EDM process in which the liquid dielectric is replaced by a mixture of gas and liquid medium. The flow of high velocity gas into the gap facilitates removal of debris and prevents excessive heating of the tool and work-piece at the discharge spots. Several experimental studies made in this field have brought out some of the essential features of the process. In this study, near-dry EDM milling is investigated to understand the effect of discharge current, pulse on time, pulse off time and discharge voltage on responses like MRR and Surface roughness. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Shih et al [2] investigated the dry and near-dry EDM milling to achieve the high MRR and fine surface finish for roughing and finishing operations, respectively. Oxygen gas and copper electrode was used in dry EDM, whereas nitrogen and de-ionized water mixture was used in near-dry EDM operation. A 25-1fractional factorial design is applied to investigate the effect of discharge current, pulse duration, pulse interval and gap voltage on the MRR and surface finish in both process. The experiments were conducted on a CNC die-sinking EDM machine using AISI H13 tool steel as the work material. A rotary spindle, Rotobore RBS-1000, with through-spindle flushing capability is mounted on the EDM head. The input liquid flow is set at 5 ml/min. Negative polarity, i.e. electrode as cathode, is used in the experiment, due lower wear on cathode at low discharge pulse duration and smoother discharge crater on anode. It was found that, high MRR were achieved in dry EDM where as fine surface finish were obtained in near-dry EDM. Oxygen is to promote the MRR in dry and near-dry EDM due to exothermal oxidation. Near-dry was proven beneficial for the finishing operation. Because liquid phase is dispersed in gas medium is hypothesized to enhance the electrical field thus result is large discharge gap and stable discharge at low energy input. Pradhan et al [6] investigate three process parameters like discharge current, pulse duration and pulse off time. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the relationship and parametric interaction of variable and significant coefficient were obtained at 5% level by ANOVA. Experiment were conducted on Electronica Electroplus PS 50ZNC Die Shrinking Machine. Copper electrode of 30 mm diameter and 15x 15 mm2 AISI-D2 tool steel with 4 mm thickness work-piece was used. It was found that, model for MRR were developed for three parameters namely, pulse current, discharge time and pulse off time for EDM process using RSM. It was also found that all three machining parameters and their interactions have significant effect on MRR Tomadi et al [7] was investigate the influence of themachining parameters such as peak current, power supply voltage, pulse on time and pulse off time on out put responses Surface quality, Electrode wear and material removal rate. Result are analyzed by using STATISTICA software. Design of experiments (DOE) technique and ANOVA analysis were used for experimental work. Tungsten Carbide has been selected as the workpiece and copper tungsten as a electrode material. It was found that, for surface roughness, the most influential factors were voltage followed by the pulse off time, while the peak current and pulse on time was not significant at the considered confidence level. For material removal rate, pulse on time factor was most influential followed by voltage, peak current, and pulse off time. For electrode wear, it was observed that the most influential factor were pulse off time, followed by the peak current factor.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 44-51, IAEME

Iqbal et al [9] investigate machining parameter like voltage, rotational speed of electrode and feed rate over a responses MRR, EWR and surface roughness on AISI 304 stainless steel as workpiece material and copper was used as a electrode material. RSM was used for interactions between the three controllable variables on MRR, EWR and Ra. Significant coefficients were obtained by performing ANOVA at 95% significance level. It was found that voltage and rpm have effect on MRR, EWR and surface roughness. 3. PLANNING OF EXPERIMENT Oil hardened non shrinking steel material having size 5 x 50 x 50 mm with hollow copper alloy electrode with10 mm diameter were used. Separate work piece used for each experiment. PS 50ZNC (die-sinking type) of EDM machine used for experimentations. Commercial grade EDM oil (specific gravity= 0.763, freezing point= 94C) and air through a hallow tube used as dielectric fluid with a pressure of 0.1 kgf/cm2 and 0.5 kgf/cm2 respectively. Circular shaped hollow copper tool with internal flushing of air used to flush away the eroded materials from the sparking zone. In this process, machining time and duty cycle is kept constant 7 min and 0.75. Four factors tackled with a total number of 9 experiments were performed. The surface roughness measurement using contact type C3A MahrPerthenPerthometer (stylus radius of 5 m ) were done. The design scheme and machining parameters and their levels are shown in Table1. Design matrix and results for MRR and surface roughness as shown in table 2. Machine setup for near-dry EDM as shown in Figure1.

Figure1:-Near Dry EDM Setup

Table 1 Design Scheme of machining parameters and their levels Levels Parameters Unit Level-I Level-II Level-III 2 3 4 Discharge current ( Ip ) amp 50 100 150 Pulse on time ( Ton ) s Pulse off time ( Toff ) Gap voltage ( Vg ) position volt 10 40 11 45 12 50

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 44-51, IAEME

Table2. Experimental design matrix & results Exp. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ip 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 Ton 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Toff 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 Vg 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 1 MRR ( g/ min ) 0.0160 0.0180 0.0190 0.0220 0.0240 0.0260 0.0300 0.0480 0.0280 Ra ( m ) 2.68 1.87 2.74 1.94 2.51 4.32 3.44 3.12 3.59

4. RESULT & DISCUSSION 4.1) Results for material removal rate The coefficients of model for MRR are shown in Table 3. The parameter R2 describes the amount of variation observed in MRR is explained by the input factors. R2 = 87.92 % indicate that the model is able to predict the response with high accuracy. Table 3. Estimated Regression Coefficients for MRR Coef SE Coef T 0.025667 0.006733 0.000833 -0.004333 0.002000 -0.003000 -0.004200 0.002222 0.003443 0.002722 0.004304 0.004304 0.006667 0.004217 11.549 1.956 0.306 -1.007 0.465 -0.450 -0.996 R-Sq(adj) = 84.86%

Terms Term Constant Ip Ton Toff Vg Ip*Ton Toff*Vg

P 0.007 0.190 0.788 0.420 0.688 0.697 0.424

S = 0.0666708

R-Sq = 87.92%

Adjusted R2 is a modified R2 that has been adjusted for the number of terms in the model. If unnecessary terms are included in the model, R2 can be artificially high, but adjusted R2 (84.86 %.) may get smaller. The standard deviation of errors in the modeling, S= 0.0666708.Comparing the p-value to a commonly used -level = 0.05. ANOVA for MRR in near-dry EDM for factors is shown in Table 4. which clearly indicates that the Ip has greatest influence on surface roughness(SR), followed by Toff, Vg and Ton . The p-values for Ip, Ton, Toff and Vg are 0.043, 0.58, 0.320 and 0.488 respectively, depicted in Table 4.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 44-51, IAEME

Source Regression Linear Ip Ton Toff Vg Interaction Ip*Ton Toff*Vg Error Total

DF 6 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 8

Table4.Analysis of Variance for MRR Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS 0.000647 0.000594 0.000468 0.000004 0.000048 0.000073 0.000053 0.000009 0.000044 0.000089 0.000736 0.000647 0.000299 0.000170 0.000004 0.000045 0.000010 0.000053 0.000009 0.000044 0.000089 0.000108 0.000075 0.000170 0.000004 0.000045 0.000010 0.000027 0.000009 0.000044 0.000044

F 2.43 1.68 3.82 0.09 1.01 0.22 0.60 0.20 0.99

P 0.320 0.406 0.043 0.580 0.320 0.488 0.626 0.697 0.424

4.2) Results for surface roughness The coefficients of model for surface roughness are shown in Table 5. The parameter R2 describes the amount of variation observed in surface roughness is explained by the input factors. R2 = 95.85 % indicate that the model is able to predict the response with high accuracy. Adjusted R2 is a modified R2 that has been adjusted for the number of terms in the model. If unnecessary terms are included in the model, R2 can be artificially high, but adjusted R2 (82.62 %.) may get smaller. The standard deviation of errors in the modeling, S= 0.330911. Table 5. Estimated Regression Coefficients for Ra in near-dry EDM finishing Terms Coef SE Coef T P Term Constant 2.9122 0.1103 26.402 0.001 Ip Ton Toff Vg Ip*Ton Toff*Vg S = 0.330911 0.7207 0.4317 -0.7958 -0.7208 -1.1150 0.4880 0.1709 0.1351 0.2136 0.2136 0.3309 0.2093 R-Sq = 95.65% 4.217 3.195 -3.726 -3.375 -3.369 2.332 R-Sq(adj) = 82.62% 0.052 0.086 0.065 0.078 0.078 0.145

Comparing the p-value to a commonly used -level = 0.05. ANOVA for surface roughness for factors is shown in Table 6.which clearly indicates that the Ip has greatest influence on surface roughness, followed by Vg, Ton and Toff. The p-values for Ip, Ton, Toff and Vg are 0.042, 0.059, 0.065 and 0.057 respectively, depicted in Table 6.
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 44-51, IAEME

Source Regression Linear Ip Ton Toff Vg Interaction Ip*Ton Toff*Vg Error Total

Table6.Analysis of Variance for Ra in near-dry EDM DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F 6 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 8 4.82075 2.98217 1.36327 1.11802 0.34082 0.16007 1.83859 1.24323 0.59536 0.21900 5.03976 4.82075 4.80770 1.94760 1.11802 1.52004 1.24704 1 1.83859 1.24323 0.59536 0.21900 0.80346 1.20193 1.94760 1.11802 1.52004 1.24704 1 0.91929 1.24323 0.59536 0.10950 7.34 10.98 17.79 10.21 13.88 11.39 8.40 11.35 5.44

P 0.125 0.085 0.042 0.059 0.065 0.057 0.106 0.078 0.145

Response Optimization Goal MRR Ra (m) Maximum Minimum Lower 0.016 1.830 Target 0.048 1.830 Upper 0.048 4.320 Global Solution 2 50 10 40 Predicted Responses MRR Ra (m) 0.03409 1.82651 Ip Ton Toff Vg 2.86869 50 10 50 Desirability Upper 1.000000 0.565267 0.751843 Weight 1 1 Import 1 1

Starting Point Ip Ton Toff Vg

Composite Desirability

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 44-51, IAEME
Optimal High D Cur 0.75184 Low Ip 4.0 [2.8687] 2.0 Ton 150.0 [50.0] 50.0 Toff 12.0 [10.0] 10.0 Vg 50.0 [50.0] 40.0

Composite Desirability 0.75184

Ra (m) Minimum y = 1.8265 d = 1.0000

MRR(g/mi Maximum y = 0.0341 d = 0.56527

Figure 2. Optimization graph

CONCLUSION Analysis carried out by using response surface methodologys (D-Optimal Method) to optimize two responses simultaneously (to maximize MRR and minimize surface roughness). It is also observed that, to obtain maximum MRR (0.0341) and minimum surface roughness (1.8265) simultaneously when employ the discharge current (2.868) and low pulse on time(50), pulse off time (10) and high discharge voltage (50). Near-dry EDM proven beneficial for finishing operation because liquid phase is dispersed in gas medium is hypothesized to enhance the electric field and thus results in a low frequency of spark and stable discharge at low energy input. The gases in the air prevent the electrolysis and yield better surface finish. FUTURE SCOPE 1) Very less work has been reported on MRR improvement. Also on material like water hardened die steel, molybdenum high speed steel have non tried as a work materials in near-dry EDM and powder mixed EDM. The same may be tried in future works 2) Hollow tube and eccentric drilled hole type electrode are reported to have positive impact on MRR due to improved flushing condition. Such designs need investigations for more work materials to evaluate their case to case effects. 3) Use of near-dry EDM in micro machining.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 44-51, IAEME

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