e-Learning English, Grammar Review, Level 4, Units A-Z

40000 0 Its important to understand these grammatical concepts: A verb describes an action or state. It usually goes after the subject: th Jack works on the 5 floor We dont understand this An infinitive is the basic/root form of the verb. For example: (to) be, (to) do, (to) take, (to) win, etc.: To be or not to be? I cant do this A gerund is the -ing form of the verb: I hate flying Thank you for listening A subject is the thing or person that goes before a verb: The boy needs help We walk to work An object is a thing or person that goes after the verb: He loves them very much She wants more money A noun is a thing or person. It usually goes before a verb: These plates are dirty! That man lives in London A pronoun substitutes a noun: Give me the books -> Give me them Its her key -> Its hers An adjective describes something or somebody It goes before a noun: The blue pens are mine Hes a very stupid man An adverb describes how? how much? when? where? etc.

It goes after a verb, but before an adjective: He sings beautifully Its an incredibly cheap watch A preposition describes position, direction, relation, etc. It usually goes before a noun, pronoun or gerund: Thanks for the biscuits Give it to him Im tired of studying 42510 A Good Deal / A Great Deal A good deal and a great deal are synonyms. They mean a lot and are usually used with Uncountable nouns: Daniels got a good deal of money Daniels got a great deal of money I spent a good deal of time preparing that meal! I spent a great deal of time preparing that meal! Look at these typical mistakes: A good deal of people applied A great deal of people applied We need a good deal of chairs We need a great deal of chairs Many / A lot of / Lots of / Loads of Many / A lot of / Lots of / Loads of many / a lot of / lots of / loads of many / a lot of / lots of / loads of

Remember that lots and loads are used informally and may not always be appropriate in the context. 40709 A Little v. A Few We use (just) a little with Uncountable Nouns: How much oil do we need? Just a little (= Not much) We use (just) a few with Plural Nouns: How many bananas do we need? Just a few (= Not many) 40709 A Little v. Little, A Few v. Few A little (= some) is more positive than little (= hardly any): Ive got a little money. I might buy a new suit!

Ive got little money. I cant afford to buy a new suit Theres a little time left. Lets play another game!

Theres little time left. I think thats enough for today Similarly, a few (= some) is more positive than few (= hardly any): Weve got a few days. Lets go camping! Weve got few days. We cant do much There are a few customers. We might sell everything!

There are few customers. I cant see us selling much today Remember we use little with Uncountable Nouns and few with Plurals: Shes got a few time little Ive got little friends few (little friends = small friends!) 42510 A Lot, Lots, etc. Lots and loads are informal alternatives for a lot: Daniels got lots of money Daniels got loads of money Lots of people rang the TV station Loads of people rang the TV station Look at these typical mistakes: - Did many people go? - A lot of! A lot! - Did you spend much money? - Lots of! Lots! - Have we got enough time? - Loads of! Loads! 42507 A Piece Of... When we want to make uncountable nouns singular, we sometimes use the phrase a piece of + uncountable noun. Learn these 10 common phrases: information -> a piece of information an information data -> a piece of data a data advice -> a piece of advice an advice furniture -> a piece of furniture a furniture news -> a piece of news a news a new

luck -> a piece of luck a luck art -> a piece of art an art inspiration -> a piece of inspiration an inspiration criticism -> a piece of criticism a criticism work -> a piece of work a work Look at these typical mistakes: She gave me a good advice piece of advice Thats a useful information piece of information Ive bought a lovely furniture in the sales piece of furniture I have a good news for you piece of news Thats a terrible new! piece of news That was a good luck! piece of luck Its a fantastic art piece of art Thats not a reliable data piece of data Its a rare work of da Vinci piece of work by 43408 A/An We use the Indefinite Article a/an in the following situations: Non-Specific Singular Nouns Is that an eagle or a hawk? Ive got an idea for a film! Ill have an orange juice, please Could I have a pint of lager? Jobs Janes an architect and Willys a teacher Bobs a doctor and Samanthas an electrical engineer 100 / 1,000 / 1,000,000 / etc. There are a hundred people outside NOT There are hundred Shes got a thousand euros to spend NOT Shes got thousand I can give you a million reasons NOT I can give you million Be careful with nouns beginning with the letter h or u. We use a or an depending on whether the h or u is pronounced or silent respectively: horse -> a house (the h is pronounced) hour -> an hour (the h is silent) university -> a university (the u is pronounced like you) umbrella -> an umbrella (the u is pronounced like us)

41616 Activities: -ing

We often use the ing form of verbs to create activities: shop -> shopping fish -> fishing walk -> walking smoke -> smoking play football -> playing football listen to the radio -> listening to the radio Look at these examples: He hates shopping (activity = object) We like playing football (activity = object) She loves listening to the radio (activity = object) Fishing is very relaxing (activity = subject) Walking is good for the body (activity = subject) Smoking is bad for your health (activity = subject) When an activity is the subject of the sentence, we must use the ing form (the gerund). Look at these typical mistakes: Drink too much isnt good for you Drinking To work 20 hours a day is too much Working Fry an egg isnt difficult! Frying To use a mobile while driving is stupid Using

41023 Actually

Actually is a False Friend for many learners of English. For example, it does not mean actuellement (French) or actualmente (Spanish). It means in fact / really: - I suppose you enjoy your job? - Well, actually, I hate it! Look at these typical mistakes: Jim was at home, but actually hes at the pub now / at the moment We are actually employing 400 people now / currently / at present Actually we care more for our environment now / nowadays / these days Remember that the correct phrase is at the moment: Im unemployed in this moment at the moment Were having problems in these moments at the moment

43514 Adjectives ending in -y

We often form adjectives by adding y to a noun. Look at these examples: wind -> windy rain -> rainy sun -> sunny

boss -> bossy mess -> messy grease -> greasy hair -> hairy price -> pricey 43533 Adjectives: Gradable v. Non-Gradable Gradable (scalable) adjectives are adjectives that you can modify/intensify using words like very, extremely, rather, etc. Most adjectives are gradable. For example: intelligent -> Shes very intelligent, Hes rather intelligent, etc. boring -> Its fairly boring, Theyre extremely boring, etc. tired -> Im pretty tired, You seem terribly tired, etc. Non-gradable (absolute) adjectives are, as the name suggests, adjectives that you can not modify/intensify with words like very, extremely, rather, etc. Extreme adjectives are the best example: freezing -> Its extremely freezing, Im fairly freezing, etc. exhausted -> Shes rather exhausted, Were pretty exhausted, etc. amazing -> Thats very amazing, Its terribly amazing, etc. With extreme adjectives, it is possible, however, to use extreme adverbs such as really, absolutely, totally, etc.: Its absolutely freezing Shes really exhausted Thats totally amazing Nationalities and colours are normally non-gradable: Shes Canadian, but not Shes very French Hes Russian, but not Hes rather Russian This shirt is orange, but not This shirt is fairly orange These boots are grey, but not These boots are extremely grey 40103 Adjectives: -ing v -ed We use ing to describe something or somebody: Legal documents are confusing for many people The film was very frightening Charles is the most entertaining person Ive ever met! At times, Angela can be surprising We use ed to describe somebodys feelings: Most normal people are confused by legal documents We were frightened by the film Everybody is entertained in Charless company!

Sometimes Im surprised by Angela Something or somebody is ...-ing. As a result, somebody is ...-ed: Politicians are boring -> Im bored by politics The film was interesting -> We were interested in the film 40421 Adverbs of Frequency (1): Types Look at these examples of Adverbs of Definite Frequency: Once a week Several times a year Every day Every couple of months Every few years Twice a week On weekdays Every morning At weekends Every other week Three times a year Look at these examples of Adverbs of Indefinite Frequency: Always Almost always Usually Regularly Normally Generally Frequently Often Sometimes Occasionally Rarely Seldom Hardly ever Never 40422 Adverbs of Frequency (2): Position Adverbs of definite frequency These usually come at the beginning or at the end of the sentence: Twice a year, I visit Barcelona / I visit Barcelona twice a year Every month we get paid / We get paid every month Adverbs of indefinite frequency: The rules for these adverbs are rather more complex

They go immediately before the main verb: He usually wins He wins usually They seldom help They help seldom They go immediately after be: Shes rarely right Were frequently wrong Shes right rarely Were wrong frequently

They go immediately after auxiliary verbs eg. be and have: Ive never won the pools I never have won the pools Shes always complaining She always is complaining They go immediately after modal verbs eg. could, might, must, etc.: I could normally run a mile in 5 minutes I normally could They must sometimes ask for help They sometimes must They go immediately before used to and have to: We hardly ever used to eat fish We used hardly ever to eat fish It always has to rain on my birthday! It has always to rain on my birthday! They go after the subject in questions: Has he always been so arguable? Has he been always so arguable? Does she usually behave like that? Does she behave usually like that? Negative phrases like not always, not often, not generally, not usually, etc. are never separated. They go after the first verb: Shes not usually late for work Shes usually not late for work He doesnt always pay attention He doesnt pay always attention When we use always or never to give instructions (imperatives), they go at the beginning of the sentence: Always be nice to your parents Never eat too much before going to bed 40718 Adverbs of Manner An adverb of manner describes how we do something. It normally goes after the verb: He sings beautifully She dances terribly To make adverbs we add -ly to the adjective: bad -> badly

slow -> slowly If the adjective ends in y, change y to i and add ly: happy -> happily lucky -> luckily If the adjective ends in le, change e to y: terrible -> terribly gentle -> gently There are a few irregular adverbs of manner: good -> well goodly fast -> fast fastly hard -> hard hardly early -> early earlily late -> late lately long -> long longly This passage illustrates some typical mistakes: Jennifer studied hardly for her exam. Every day she got up earlily and went to bed lately. When the big day arrived, she didnt need to think longly about her answers. She replied very fastly but she did very goodly. Jennifer studied hard for her exam. Every day she got up early and went to bed late. When the big day arrived, she didnt need to think long about her answers. She replied very fast but she did very well. To form comparative adverbs, the same rules apply as for making comparisons with adjectives. In other words, if the adverb has two or more syllables (nearly always the case), use more or most: She writes much more neatly than you do I drive far more carefully than my brother Gareth speaks French the most fluently of all of them The person who answers the questions the most honestly will get the job The irregular adverbs of manner have the same comparative forms as their adjectives: Jack studied harder than me, but Debra studied the hardest I usually get up earlier than Bob, but Pete gets up the earliest It takes longer to get to work in the rush hour Marjory always arrives the latest.Why is that? Howard speaks faster than usual when hes nervous

Both bad and good use the same comparative adverb forms as their comparative adjective forms: I type better than my father, but my sister types the best I type worse than my sister, but my father types the worst 41409 Afraid, Alive, Asleep, Awake A few adjectives cannot be used before nouns. Most begin with a-. Look at these examples: Are you awake? Sh! Shes asleep! Do you think hes still alive? Youre not afraid, are you? An awake student is better than an asleep one A student who is awake is better than one who is asleep He was an afraid man all his life He was a frightened man all his life / He was afraid all his life I dreamt I was attacked by an alive tiger I dreamt I was attacked by a live tiger 41114 After, After that, etc. We always say after something: After breakfast, I go to work After having breakfast, she went to work After the class, we played football After 6 oclock, Im free to meet you After that, we went home Look at this typical mistake: I had a shower and, after, I got dressed I had a shower and, after that, I got dressed You can also use afterwards as an alternative to after that: I had a shower and, afterwards, I got dressed 43711 After, After that, etc. We always say after something: After breakfast, I go to work After having breakfast, she went to work After the class, we played football After 6 oclock, Im free to meet you

After that, we went home Look at this typical mistake: I had a shower and, after, I got dressed I had a shower and, after that, I got dressed You can also use afterwards as an alternative to after that: I had a shower and, afterwards, I got dressed 40422 Almost / Nearly Almost and nearly mean the same and are interchangeable: Ive almost finished / Ive nearly finished Its almost 10 oclock / Its nearly 10 oclock Almost everybody complained / Nearly everybody complained Shes almost always right / Shes nearly always right We often use the Present Perfect Tense with already, just and (not) yet: Have you decided where to go yet? No, we havent thought about it yet Ive just heard the news! Theyve just told me too Has Nigel already spoken to you? Yes, hes already told me what to do We often use the Present Continuous Tense with still: Are you still tidying your room? Yes, Im still doing it Other tenses are sometimes possible: eg.1 I saw Jane yesterday and she was still angry (= Past Simple) eg.2 Do you know the answer yet? (= Present Simple) 40404 Arrive / Get / Reach We arrive in cities, towns, countries, etc. (places you live): th We arrived in Germany on the 14 What time did you arrive in London? We arrive at airports, stations, etc. (places in general): I arrived at Heathrow at 9.30 What time did you arrive at Victoria Station? We arrive home/there: I cant wait to arrive home and put my feet up! to home

41903 Already / Just / Yet / Still

We should arrive there in about half an hour

to there

We arrive early/late for something: I arrived early for my class, so I had a coffee while I waited Hes always late for his piano class We arrive early/late to somewhere: She arrived late to class again yesterday Why does John always arrive so early to work? We often use get to or reach as alternatives for arrive: th We got to Germany on the 14 We reached Germany on the 14th What time did you get to London? What time did you reach London? I got to Heathrow at 9.30 I reached Heathrow at 9.30 What time did you get to Victoria Station? What time did you reach Victoria Station? I cant wait to get home and put my feet up! get to home I cant wait to reach home and put my feet up! reach to home We should get there in about half an hour get to there We should reach there in about half an hour reach to there If we get somebody to somewhere, it means we take them to a place: We must get Barbara to a hospital. Shes in a lot of pain! If we reach somebody, it means we contact them: We need to reach Bob urgently! Both get and reach often suggest difficulties: Look at the traffic! Well never get there on time! Do you think well reach Manchester before it gets dark? 44006 As Long As, Provided etc. We use as long as, provided, etc. to stress a condition (= if and only if): You can join us as long as you behave You can join us so long as you behave You can join us provided you behave You can join us provided that you behave You can join us providing you behave You can join us providing that you behave You can join us on condition you behave

You can join us on condition that you behave After provided, providing and on condition, that is optional. We normally use as long as, etc. in affirmative statements. Look at these typical mistakes: Will you be angry as long as I go to the party? Will you be angry if? Im not going so long as they invite me Im not going unless 40113 Ask We ask something: Can I ask a question? She asked if it was so important We ask somebody: Can I ask you? She asked Steve We ask somebody something: Can I ask you a question? She asked Steve if it was so important We never say ask to: Can I ask to you? She asked to Steve Can I ask to you a question? She asked to Steve if it was so important 41316 Ask v. Tell We use tell somebody (that) to make Reported Statements: She told John that they were leaving the following week Did you tell Harriet I was angry with her? We use tell somebody to to make Reported Commands: He told Gareth to leave them alone They told me to be quiet or I would lose my job We use ask somebody to make Reported Questions: Joanne asked Steve where he was going He asked her if it was so important We use ask somebody to to make Reported Requests: They asked us to leave before the guests arrived

Vic asked me to help him wash the car Look at these sentences: Please listen carefully -> He asked us to listen carefully Listen carefully! -> He told us to listen carefully Pass the salt, will you? -> She asked me to pass the salt Pass the salt! -> She told me to pass the salt 41409 Birth / Marriage / Death / Life The word born always appears in a passive construction with be: I was born in 1970 NOT I born in 1970 Birth is a noun. Dont confuse birthday with date of birth: Could I have your date of birth, please? Certainly: 10/10/1984 Whens your birthday? The 9th of June The verb marry is used without a preposition: Will you marry me? Get married refers to the action / cerfemony: Theyre engaged and theyre going to get married in October Married refers to the state. Its the opposite of being single: Is your brother married? Get married and be married take to when the person is mentioned: Did you hear? Mark got married to Monica last week Hes married to Jims sister Marriage is a noun. It refers to the state of being marriage: I dont think they had a very happy marriage Wedding is a noun. It refers to the ceremony: Did you enjoy the wedding? Dead is an adjective. Its the opposite of alive: Wanted! Dead or Alive. Reward: $10,000 Death is a noun:

His death came as quite a shock to us all Deadly means fatal, something that causes death, either literally or figuratively: It was a deadly race. Many died Thats a deadly perfume youre wearing, Doris! Die is a verb: How many people died in the war? Deathly is an adjective. It means like death: Will broke the terrible news and there was a deathly silence Live /laiv/, pronounced like five, is an adjective / adverb meaning direct(ly): And now Marty Jones joins us live from Brussels Did you buy their live album? Live /liv/, pronounced like give, is a verb: Where do you live? Alive is an adjective. Its the opposite of dead: Wanted! Dead or Alive. Reward: $10,000 Life is a noun: This is my life and Ill do what I want! 42304 Can...? & Could...? We use Can? and Could? to ask for things, get information, get permission, offer to do something, etc Asking For Information Can I have your name, please? Could I have your phone number, please? Can you give me your full name, please? Could you give me your date of birth, please? Asking For Something Can I have some more wine, please? Could I have another cup of coffee, please? Can you give me the report, please? Could you give me the results, please? Can I see your permit, please? Could you pass the salt, please?

Asking Somebody To Do Something Could you tell Mr. Jones that Jenny is here, please? Can you tell her to call me, please? Could you ask her if shes coming to the party? Can you ask him to phone Peter, please? Could you wait until we finish? Can you spell that, please? Could you say that again, please? Can you speak up, please? Asking For Permission Could I open the window? Can I smoke here? Can I ask you a few questions? Could I interrupt you for a moment? Offering To Do Something Can I take a message? Can I take your coat? Can I help you? Can I get you a drink? 40712 Comparing: (Not) As/So As We use as + + as to express equality or similarity: Im as tall as my father (tall = adjective) Jane drives as well as her mother (well = adverb) Hes got as much time as he wants (time = uncountable noun) Shes seen as many places as I have (places = plural noun) We use not as/so + + as to express difference: Im not as tall as my father Im not so tall as my father Jane doesnt drive as well as her mother Jane doesnt drive so well as her mother He hasnt got as much time as he wants He hasnt got so much time as he wants She hasnt seen as many places as I have She hasnt seen so many places as I have Look at these typical mistakes: Im as taller as my father Im not as rich than my brother tall as

Jane drives so well as her mother as 40709 Comparing: As + Adjective + As We use (not) as + adjective + as to compare two things, situations, etc.: We use as + adjective + as to express equality or similarity: Im as tall as my father Janes as intelligent as her sister We use not as + adjective + as to express difference: Im not as rich as my brother Apartments arent as expensive as hotels Look at these typical mistakes: Im as taller as my father tall Im not as rich than my brother as Remember a-a-a: as + adjective + as 40709 Comparing: less, least The opposite of more + adjective / adjective + -er is less + adjective: Bob is less tall than he appears on TV Hes also less unfriendly than he looks The opposite of most + adjective / adjective + -est is least + adjective: Option C is probably the least cheap I think Option C will also be the least popular We can use less/least with any adjective the number of syllables is irrelevant (unlike more/-er and most/-est). However, comparisons with more and most are much more usual: Bob is shorter (less tall) than he appears on TV Hes also friendlier (less unfriendly) than he looks Option C is probably the most expensive (least cheap) I think Option C will also be the most unpopular (least popular) 40709 Comparing: more + adjective / adjective + -er When we compare two things or two people, we use more + adjective + than or adjective + -er + than (Comparative Structures) If the adjective has one syllable, use er: small -> Cardiff is smaller than Edinburgh short -> Im shorter than my father

If the adjective ends in e, add r: safe -> Swimming is safer than skiing nice -> Mark is nicer than Jack If the adjective ends in Consonant + y, change the y to i, then add er: dry -> London is drier than Edinburgh If the adjective ends in Consonant+Vowel+Consonant, double the final consonant, then add er: hot -> Madrid is hotter than Helsinki slim -> My brother is slimmer than he was If the adjective has three syllables or more, use more: expensive (ex-pen-sive) -> Hotels are more expensive than apartments ridiculous (ri-di-cu-lous) -> Your story is more ridiculous than mine If the adjective has two syllables and ends in -y, we use er: friendly (friend-ly) -> Bob and Pam are friendlier than Tim and Ann healthy (health-y) -> My diet is healthier than yours If the adjective has two syllables and ends in ful, we use more: useful (use-ful) -> Todays class was more useful than last weeks painful (pain-ful) -> My tooth is more painful than it was yesterday If the adjective has two syllables and does not end in y or ful, we use er or more depending on the adjective: modern (mo-dern) -> This building is more modern than that one clever (cle-ver) -> Samantha is cleverer than her sister With two-syllable adjectives, its often a question of personal preference: simple (sim-ple) -> English is simpler / more simple than we thought quiet (qui-et) -> This room is quieter / more quiet than that one There are three exceptions: good -> better My results were better than I expected gooder bad -> worse My results were worse than I expected badder far -> further New York is further than London farer

40709 Comparing: than

We use than, not that, to compare two things, situations, etc: Cardiff is less expensive than Edinburgh that Edinburgh is more touristic than Cardiff Cardiff is smaller than Edinburgh Jenny has more friends than me Are you better today than you were yesterday? Better late than never! Better safe than sorry! Youre driving faster than you should He drank much more than he realised We always use the before most or -est: London is one of the most famous cities in the world Rome is one of the nicest cities Ive ever visited The most expensive hotels arent always the best ones The quickest way to a mans heart is through his stomach When we compare more than two things or two people (everything or everybody), we use the most + adjective or the + adjective + -est (Superlative Structures) If the adjective has one syllable, use est: small -> England is smaller than France, but Luxembourgs the smallest short -> Im shorter than my father, but my mother is the shortest If the adjective ends in e, add st: safe -> Walking is probably the safest sport nice -> Mark is nicer than Jack, but Andys the nicest If the adjective ends in Consonant + y, change the y to i, then add est: dry -> London is drier than Edinburgh, but Valencias the driest If the adjective ends in Consonant+Vowel+Consonant, double the final consonant, then add est: hot -> Madrid is hotter than Helsinki, but Cairos the hottest slim -> My brother is the slimmest in our family If the adjective has three syllables or more, use most: expensive (ex-pen-sive) -> A Mercedes is one of the most expensive cars you can buy.

40709 Comparing: the

40709 Comparing: the most + adjective / the + adjective + -est

ridiculous (ri-di-cu-lous) -> Your story is the most ridiculous Ive ever heard! If the adjective has two syllables and ends in -y, we use est: friendly (friend-ly) -> Steve and Carol are the friendliest people I know healthy (health-y) -> My diet is healthier than yours, but Sandras is the healthiest If the adjective has two syllables and ends in ful, we use most: useful (use-ful) -> Todays class was the most useful in weeks! painful (pain-ful) -> This is the most painful headache Ive ever had If the adjective has two syllables and does not end in y or ful, we use est or most depending on the adjective: modern (mo-dern) -> This church is the most modern one Ive ever seen clever (cle-ver) -> Samantha is the cleverest person I know With two-syllable adjectives, its often a question of personal preference or regional dialect: simple (sim-ple) -> English is the simplest / most simple language quiet (qui-et) -> This room is the quietest / most quiet There are three exceptions: good -> best My results were the best in the class! goodest bad -> worst My results were the worst in the class! baddest far -> furthest New York is further than London, but San Franciscos the furthest farest 42918 Compound Adjectives Compound adjectives are a common and useful feature of English. They are formed from two or more words. We usually put hyphens between the parts. Look at these examples: A man with a kind heart = a kind-hearted man An animal with cold blood = a cold-blooded animal A film that lasts two hours = a two-hour film A holiday that lasts three weeks = a three-week holiday A decision taken at the last minute = a last-minute decision A position that is not full-time = a part-time position A system by which you pay per view = a pay-per-view system A system by which you try before you buy = a try-before-you-buy system

Remember that adjectives are always singular in English. Look at these typical mistakes: A thirteen-years-old girl a thirteen-year-old girl A six-months project a six-month project A five-minutes problem a five-minute project 42918 Compound Nouns We often find it useful to put two nouns together instead of using a longer phrase. This is a natural and economical use of words. Look at these examples of compound nouns: a shop window = a window of a shop a business trip = a trip for business a university student = a student at university office furniture = furniture for the office work clothes = clothes for working In compound nouns the first noun in each pair is usually singular because it is used like an adjective. The second noun is the real noun. Look at these examples: a tooth brush = a brush for cleaning your teeth teeth brush a trouser press = a device for pressing trousers trousers press apple juice = juice from apples apples juice a road map = a map of roads roads map a book list = a list of books books list The two parts of a compound noun can be joined, separated or, occasionally, hyphened but, unfortunately, there are no simple rules. The only way is to learn the correct written form for each new compound noun. Hyphened compound nouns, however, are very rare, so, if in doubt, dont put one. Examples of joined compound nouns teapot, sunglasses, headphones, earmuffs Examples of separated compound nouns airline pilot, bank manager, windscreen wiper, golf club Examples of hyphenated compound nouns wind-surfing, pen-friend, choc-ice In any case, there is a lot of disagreement between native speakers on this topic! For instance, is it flower pot, flower-pot or flowerpot? Is it tooth brush,

tooth-brush or toothbrush? Is it washing-machine or washing machine? Ask your teacher they will probably say that it doesnt matter, so dont become too obsessed with compound nouns! 44006 Conditions and Results: Position We can begin a sentence with the Condition (If...) and finish with the Result (...would...): If + Condition, Result (would). For example: If there were more policemen, we would catch more criminals If we had less unemployment, the situation would be better Alternatively, we can begin with the Result (...would...) and finish with the Condition (...if...): Result (would) if + Condition. For example: We would catch more criminals if there were more policemen The situation would be better if we had less unemployment Similarly, we can reverse the positions of the First Conditional and Result (...will...)... If + Condition, Result (will): If shes interested, well invite her If they dont come, it will be a pity Result (will) if + Condition: Well invite her if shes interested It will be a pity if they dont come 43104 Defining Relative Clauses. Defining relative clauses give essential information about a person, thing, place, time or reason. For example: People who speak five languages fluently are hard to find There are many people, but in this instance we are talking specifically about those people who speak five languages fluently. Similarly, in the sentence I know a bar where you can hear great live music, I am not referring to any bar, but specifically to a bar where you can hear great live music. Note that there are no commas in defining relative clauses: Men, who do the ironing, are a rare breed Men who do the ironing are a rare breed Books, which both entertain and educate, are hard to find Books which both entertain and educate are hard to find

The relative pronoun is optional if it is the object of the relative clause: The boy who you spoke to is the mayors son The boy that you spoke to is the mayors son The boy you spoke to is the mayors son (the boy = object) The film which we saw was incredibly dull The film that we saw was incredibly dull The film we saw was incredibly dull

(the film = object)

The relative pronoun is necessary if it is the subject of the relative clause: The girl who works with me is a pain The girl that works with me is a pain The girl works with me is a pain (the girl = subject) The CD which is released today costs $10 The CD that is released today costs $10 The CD is released today costs $10 43711 Despite / In Spite Of v. Instead Of Many learners confuse these words Despite (ONE word) and in spite of (THREE words) are linkers of contrast. They are synonyms with a meaning similar to even (after) considering: Im going to accept the job despite the low salary. Im going to accept the job in spite of the low salary. They won the game despite having one player less. They won the game in spite of having one player less. They won the game despite the fact that they had one player less. They won the game in spite of the fact that they had one player less. Look at these typical mistakes: Despite of the weather, we went out In spite the weather, we went out Inspite of the weather, we went out Despite I was hungry, I didnt have lunch In spite of I was hungry, I didnt have lunch Despite the weather In spite of the weather In spite of the weather Despite the fact that In spite of the fact that

(the CD = subject)

Instead of (TWO words) means as an alternative to: Ive decided to go skiing this Christmas instead of staying at home Cant you do something useful instead of just sitting there? In the end, I bought two shirts instead of a jumper.

There is no relation between in spite of (3 words, = despite) and instead of (2 words, = as an alternative to). Look at these typical mistakes: Instead of the snow, I drove to work In spite Ill have tea in spite of coffee today instead I drove to work inspite of the snow in spite (2words) Today Ill have tea in stead of coffee instead (1word) 42001 Didnt v. Never never + affirmative past verb is more emphatic than didnt + infinitive. It usually expresses surprise or irritation: They didnt give us the solution -> They never gave us the solution! I didnt find what I wanted -> I never found what I wanted! never + affirmative past verb often refers to a repeated situation: I hated school! I never understood anything! She was a terrible boss! You never knew what she was going to do next! never used to is an emphatic alternative for didnt use to or used not to : You never used to complain about my cooking! (= You didnt use to complain / You used not to complain) Brian never used to drink so much wine, did he?! (= Brian didnt use to drink / Brian used not to drink) 40113 Direct Questions v. Indirect Questions Look at these examples of Direct Questions: Where are the lifts? Do you know? What does Jeff want? Can you ask him? Indirect Questions are questions inside questions. For example: Do you know where the lifts are? where are the lifts Can you ask Jeff what he wants? what does he want With Indirect Questions, the word order is the same as in Direct Statements (eg. where the lifts are / what he wants). This is because the question has already been formed (eg. Do you know? / Can you ask Jeff?) 41301 Down & Phrasal Verbs Down often combines with a verb to indicate one of the following Writing / Recording eg. write sth down, note sth down, get sth down, take sth down, etc.

Have you written everything down? I think Id better note that down Did you manage to get everything down? I want you all to take this down, so listen carefully! Reducing / Decreasing eg. slow down, cut down on sth, come down, turn sth. down, etc. Can you slow down? I cant follow you! We ought to cut down on chocolate At last, petrol prices are coming down Turn that music down! Destroying / Grounding eg. break sth down, pull sth down, cut sth down, come down They had no choice but to break the door down Theyre going to pull those old cottages down Well have to cut this tree down. A lot of telegraph poles came down during the storm Stopping / Ending eg. break down, close sth down, die down, calm down My old portables broken down again Weve decided to close the business down Once the applause had died down, the presenter continued They had to wait several days for things to calm down 44111 Emphatic Sentences: Do / Does / Did, etc. Auxiliaries - eg. do, does, did, etc. - can be used in commands, invitations and statements for special emphasis. In verb structures which already contain an auxiliary the emphasis is achieved, in spoken English, simply by stressing the auxiliary and in written English by underlining or putting the auxiliary in italics. Look at these examples: I really did enjoy that excursion! She does know how to speak in public! Do be patient, Mr Jones! You dont love me any more But I do love you! They cant come this afternoon But they can come! They told me so Youve never tried to understand him But I have tried! You didnt enjoy the concert much, did you? I did like it! They arent interested, are they? They are interested! Plenty means more than enough: - Have we got enough pasta?

41418 Enough v. Plenty

- Plenty! Weve got enough to feed a regiment! - Are you sure about this? - Yes, weve got plenty of time Plenty does not mean a lot. Look at these typical mistakes: The concert was plenty of people packed / crowded Is the tank plenty? full 41418 Enough: Adjectives and Adverbs Enough always goes after the adjective or adverb: He isnt old enough to drive yet She isnt tall enough to reach the top shelf He didnt run fast enough to catch the ball They didnt play well enough to win the league Look at these typical mistakes: He isnt enough old to drive yet She isnt enough tall to reach the top shelf He didnt run enough fast to catch the ball They didnt play enough well to win the league 41418 Enough: Nouns Enough always goes before the noun: Hes got enough money to retire There arent enough chairs for everyone We have enough projects to keep us busy! There isnt enough time to do everything Look at these typical mistakes: Hes got money enough to retire There arent chairs enough for everyone We have projects enough to keep us busy! There isnt time enough to do everything 40814 False Friends: Sensible, Sympathetic enough money enough chairs enough projects enough time old enough tall enough fast enough well enough

If you are sensible, you think carefully about what you do. If something is sensible, it is wise, a good idea. Sensible is not related to feelings: That was very sensible of you to take an umbrella. Debs a very sensible person. She always takes the right decision If you are sensitive, you are easily affected. This may be a quality (having feelings or consideration for peoples needs and wants) or it may be a defect (easily offended or overemotional): Good managers are sensitive to their workers demands

Be careful what you say to Linda. You know how sensitive she is! Sympathy means compassion: feeling sorry for somebody because we understand their situation. Somebody who feels sympathy is sympathetic. For many European learners of English, words like sympathetic and sensible are problematic because their languages have words that look similar but have different meanings, for example simptico and sensible in Spanish. We call these words False Friends because they are not what they appear to be! So, sympathetic is a false friend for a Spanish-speaking learner of English and, conversely, simptico is a false friend for an English-speaking learner of Spanish. Here are some more common False Friends: actually, carpet, idiom, library and realise. Do you know what they mean? Check in a good dictionary if youre unsure. We will work more on False Friends in Level 5. 44006 First Conditionals Look at this example of a First Conditional: IF they invite me, Ill go The Conditional verb the Secondary Clause refers to a Future Possibility, but we use the Present Simple: If they invite me... If they will invite me The Result verb the Main Clause - is in the Future: ... Ill go The condition If they invite me - is possible (50-50): Maybe they will invite me. Maybe they wont (will not) invite me IF the condition is true, the result Ill go - is certain (100%): Certainly I will go... but ONLY IF they invite me... Look at these typical mistakes: If they will invite me, Ill go Ill need my jersey if I will get cold What will you do if they will ignore your request? 42011 Fit / Suit / Match Fit means be the right size: These shoes dont fit. Have you got a larger size? Suit means look good:

I like your glasses. They suit you! Match means go well with: Thats a lovely bag. It matches your outfit 41903 For v. Since We use for to express the DURATION of the action: Weve known Bill for 10 years since We use since to indicate the STARTING POINT of the action. Weve known Bill since 1996 for 42807 Future (01): Plans / Going To We use (be) going to + verb when we want to express future plans: What are you going to do with all that money? Im going to buy a new house Brian hates his work but he isnt going to look for a new job We use Ill Well etc. for spontaneous decisions Offering to do something -This exercise is impossible! -Ill help you do it Promising to do something -I really need that report -Well do it this afternoon Threatening to do something -We cant refund your money -Ill take you to court! We often introduce spontaneous decisions with Perhaps Ill... Maybe Ill... or I think Ill...: Perhaps Ill go for a walk Maybe Ill try that again I think Ill leave it there 42807 Future (03): Decisions / Going To v. Will When a decision is made before speaking (when it is planned), we use an appropriate form of (be) going to: Im going to visit my aunt in Boston this summer Peters going to start looking for another job Why are you going to study law? Shes going to speak to her teacher

42807 Future (02): Spontaneous Decisions / Will

When a decision is made while speaking (when it is spontaneous), we use an appropriate form of will: I think Ill go and see that new play at The Odeon Maybe Ill go fishing Well help you with your bags Perhaps Ill get a job as a painter 42807 Future (04): Predictions / Going To We use (be) going to + verb when we predict the future: I think its going to rain Im never going to pass my exams Are they going to get married? We usually use going to (instead of will) when there is clear evidence to support the prediction: I think its going to rain (Can you hear the thunder?) Im never going to pass my exams (Look at these results!) Are they going to get married? (Thats what everybody is saying!) 42807 Future (05): Predictions / Will We use will, ll or wont to make predictions. ll is a contracted form of will, and wont is the negative form of will: Itll rain non-stop (= It will rain) Therell be black clouds (= There will be) It wont rain much (= It will not rain) There wont be any fog for once (= There will not be) Youll be able to see where youre driving. (= You will be) Northern Ireland will have a bit of everything. Northern Irelandll We use will and not the short form ll after Ireland because we normally use contractions after short words like I, you, there, Dad, etc. 42807 Future (06): Predictions / Going To v. Will We normally use will to make predictions: They say itll be good weather this weekend Maybe youll be wrong this time The bus wont wait for us We use (be) going to when the speaker sees clear evidence now to justify their prediction: We all know its going to rain (Evidence = It always rains at the weekend!) Were going to miss the last bus (Evidence = were still in the office!)

 We can use either going to or will after think : Who do you think will win the Cup? Who do you think is going to win the Cup? I think Brazils going to win I think Brazil will win 42807 Future (07): Facts / Will We use will when a future event is a fact: Tomorrow will be Friday Ill be 28 next year The shops wont be open tomorrow Alternatively, we can use the Present Simple: Tomorrow is Friday Im 28 next year The shops arent open tomorrow 42807 Future (08): Going To v. Will Going to (1) Plans What are you going to do? Im going to have a big party Going to (2) - Predictions (Based on Evidence) Whats going to happen? Hes going to have a terrible accident Will / ll (1) - Spontaneous Decisions I think Ill send flowers Maybe Ill buy her a book Will / ll (2) - Predictions (No Evidence Necessary) What will they do? They wont wait for us Will / ll (3) - Facts (Inevitable Events) Tomorrow will be Friday Ill be 28 next year 42807 Future (09): Arrangements / Present Continuous We use the Present Continuous for arrangements (mutual plans): Im meeting Jim later for a beer (I know. Jim knows) Janes coming for dinner tonight

(Jane knows. We know) Richards taking Samantha home (Richard knows. Samantha knows / Samanthas parents know / etc.) 42807 Future (10): Plans / Intentions v. Arrangements Plans can be either personal (intentions) or mutual (arrangements). We use going to for any plan (intention or arrangement): Im going to have a beer when I get home (intention) Were going to drive to the coast (intention) Bobs going to meet Jenny at 3 oclock (arrangement) My mothers going to stay with us over Christmas (arrangement) We use the Present Continuous for arrangements only: Bobs meeting Jenny at 3 oclock My mothers staying with us over Christmas Look at these typical mistakes: Im having a beer when I get home (intention -> going to have) Were driving to the coast (intention -> going to drive) 42807 Future (11): Timetabled Actions / Present Simple We use the Present Simple for Timetabled Actions: The train leaves at 13:43 We arrive in Manchester at 20:14 On Friday we sleep at the sports centre On Sunday we decamp and head north We use the Present Simple when a future event is a fact: Tomorrow is Friday Im 28 next year The shops arent open tomorrow Alternatively, we can use will: Tomorrow will be Friday Ill be 28 next year The shops wont be open tomorrow 42807 Future (13): Subordinate Clauses / Present Simple If the Main Clause refers to a Future Action, the verb in the Subordinate Clause is usually in the Present Simple: Remember to call us when you arrive Im going to phone you as soon as my plane lands

42807 Future (12): Facts / Present Simple

Ill need them if I get hungry Put this jersey on before you catch a cold Look at these typical mistakes: Remember to call us when you will arrive Im going to phone you as soon as my plane will land Ill need them if I will get hungry Put this jersey on before you will catch a cold 42807 Future (14): Actions in Progress / Future Continuous We use the Future Continuous (will be ing) to say that an action will be in progress at a definite time in the future: This time next week, well be flying to Miami Years from now, youll be remembering these chats fondly We use the Future Perfect (will have + past participle) to describe something that will be completed by a definite time in the future: By the end of the day, Ill have answered about 120 letters By next month, well have taken a definite decision Going to (1) Plans (Intentions / Arrangements) Im going to have a big party Malcolms going to join us for lunch Going to (2) - Predictions (Based on Evidence) Whats going to happen? Hes going to have a terrible accident Will / ll (1) - Spontaneous Decisions I think Ill send flowers Maybe Ill buy her a book Will / ll (2) - Predictions (No Evidence Necessary) What will they do? They wont wait for us Will / ll (3) - Facts (Inevitable Events) Tomorrow will be Friday Ill be 28 next year Present Simple (1) - Timetabled Actions The train leaves at 13:43

42807 Future (15): Completed Actions / Future Perfect

42807 Future (16): Summary

We arrive in Manchester at 20:14 Present Simple (2) Facts (Inevitable Events) Tomorrow is Friday Im 28 next year Present Simple (3) - Subordinate Clauses Remember to call us when you arrive Im going to phone you as soon as my plane lands Present Continuous - Arrangements Im meeting Jim later for a beer Janes coming for dinner tonight Future Continuous (will be ing) - Actions in Progress This time next week, well be flying to Miami Years from now, youll be remembering these chats fondly Future Perfect (will have + past participle) Completed Actions By the end of the day, Ill have written about 200 emails By next month, well have taken a definite decision 43406 Gain, Earn, Win, Beat We win cups, competitions, games, prizes, etc We earn money, recognition, respect, etc. in exchange for our work We gain an advantage, a lead, an edge, territory, etc. (similar to obtain) We beat our opponent, the other team, our competitors, etc. Look at these typical mistakes: You win more than me! We won Liverpool 3-1 last night Its been hard, but were winning ground 42001 Giving Advice: Had better

earn more beat Liverpool gaining ground

We use had better to to give advice or make recommendations: -Ive got a headache -Youd better to take an aspirin... -Im bored -Wed better go for a walk...

-Shes full up -Shed better not to eat so much... The negative form is had better not We normally use the contracted form of had: d Look at these typical mistakes: Youd better not to laugh at Cathy. Youd better to be nice to her. Youd better not laugh at Cathy. Youd better be nice to her. 42001 Giving Advice: If I were you, Id... We use If I were you, Id... to give advice The negative form is If I were you, I wouldnt... Examples -Its my sons birthday. -If I were you, Id buy him a new cricket bat -I dont understand this sentence -If I were you, I wouldnt worry about it This structure is an example of a Second Conditional. 42001 Giving Advice: Ought to We use ought to to give advice or make recommendations: -Ive got a headache -You ought to take an aspirin... -Im bored -We ought to go for a walk... -Shes full up -She ought not to eat so much... The negative form is ought not to (no contraction) Remember to use to after ought Look at these typical mistakes: You oughtnt laugh at Cathy. You ought be nice to her. You ought not to laugh at Cathy. You ought to be nice to her.

42001 Giving Advice: Should

We use should to give advice or make recommendations: -Ive got a headache -You should take an aspirin... -Im bored -We should go for a walk... -Shes full up -She shouldnt eat so much... The negative form is shouldnt We do not use to after should Look at these typical mistakes: You shouldnt to laugh at Cathy. You should to be nice to her. You shouldnt laugh at Cathy. You should be nice to her.

42001 Giving Advice: Summary

There are several ways we can give advice: I dont understand this text... You should pay more attention in class You shouldnt worry about understanding all the words You ought to concentrate on the general meaning You ought not to read so slowly Youd better tell your teacher you need help Youd better not take the exam in June Why dont you ask your teacher for help? If I were you, Id buy a new dictionary

42001 Giving Advice: Why dont you...?

We use Why dont you...? to give advice or make suggestions: Examples -Its our wedding anniversary -Why dont you go away for the weekend? -I dont understand this sentence -Why dont you buy a good dictionary? We can also say Why dont we...? Why dont they...? etc: -This roundabout is very dangerous -Why dont they put traffic lights?

-Im tired! Arent you? -Why dont we leave it for today? 40718 Hard v.Hardly There is no relation between hard and hardly. The adverb related to hard is hard, not hardly: Hes always been a hard worker -> Hes always worked hard hardly She had a hard think before agreeing -> She thought hard before agreeing Hardly means not much / not a lot: Susan hardly studied for the exam, but she still passed! Jack hardly speaks to us now that hes been promoted Hardly is often used before any: Weve got hardly any milk. Could you go and get some? Hardly anybody defended me at the meeting Shes a very calm person. Hardly anything worries her Hardly ever means almost never / nearly never: They hardly ever invite us out He hardly ever complains She hardly ever comes with us 42611 Have (got) v. Have (got) to - Possession v. Obligation Dont confuse have (got) something = possession with have (got) to do something = obligation: Possession I have a nice car / Ive got a nice car She has 3 brothers / Shes got 3 brothers Obligation We have to paint the kitchen / Weve got to paint the kitchen He has to buy a new computer / Hes got to buy a new computer 43206 Have Something Done / Get Something Done If we pay somebody to do something for us, we have it done: I had my hair cut yesterday Im going to have my kitchen refitted How often do you have your eyes checked? We should have our home assessed Jane plans to have her car serviced before the holiday

We can use get instead of have with the same meaning: I got my hair cut yesterday Im going to get my kitchen refitted How often do you get your eyes checked? The phrase get something done is slightly more informal than have something done 41707 Help We help somebody (to) do something: Can you help me get the dinner? Can you help me to get the dinner? Ill help you wash up Ill help you to wash up We cant help doing something (its inevitable): I cant help wondering how shes getting on He cant help crying every time he thinks about it I couldnt help noticing that painting. Is it for sale? 41903 How long? v. How long ago...? We use How long ago? + the Past Simple to ask about when a completed action happened: How long ago was he in London? How long ago did you have breakfast? We use How long? + the Present Perfect to ask about the duration of an unfinished action: How long have they been in France? How long has America been independent? 44427 Hypothesising (1): I Wish / If Only There are several ways to express wishes in English but the most common phrases are I wish and If only We use I wish and If only with the Past Simple when we would like to change the present situation. The desired change may be either likely or impossible: I wish I earned more money! (but I dont) If only I earned more money! (but I dont) If only I had more free time! (but I dont) I wish I had more free time! (but I dont)

We use I wish and If only with could to express wishes related to ability: I wish I could Speak Japanese! (but I cant) If only I could speak Japanese! (but I cant) We use I wish and If only with would when something is annoying us and we want it to stop: I wish you would stop playing your music so loud! If only my students would learn how to use wish correctly! Note that we do not normally say I wish I would to express annoyance because we would be complaining about our own actions. We use I wish and If only with the Past Perfect to express a regret about the past an impossible wish: I wish you'd told me you loved me! (but you didnt). If only youd told me you loved me! (but you didnt) I wish Id studied! I wouldnt have failed (but I did) If only Id studied! I wouldnt have failed (but I did) Note that the contracted forms youd told and Id studied in the above examples are abbreviations of the past perfect: I wish you had told me I wish you would told me I wish I had studied I wish I would studied 44431 Hypothesising (2): Suppose / Imagine Look at these ways of introducing a hypothetical situation: Suppose I offered you 1 million dollars to sleep with me Supposing I offered you 1 million dollars to sleep with me Imagine I offered you 1 million dollars to sleep with me What if I offered you 1 million dollars to sleep with me? If the hypothetical situation is in the Present, the verb is in the Past: Suppose I told you a secret Supposing we agreed to let you use our offices for free Imagine somebody asked you to lend them 500 What if you had all the money in the world? If the hypothetical situation is in the Past, the verb is in the Past Perfect: Suppose Id told you a secret Supposing wed agreed to let you use our offices for free Imagine somebody had asked you to lend them 500

What if youd had all the money in the world?... 44431 Hypothesising (3): Its Time The expression Its time can be followed by an infinitive: Its time to buy a new car He realised it was time to buy a car When we want to say who is going to do the action, we use Its time for: +object +infinitive: Its time for us to buy a new car He realised (that) it was time for him to buy a new car This expression can also be followed by a subject with a past verb but with present meaning. Its often used to criticise or to complain about something: Its time we bought a new car The floor is filthy. Its time we cleaned it We can make the criticism stronger by putting about or high before time: Its about time you did something instead of just talking Its high time you did something instead of just talking 44106 I think so, I hope so, etc. I hope so, I think so, etc. are short answers which we often use as alternatives to Yes or No: Do you think its going to rain? I hope so / I hope not I expect so / I expect not I suppose so / I suppose not I think so / I dont think so We use hope to express a desire; expect or suppose to express a good possibility; and think to express an opinion. I dont think so is more usual than I think not. 44107 I think I dont think After think, the verb is always positive, so we use dont think if we want to express a negative idea: I think its going to rain I think it isnt going to rain -> I dont think its going to rain She thinks the plan will work She thinks the plan wont work -> She doesnt think the plan will work

I think you can never justify capital punishment I dont think you can ever justify capital punishment Remember: Think Positive! 44431 Id Rather / Id Sooner / Id Prefer There are many different ways to express preference: prefer (doing) sth to (doing) sth. I prefer (studying) Goyas paintings to (studying) Picassos would prefer to do sth Id prefer to stay here would prefer to do sth (rather) than do sth Id prefer to stay here (rather) than start looking for another hotel would prefer it if sb did sth Id prefer it if she didnt come would rather do sth Id rather stay here would rather do sth than do sth Id rather stay here than start looking for another hotel would rather sb did sth Id rather she didnt come would sooner do sth Id sooner stay here would sooner do sth than do sth Id sooner stay here than start looking for another hotel would sooner sb did sth Id sooner she didnt come Note that we can use prefer for both specific and general preferences, but we can only use sooner or rather to express a specific preference at a specific moment: I prefer chicken to lamb (general)

Id prefer to have chicken (specific occasion) Id rather have chicken (specific occasion) Id sooner have chicken (specific occasion) 44006 If I were you... We use If I were... + somebody to introduce impossible conditions: If I were you, Id get her a new handbag (but Im not you, so I cant) If I were President, Id abolish that law (but Im not President, so I cant) If I were Jackie, Id speak to them (but Im not Jackie, so I cant) If I were Ms. Jones, Id get a secretary (but Im not Ms. Jones, so I cant) With indirect questions, the word order and stucture is the same as in Direct Statements The subject must come before the verb: Do you know where Jane is going? Shall we ask her what she was doing? I wonder what theyve been doing! Did she tell you where theyd been?

40113 Indirect Questions

is Jane going? was she doing? have they been doing? had they been?

We dont use the auxiliaries do, does or did: Can you tell us how the party went? did the party go? Do you know where he lives? does he live? 43711 Inversion in Negative Sentences If we begin a sentence with a Negative phrase eg. No, Not, Never we invert the subject and verb as if we were forming a question: Not only is Bob arrogant, hes also very narrow-minded Not only did we lose the match, we were fined 3000 as well! Not only does Spain have great wine, they have great beaches too Not once had she spoken to me until that day Never have I heard of anything so stupid Never again will I agree to do that No sooner had Jack arrived than we started arguing Under no circumstances can we agree to a refund Rarely does one find a character as popular as Harry Potter Seldom did she complain about her arthritis Hardly ever would he talk to us after that Look at these typical mistakes: Not only Bob is arrogant, Not only we lost the match, Not only Spain has great wine, is Bob did we lose does Spain have / has Spain got

Not once she had spoken Never I have heard of Never again I will No sooner Jack had arrived than Under no circumstances we can Rarely one finds a character Seldom she complained Hardly ever he would talk 40215 Journey / Trip / Travel

had she have I will had Jack arrived can we does one find did she complain would he talk

Journey refers exclusively to transport. Trip refers to both transport and, especially, the visit. Travel is the action: its normally used as a verb. Look at these examples: - Did you have a good journey? - Fine thanks. I slept throughout! - Did you have a good trip? - Oh yes! Rome is just amazing! - How do you travel to work? - On bike most days, but today I walked. Look at these typical mistakes: The trip to Washington took 7 hours. I have an important business journey next month. It was a very interesting travel. I hate journeying Remember: trip = journey + visit journey trip journey/trip travelling

43403 Lend/Give/Sell, Borrow/Take/Buy

These words share similar structures lend / give / sell We lend somebody something We lend something to somebody We give somebody something We give something to somebody We sell somebody something We sell something to somebody Examples Did you lend your motorbike to Peter?

Did you lend Peter your motorbike? Did you give your motorbike to Peter? Did you give Peter your motorbike? Did you sell your motorbike to Peter? Did you sell Peter your motorbike? The opposite of lend is borrow The opposite of give is take The opposite of sell is buy borrow / take / buy We borrow something from somebody We borrow something off somebody We take something from somebody We take something off somebody We buy something from somebody We buy something off somebody Examples Did you borrow a CD from Janice? Did you borrow a CD off Janice? Did you take a CD from Janice? Did you take a CD off Janice? Did you buy a CD from Janice? Did you buy a CD off Janice? The opposite of borrow is lend The opposite of take is give The opposite of buy is sell Look at these typical mistakes: Did you borrow a pen to Marjory? Can you borrow me a pencil? Ill lend Brians car I bought a lovely vase to them 40709 Less v. Fewer from / off lend borrow from / off

We use less with Uncountable Nouns: Ive got very little money, but poor Dave has less! (less money) She has little time to relax, but Ive got much less! (less time) We use fewer with Plural Nouns: Hes got very few friends, but Ive got even fewer! (fewer friends)

They have few free days off, but we have far fewer! (fewer days) 44403 Let / Permission If we let somebody do something, we allow (permit) them to do it: I thought they would say no, but they let me sit at the front Should we let them go to the fair? We do not use let in passive sentences. Use allow: I thought they would say no, but I was allowed to sit at the front Should they be allowed to go to the fair? Look at these typical mistakes: I thought they would say no, but they let me to sit at the front let me sit Should we let them to go to the fair? let them go I was let to sit at the front allowed to sit 41011 Like (1): Introduction Like can be used as a verb or as a preposition. There is no relation between these two uses. Look at these examples: Do you like swimming? (verb = enjoy) I like Tom better now that I know him (verb = appreciate) Shes a bit like my sister (preposition = similar to) Poor countries such as Sudan need our help (preposition = for example) When we talk about likes and dislikes, the following verb takes an ing form: We love playing tennis Do you like going for walks? I dont mind shopping He doesnt like watching TV She hates cooking They cant stand getting up early We use Would you like? to offer something: Would you like anything to drink? Would you like anything to eat? Would you like a room with a bath? Would you like a single room? We use Id like to say what we want: Id like a beer, please Id like a double room, please Id like to see the manager

41011 Like (2): General Likes & Dislikes

41011 Like (3): Would Like To v. Like + Ing

Id like to visit Australia one day Id like is a contraction of I would like. We use Id like and Would you like? in specific moments or situations: Id like a beer, please (now) Would you like to visit Australia? (one day) We use I like and Do you like? (Present Simple) to refer to general situations: I like biscuits with my tea (habit) Do you like cheese? (fact) Look at these typical mistakes: -What do you like? -I like a black coffee, please -Do you like anything to eat?... 41011 Like (4): Preferences: Like To What would you like? Id like a black coffee, please Would you like anything to eat?...

We use like to do something to express a preference (not necessarily enjoyment!). Look at these examples: Jack likes to do the shopping on Friday to have more free time on Saturday Pat likes to work mornings. That way, she doesnt miss her yoga class In the examples above, Jack probably doesnt enjoy doing the shopping but if he has to do the shopping, he prefers to do it on Fridays. Similarly, Pat probably doesnt like working but if she has to work, she prefers mornings to afternoons.

41011 Like (5): Prefer A to B

When we talk about preferences, we use prefer A to B: I prefer cats to dogs She prefers jogging to swimming Look at these typical mistakes: Do you prefer whisky than gin? -> Do you prefer whisky to gin? We prefer driving than flying -> We prefer driving to flying

41011 Like (6): Descriptions: What like?

We ask Whatslike? or What waslike? when we want a description of somebody or something: Whats your sister like? Whats Bilbao like? What was the match like? Look at this typical mistake:

- Whats your brother like? - Football, basketball, (Hes tallish, outgoing,) The listener understood What does your brother like? 41011 Like (7): Abilities: Whatlike at? We use What are you like at? Whats Jane like at? etc. to ask about somebodys ability : What are you like at golf? What were you like at physics when you were at school? Whats Martha like at chess? We say feel like (doing) something to say what we want to do: I feel like a coffee (= I want a coffee) I dont feel like going out tonight (= I dont want to go out tonight) We use fancy in exactly the same way (same meaning, same structure): I fancy a coffee (= I want a coffee) I dont fancy going out tonight (= I dont want to go out tonight) Look at these typical mistakes: Do you feel like to come with us? coming Do you fancy to come with us? coming I dont feel like to visit her today visiting I dont fancy to visit her today visiting 43708 Linking Words and Phrases Linking words and phrases linkers for short connect ideas related to: Addition: moreover, furthermore Contrast: however, despite Time: as soon as, firstly Cause: because of, since Result: therefore, consequently Condition: as long as, unless Clarification: namely, in other words Purpose: in order to, so as to Exemplification: for instance, for example Similarity: similarly, in the same way A good command of linkers is essential at both a written and spoken level. (Linkers do not only appear in Cambridge First Certificate exams!). Below, we list the most used / useful ones, together with examples

41011 Like (8): Feel Like

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (01): ADDITION, Checklist

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (01): ADDITION, Examples

Its a ridiculous idea. Moreover, theyll never agree. Its a ridiculous idea. Furthermore, theyll never agree. Its a ridiculous idea. Besides, theyll never agree. Besides losing the game, they were also fined 10,000 I attach our offer. In addition, Im attaching our current price list. I attach our offer in addition to our current price list. I attach our offer in addition to including our current price list. I attach our offer. Im attaching our current price list as well. I attach our offer as well as our current price list. I attach our offer as well as including our current price list. I attach our offer, together with our current price list.

I attach our offer, along with our current price list. Were not interested. Whats more, weve got a better idea. Were not interested. Also, weve got a better idea. Were not interested. Plus, weve got a better idea. Both Dan and Wendy seemed surprised by the decision. Hes not only angry with us but hes also threatening to sue. Hes not only angry with us but hes threatening to sue, too. Hes not only angry with us but hes threatening to sue, as well. 43708 Linking Words and Phrases (02): CONTRAST, Checklist

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (02): CONTRAST, Examples

Weve thought hard. However, were decided to reject your offer. Weve thought hard. Nevertheless, were decided to reject your offer. Weve thought hard. Nonetheless, were decided to reject your offer. Im going to accept the job despite the low salary. Im going to accept the job in spite of the low salary. They won the game despite having one player less. They won the game in spite of having one player less. They won the game despite the fact that they had one player less.

They won the game in spite of the fact that they had one player less. They won the game although they had one player less. They won the game even though they had one player less. They won the game though they had one player less. Bill works 10 hours a day, while Pat works just 5. Bill works 10 hours a day, whilst Pat works just 5. Bill works 10 hours a day, whereas Pat works just 5. Bill works 10 hours a day. On the other hand, Pat works just 5.

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (03): TIME, Checklist

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (03): TIME, Examples

Today Im going to talk about loans. Firstly, Ill look at interest rates Today Im going to talk about loans. First of all, Ill look at interest rates Secondly, Ill discuss repayment options. Then, Ill discuss repayment options. Next, Ill discuss repayment options. Jack slipped on the ice when he crossed the road. Jack slipped on the ice when crossing the road. We went home once wed paid the bill. She lost her balance while she was trying to get up. She lost her balance while trying to get up. She lost her balance as she tried to get up. Well send you the results as soon as we get them. I cant drive until Im18. Having read the conditions, she signed the contract. On hearing the news, Brian went straight home. I got the dinner ready. Meanwhile, my wife continued reading her book. We went back to the hotel. After that, we had a shower. We went back to the hotel. Afterwards, we had a shower. We went out again after wed had a rest. We went out again after a rest. We went out again after resting. We checked our figures before we went to the meeting. We checked our figures before the meeting. We checked our figures before going to the meeting. Ive got to pack my bags. Before that, I have to decide what to take. Please read our conditions prior to when you leave. Please read our conditions prior to your departure. Please read our conditions prior to leaving. We met Dave at the White Horse. Later, we went on to the Red Lion. Well, that concludes my talk. Finally, Id like to thank you all for coming. Well, that concludes my talk. Lastly, Id like to thank you all for coming. Well, that concludes my talk. Last of all, Id like to thank you all for coming.

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (04): CAUSE, Checklist

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (04): CAUSE, Examples

We had a lovely time because of the great weather. We had a lovely time thanks to the great weather. We had a lovely time on account of the great weather. We had a lovely time due to the great weather. We had a lovely time owing to the great weather. We had a lovely time due to the fact that we had great weather. We had a lovely time owing to the fact that we had great weather. We had a lovely time as we had great weather. We had a lovely time since we had great weather. We had a lovely time because we had great weather.

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (05): RESULT, Checklist

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (05): RESULT, Examples

They stole our idea. So, we had no choice but to sue. They stole our idea. Thus, we had no choice but to sue. They stole our idea. Therefore, we had no choice but to sue. They stole our idea. Consequently, we had no choice but to sue. They stole our idea. As a result, we had no choice but to sue. As a result of their stealing our idea, we had no choice but to sue. They stole our idea, with the result that we had no choice but to sue. They stole our idea, thereby leaving us with no choice but to sue.

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (06): CONDITION, Checklist

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (06): CONDITION, Examples

If you tell me your problem, I may be able to help. Unless you tell me your problem, I cant help. Should you have any questions, dont hesitate to ask. Ill do it on condition that you dont tell anybody. Ill do it on condition you dont tell anybody. Ill do it provided that you dont tell anybody. Ill do it provided you dont tell anybody. Ill do it providing that you dont tell anybody. Ill do it providing you dont tell anybody. Ill do it as long as you dont tell anybody. Ill do it so long as you dont tell anybody. Take an umbrella just in case it rains. Take an umbrella in case it rains.

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (07): CLARIFICATION, Checklist

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (07): CLARIFICATION,

The complainant, namely George Riley, accused BA of overbooking.

Examples

Its vital to understand basic concepts ie. verbs, nouns, etc. Its vital to understand basic concepts, that is to say, verbs, nouns, etc. Its vital to understand basic concepts, in other words, verbs, nouns, etc.

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (08): PURPOSE, Checklist

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (08): PURPOSE, Examples

I said I liked the scarf to please him. I said I liked the scarf in order to please him. I said I liked the scarf so as to please him. I said I liked the scarf so as not to hurt his feelings I asked them to keep the noise down so that I could get some sleep We value your opinion. To this end, we attach a questionnaire

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (09): EXEMPLIFICATION, Checklist

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (09): EXEMPLIFICATION, Examples

I enjoy adventure sports, for example, rafting, bungee-jumping I enjoy adventure sports, for instance, rafting, bungee-jumping I enjoy adventure sports eg. rafting, bungee-jumping I enjoy adventure sports such as rafting, bungee-jumping

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (10): SIMILARITY, Checklist

43708 Linking Words and Phrases (10): SIMILARITY, Examples

If you disagree, tell us. Similarly, if were unhappy, well say so. If you disagree, tell us. Likewise, if were unhappy, well say so. If you disagree, tell us. In the same way, if were unhappy, well say so. If you disagree, tell us. By the same token, if were unhappy, well say so. Some linkers are more formal than others. For example: + Formal + Informal In addition Plus Nevertheless But Thus So In spite of the fact that Although Moreover Also On account of Because of If we make somebody do something, we force them to do it: I didnt want to sign the paper, but they made me do it You cant make me help you! If we use make in a passive sentence, we put to after the object: I didnt want to sign the paper, but I was made to do it I cant be made to help you! Look at these typical mistakes: I didnt want to sign the paper, but they made me to do it made me do You cant make me to help you! make me help I didnt want to sign the paper, but I was made do it made to do I cant be made help you! made to help

43708 Linking Words and Phrases: Formal / Informal

44403 Make / Obligation

43201 Make or Do? (1): Make

We use make to talk about creating or constructing something: My company makes plastic containers. I made some tea for all the guests We also use make with certain nouns, particularly when we are talking

about an action (often spoken) that someone performs: Are you going to make a speech at your brothers wedding? Im going to make you an offer you cant refuse. Other nouns commonly used with make include an announcement, an application, an arrangement, an attempt, a choice, a comment, a complaint, a contribution, a decision, a difference, a discovery, an enquiry, an excuse, a list, a journey, a mistake, money, a (phone) call, a plan, a point, a promise, a proposal, a recommendation, a remark, a sound, and a suggestion. We can use make to say how successful someone was or would be in a particular position or job, or how successful something was or would be for a particular purpose: She would probably have made an excellent boss. That cupboard would make a good hiding place for all those magazines. 43201 Make or Do? (2): Do We often use do with certain nouns to describe activities, or things that have an effect on people: I can't go out - I have to do the housework. The operation may have done more harm than good. In informal English, we can use do as a substitute for another verb to talk about certain tasks: Can you do the flowers before mum arrives? (= arrange the flowers) Aren't you going to do the garden? (= tidy the garden) We can also use do instead of, for example: cook or make (a curry), cut (nails, hair), make (beds), tidy (a room, a desk, a garden, a cupboard). We also use do when we talk about general or indefinite rather than particular activities: I think Nigel must have done something to that cassette recorder Have you done anything about that? We use do with an -ing form as a noun when we talk about jobs and activities: I never do the washing up after lunch Im looking forward to doing some fishing when I go to Ireland We also use do to talk about cleaning, cooking, gardening, shopping, filing, photocopying, and typical everyday tasks in general

44006 Mixed Conditionals

When a past event has a present effect, we make sentences which mix elements of both Second and Third Conditionals. We call these sentences Mixed Conditionals: If she had accepted that job, she wouldnt be here now If I hadnt twisted my ankle, I would be jogging today The condition refers to the Past The condition is impossible / hypothetical: If she had accepted that job... = (but) she didnt accept it If I hadnt twisted my ankle = (but) I twisted my ankle If the condition is true, then the result will be true / certain too: She wouldnt be here now = Certainly (she wouldnt be here now) but ONLY IF she had accepted that job I would be jogging today = Certainly (I would be jogging today) but ONLY IF I hadnt twisted my ankle The Condition (the Secondary Clause) is in the Past Perfect: If she had accepted... If I hadnt broken The Result (the Main Clause) is in the Hypothetical Future (would)... ... she wouldnt be here ... I would be jogging

42301 Modal Verbs: Logical Deduction

If we think something is logically possible, we use may, might or could: Jane may be busy Jane might be busy Jane could be busy It may rain It might rain It could rain If the sentence is negative, use may not or might not, but not could not: Jane may not be busy Jane might not be busy

Jane could not be busy It may not rain It might not rain It could not rain We do NOT use can in these situations. Look at these typical mistakes: Alan can be right may / might / could It can snow may / might / could Alan can not be right may not / might not It can not snow may not / might not If we think something is logically certain, we use must: Jane must be busy It must rain If we think something is logically impossible, we use cant: Jane cant be busy It cant rain We do NOT use mustnt in these situations: Alan mustnt be right cant It mustnt snow cant 42301 Modal Verbs: Logical Deduction in the Past If we think something that happened in the past is logically possible, we use may have, might have or could have, plus the past participle: Ted may have taken an earlier plane Ted might have taken an earlier plane Ted could have taken an earlier plane He may have gone fishing He might have gone fishing He could have gone fishing If the sentence is negative, use may not have or might not have, plus the past participle, but not could not: Ted may not have taken an earlier plane Ted might not have taken an earlier plane Ted could not have taken an earlier plane He may not have gone fishing He might not have gone fishing He could not have gone fishing We do NOT use can have in these situations. Look at these typical

mistakes: Alan can have been right may / might / could It can have snowed may / might / could Alan can not have been right may not / might not It can not have snowed may not / might not If we think something that happened in the past is logically certain, we use must have, plus the past participle: Ted must have taken an earlier plane He must have gone fishing If we think something that happened in the past is logically impossible, we use cant have or couldnt have, plus the past participle: Ted cant have taken an earlier plane Ted couldnt have taken an earlier plane He cant have gone fishing He couldnt have gone fishing We do NOT use mustnt have in these situations: Alan mustnt have been right cant / couldnt It mustnt have snowed cant / couldnt

41107 Narrative Tenses (1): Past Simple

41108 Narrative Tenses (2): Past Continuous

41109 Narrative Tenses (3): Past Perfect

41110 Narrative Tenses (4): Present Perfect

41111 Narrative Tenses (5): Present Perfect Continuous

41111 Narrative Tenses (6): Used To / Would

Other frequently used verb forms in Past Narratives are used to and would. These express Past Habits: We used to play in the fields by the railway line We would play in the fields by the railway line We look at these in more detail in Level 4 Unit 20

43206 Need +ing

We use need ing with a passive meaning: My hair needs to be cut -> My hair needs cutting My kitchen needs to be refitted -> My kitchen needs refitting My eyes need to be checked -> My eyes need checking Our property needed to be assessed -> Our property needed assessing Janes car may need to be serviced -> Janes car may need servicing What needs to be done? -> What needs doing? Unfortunately, there are no simple rules for deciding which negative prefix to use. The only way is to learn the correct negative form for each new adjective or noun. in = not justice -> injustice

43111 Negative Prefixes

visible -> invisible competence -> incompetence active -> inactive im = not (typically before m or p) moral -> immoral mature -> immature possible -> impossible patient -> impatient il = not (typically before l) legal -> illegal logical -> illogical legible -> illegible legitimate -> illegitimate ir = not (typically before r) rational -> irrational resistible -> irresistible relevant -> irrelevant responsible -> irresponsible un = not available -> unavailable usual -> unusual thinkable -> unthinkable wise -> unwise non = not smoker -> non-smoker alcoholic -> non-alcoholic verbal -> non-verbal attendance -> non-attendance dis = not honest -> dishonest obey -> disobey agreement -> disagreement assembly -> disassembly mis = badly / wrongly use -> misuse

spell -> misspell pronounce -> mispronounce understanding -> misunderstanding 42505 New / News / A Piece of News News looks like a plural noun but its uncountable: No news is good news The news is very worrying Have you heard the news? New is NOT the singular form of news. New is an adjective and means the opposite of old eg. We need some new blood in this company. We use the phrase a piece of news to refer to specific news Thats a terrible piece of news! I have a good piece of news for you The following phrases are incorrect: a piece of new -> a piece of news a news -> a piece of news a new -> a piece of news 44312 Newspaper Headlines Past Participles are commonly used in headlines with a passive meaning: GIRL GIVEN LIVER TRANSPLANT = A girl has been given a liver transplant 49 TAKEN TO HOSPITAL = 49 people were taken to hospital If the Past Participle is the same as the Past Simple, this can create confusion if you are not careful. For example, ARTIST MURDERED means that an artist was murdered, not that the artist murdered somebody. British newspapers often omit words in their headlines, particularly a/an, been, has/have, people, the and was/were: GIRL GIVEN LIVER TRANSPLANT = A girl has been given a liver transplant 49 TAKEN TO HOSPITAL = 49 people were taken to hospital CURE FOR AIDS DISCOVERED

= A cure for AIDS has been discovered 22 ARRESTED IN ANTI-GLOBALISATION DEMONSTRATION = 22 people were arrested in an anti-globalisation demonstration ELVIS FOUND ALIVE AND WELL IN MEXICO = Elvis has been found alive and well in Mexico NEW MUSEUM COMPLETED = A new museum has been completed PHOTOS OF PRESIDENTS LOVER PUBLISHED = Photos of the Presidents lover were published 500 PRISONERS RELEASED IN PEACE DEAL = 500 prisoners were released in a peace deal 42611 No Obligation: dont have to, dont need to, etc. There are four ways to say there is no obligation: dont/doesnt + have to + Verb You dont have to give tips to waiters She doesnt have to go to school today havent/hasnt + got to + Verb You have got to give tips to waiters She hasnt got to go to school today dont/doesnt + need to + Verb You dont need to give tips to waiters She doesnt need to go to school today neednt + Verb You neednt give tips to waiters She neednt go to school today Neednt has a similar structure to cant and mustnt. It does not take to: Look at these typical mistakes: She doesnt have got to come -> She doesnt have to come We havent to do anything -> We havent got to do anything They dont need go to the meeting -> They dont need to go to the meeting

He neednt to worry about that -> He neednt worry about that 42611 No Obligation: Past, Present & Future No Obligation, Past I didnt have to go I didnt need to go He didnt have to pay He didnt need to pay No Obligation, Present I dont have to go I dont need to go I havent got to go I neednt go He doesnt have to pay He doesnt need to pay He hasnt got to pay He neednt pay No Obligation, Future I wont have to go I wont need to go He wont have to pay He wont need to pay 43105 Non-Defining Relative Clauses. Non-Defining relative clauses give extra information about a person, thing, place, time or reason. For example: Englishmen, who usually get a bad press , are the worlds best lovers The main point here is that Englishmen are the worlds best lovers (according to the writer!). The fact that they usually get a bad press is extra (non-essential) information. Similarly, in the sentence The XT200, which is rather pricey at 4000, is clearly the best printer, the important thing is that the XT200 is clearly the best printer. The fact that it is rather pricey at 4000 is secondary, nonessential, information. Note that non-defining relative clauses always take commas: My mothers best friend who is 87 years old has decided to remarry My mothers best friend, who is 87 years old, has decided to remarry The gallery whose exhibits are mainly Egyptian reopened last night

The gallery, whose exhibits are mainly Egyptian, reopened last night Never use that in non-defining clauses. Use who or which: My teacher, thats just joined our school, is wonderful The kiwis, that were on special offer, were disgusting who which

The relative pronoun is always necessary, even if its the object: The lady, who I recognised, asked me to give her a lift The lady, I recognised, asked me to give her a lift Dans portrait, which was hanging on the wall, meant a lot to me Dans portrait, was hanging on the wall, meant a lot to me 42605 Numbers: 0

42601 Numbers: 10 Things to Remember

1. We never use commas when referring to years:

1976 nineteen seventy-six 1843 eighteen forty-three

1,976 one thousand, nine hundred and seventy-six 1,843 one thousand, eight hundred and forty-three

2. We use commas for thousands and millions, but we use points for

decimals:

670,000 six hundred and seventy thousand 19.07 nineteen point o seven
670 000 19 07

3. We always use o for years 1 to 9 (the first decade in a century):

1809 eighteen o nine 1902 nineteen o two

1809 eighteen nine 1902 nineteen two

4. We say two thousand and six, etc. for the first years of this millennium:

2006 2012

two thousand and six two thousand and twelve

2006 two thousand six 2012 two thousand twelve

5. We use singular forms with hundred, thousand and million:

670,000 six hundred and seventy thousand 13,000,000 thirteen million

670,000 six hundreds and seventy thousands 13,000,000 thirteen millions

 6a. We use o in decimals to represent 0 after the point 6b. We use nought in decimals to represent 0 before the point:

19.07 nineteen point o seven 0.304 nought point three o four

19.07 nineteen point nought seven 0.304 o point three nought four

7. We say a hundred or one hundred:

105 a hundred and five / one hundred and five 124 one hundred and twenty-four / a hundred and twenty-four
105 hundred and five 124 hundred and twenty-four

8. We say ... hundred and

105 a hundred and five / one hundred and five 743 seven hundred and forty-three
105 a hundred five / one hundred five / hundred five 743 seven hundred forty-three

9a. We use a cardinal number + ordinal number to express fractions 9b. If the fraction is more than one part, the ordinal number is plural:

1/3 one-third 2/5 two-fifths

 1/6 one-sixth 7/8 seven-eighths

1/3 one-three 2/5 two-five / two-fives / two fifth 1/6 one-six 7/8 seven-eight / seven-eights / seven-eighth

10. There are two special fractions: quarters (NOT fourths) and halves (NOT seconds). They are also the most common!:

a half 2/2 two halves a quarter three quarters

a second 2/2 two seconds a fourth three-fourths 42611 Obligation, No Obligation & Prohibition Obligation Take a card and join the queue (Imperative / Basic Verb) You must fill in this form You have to provide references Youve got to take this job more seriously No Obligation You dont have to reply to this letter You havent got to pay a deposit You dont need to bring blankets You neednt do it right away Prohibition

No smoking (No + Gerund) No visits during term time (No + Noun) Dont speak to the driver You mustnt go in if youre under 18 You cant take pets with you Youre not allowed to sit on the grass You arent allowed to use this tennis court 42611 Obligation.

42611 Obligation.

There are several ways to express obligation Imperative (Basic Verb) Turn right Use boots Give way to traffic You must + Verb You must turn right You must use boots You must give way to traffic You have to + Verb You have to turn right You have to use boots You have to give way to traffic Youve got to + Verb Youve got to turn right Youve got to use boots Youve got to give way to traffic

42611 Obligation: Asking Questions

We normally use Have/Has (got) to? when we ask about obligation. Beginning questions with Must? is unusual. Look at these examples: Must you finish that today? Do you have to finish that today? / Have you got to finish that today?

Must we pay for this? Do we have to pay for this? / Have we got to pay for this? Must he train every day? Does he have to train every day? / Has she got to train every day? Must she reply to the reply? Does she have to reply to the letter? / Has she got to reply to the letter? 42611 Obligation: have to v. have got to We use have to with or without got to express obligation: They have to work 10 hours a day / Theyve got to work 10 hours a day She has to dress smartly / Shes got to dress smartly Have got to is more informal than have to and, therefore, more usual: Come on! Weve got to leave in 10 minutes! ...lay the table! (etc) Bill, Ive got to speak to you about Alison ask you something (etc) When we are speaking, we normally use the contracted forms: Ive got to... Shes got to... etc.: Sorry, but Ive got to leave you Look, weve got to find a solution as soon as possible If we use the contracted forms (Ive, Shes...) we must use got as well. Look at these typical mistakes: Ive to do the shopping -> Ive got to Shes to take her work more seriously -> Shes got to

The corresponding question for have got to is Have you got to...? Has she got to...? etc.: Have you got to clock in? Has she got to buy a car? The corresponding question for have to is Do you have to...? Does she have to...? etc.: Do you have to clock in? Does she have to buy a car? 42611 Obligation: Past, Present & Future Past Obligation, Affirmative I had to work She had to work

 Past Obligation, Question Did you have to work? Did she have to work?... Present Obligation, Affirmative I must work / I have to work / Ive got to work She must work / She has to work / Shes got to work Present Obligation, Question Do you have to work? / Have you got to work? Does she have to work? / Has she got to work?... Future Obligation, Affirmative Ill have to work Shell have to work Future Obligation, Question Will you have to work? Will she have to work?... 40223 On & Phrasal Verbs On often combines with a verb to indicate continuity. Carry on, go on and keep on are common alternatives for continue: Well carry on playing while you get the dinner, darling They went on singing even though there was nobody listening to them They keep on asking me to work for them Hang on and hold on are informal alternatives for wait: Hang on. Ill get her for you. Hold on a minute. Im not sure I agree with you. Here are a few more common examples: You want a new house? Dream on! (= continue dreaming) She saw me but chose to walk on (= continue walking) As Titanic sank, the band decided to play on (= continue playing) If you want to know what happened, read on (= continue reading) Go on and on and on () is used to express irritation: Shes always complaining! She goes on and on and on and on! I told him to be quiet but he just went on and on and on.

42601 Ordinal Numbers

We normally distinguish between Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers: Cardinal Numbers: 1, 2, 3, st nd rd Ordinal Numbers: 1 , 2 , 3 , We can write ordinal numbers in full (eg. first , second...) or in abbreviated st nd form eg. 1 , 2 ... To write the abbreviated form, take the cardinal number (eg. 1, 2...) and add the last two letters of the ordinal number in its full form : st first 1 nd second 2 rd third 3 th fourth 4 th fifth 5 etc. We write 1 , 2 , etc. or I, II, III, etc - but we always say the first, the second, etc: st January 1 -> January the first Elisabeth II -> Elisabeth the Second rd 3 March -> the third of March Henry VIII -> Henry the Eighth
st nd

42601 Ordinal Numbers & Dates

We use ordinal numbers to make dates. There are two ways: th th January the 4 / the 4 of January nd nd March the 22 / the 22 of March st st July the 31 / the 31 of July rd rd August the 3 / the 3 of August Out often combines with a verb to indicate one of the following Removing / Eliminating eg. wipe sth out, rub sth out, stamp sth out, etc. Entire villages were wiped out by the floods Youve made a mistake. Rub that out and try again We must work together to stamp out bullying in schools Ending / Finishing eg. run out of sth, sell out, wear sth out, etc.

44001 Out & Phrasal Verbs

Ive run out of coffee. Can you give me some? Theyve sold out for tonights show Youre going to wear your jeans out in no time at all Warning / Being careful eg. watch out, mind out, look out, etc. Watch out! Youll hit your head if youre not careful Mind out! Youre getting in the way! Look out! Didnt you see that bus? Distributing / Giving eg. send sth out, hand sth out, give sth out, etc. We sent catalogues out to everybody Could you hand these photocopies out for me? Do you want me to give these out? Being Away From Home / Going Outside eg. stay out, go out, sleep out, etc. Dont stay out too late! Shall we go out? Camping?! Its too cold to be sleeping out 44312 Passive Sentences We use Passive Sentences when the action is more important than the person doing the action. The following sentences are correct English: They released Nelson Mandela in 1990. (Active) They dissolved the Soviet Union in 1991. (Active) But it is more usual to say: Nelson Mandela was released in 1990. (Passive) -> The release of Nelson Mandela was the most important thing The Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991. (Passive) -> The dissolution of The Soviet Union was the most important thing If we want to say what or who did the action, we use by: Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1962. Millions of computers were affected by the virus. Passives are formed using the verb to be plus the past participle:

The human genome was decyphered in 2000 The problem will be discussed at tomorrows meeting Mike could be fired for stealing the companys paper clips Something needs to be done about the problem of bullying Passives are formed using the verb to be plus the past participle 43811 Past Perfect

42304 Permission

We use Can I? Could I? or May I? to ask for permission: Can I ask you a personal question? Could I use your phone? May I interrupt you a second? We say Yes of course, Certainly or Go ahead to give permission: -Can I take sit here? -Yes, of course -Can I join you? -Certainly -Can I interrupt you? -Go ahead We reply Id rather you didnt to refuse permission

We use Id rather to express a preference: Id rather you didnt Id rather you didnt smoke in here Id rather live in the city than in the country 40803 Phrasal Verbs: Flexible Structures Some Phrasal Verbs have a flexible structure. They can be either Type 2 (Basic Verb + Particle + Object) or Type 3 (Basic Verb + Object + Particle). For example, you can pick up somebody / something (= Type 2) or you can pick somebody / something up (= Type 3): I dropped a glass, so I had to pick up the pieces (= Type 2) I dropped a glass, so I had to pick the pieces up (= Type 3) Its your turn to pick up the children today, darling! (= Type 2) Its your turn to pick the children up today, darling! (= Type 3) 40803 Phrasal Verbs: Flexible Structures & Pronouns Some Phrasal Verbs have a flexible structure: Can you pick up the children? OR Can you pick the children up? Shall we turn off the television? OR Shall we turn the television off? However, if the object is a pronoun (me, her, it, them, etc.), it must go before the particle: Can you pick them up? Can you pick up them? Shall we turn it off? Shall we turn off it? 40803 Phrasal Verbs: Introduction A phrasal verb is a combination of a basic verb plus a particle. A Particle is an Adverb or Preposition eg. across, away, into, on, over, out, up, etc. Here are some examples: I looked up and saw a man sitting in the tree When she turned round, I could see that shed been crying My sister and I get on very well Weve run out of petrol! You want me to do the report in 10 minutes?! Come off it! Some Phrasal Verbs simply extend the meaning of the Basic Verb. Their meaning is transparent: I looked up and saw a man sitting in the tree In this example, the meaning is transparent because if you know the

meaning of the basic verb look in this case -, you will have no problems understanding look up: look = see up = opposite of down so look up = raise your eyes

Most Phrasal Verbs create a new meaning from the Basic Verb. Their meaning is figurative: Could you look after the children while Im out ? In this example, the meaning is figurative. Knowing the meaning of the basic verb look in our example - does not help us to understand the sentence. If we try to translate look after literally, the resulting translation is absurd: look = see after = opposite of before so look after = ?! 40803 Phrasal Verbs: Summary Type 1: Basic Verb + Particle Examples When does your school break up? Go away ! Cant you see Im busy? Examples with Pronoun Object None: Type 1 never takes an object

Type 2: Basic Verb + Particle + Object Examples I came across my old glasses Im looking for the Meat Section Examples with Pronoun Object I came across them Im looking for it

Type 2 or 3: Basic Verb + Particle + Object / Basic Verb + Object + Particle Examples

Youll soon pick up English / Youll soon pick English up Its your turn to pick up the children / Its your turn to pick the children up Examples with Pronoun Object Youll soon pick it up Youll soon pick up it Its your turn to pick them up Its your turn to pick up them

Type 3: Basic Verb + Object + Particle Examples You mustnt answer your parents back She bosses Graham about Examples with Pronoun Object You mustnt answer them back She bosses him about

Type 4: Basic Verb + Particle + Particle + Object Examples Im looking forward to my holiday How do you put up with Ian? Examples with Pronoun Object Im looking forward to it How do you put up with him? 40803 Phrasal Verbs: Types 1-4 There are Four Main Types of Phrasal Verbs. Type 1 Phrasal Verbs are intransitive: they have no object. Types 2-4 are transitive: they always take an object. Look at these examples:

Type 1: Basic Verb + Particle

When does your school break up? Go away ! Cant you see Im busy?

Type 2: Basic Verb + Particle + Object While I was cleaning the car, I came across my old wallet Can you help me ? Im looking for the Meat Section.

Type 3: Basic Verb + Object + Particle Laura never answers her parents back My daughter is always bossing me about

Type 4: Basic Verb + Particle + Particle + Object Im looking forward to my holiday How do you put up with Ian? 40803 Phrasal Verbs: Types 1-4, Further Examples Type 1: Basic Verb + Particle I grew up in a small village They dont get on at all House prices have shot up in the last 10 years Type 2: Basic Verb + Particle + Object Could you look after Nicholas? She takes after her grandmother Dont worry,well look into it. Type 3: Basic Verb + Object + Particle My aunt brought me up Her mother never tells her off Did you put the cat out for the night? Type 4: Basic Verb + Particle + Particle + Object They always looked up to their mother

Our bank manager looks down on everybody Oh dear! Weve run out of coffee again! 40218 Prefixes in = not justice -> injustice visible -> invisible competence -> incompetence active -> inactive im = not (typically before m or p) moral -> immoral mature -> immature possible -> impossible patient -> impatient il = not (typically before l) legal -> illegal logical -> illogical legible -> illegible legitimate -> illegitimate ir = not (typically before r) rational -> irrational resistible -> irresistible relevant -> irrelevant responsible -> irresponsible un = not available -> unavailable usual -> unusual thinkable -> unthinkable wise -> unwise dis = not honest -> dishonest obey -> disobey agreement -> disagreement assembly -> disassembly mis = badly / wrongly use -> misuse spell -> misspell

pronounce -> mispronounce understanding -> misunderstanding re = again play -> replay do -> redo paint -> repaint consider -> reconsider over = too much paid -> overpaid worked -> overworked estimate -> overestimate use -> overuse under = too little paid -> underpaid worked -> underworked estimate -> underestimate use -> underuse pre = before paid -> prepaid marital -> premarital historic -> prehistoric determine -> predetermine post = after graduate -> postgraduate natal -> postnatal meridian -> postmeridian war -> postwar ex- = former husband -> ex-husband president -> ex-president lover -> ex-lover smoker -> ex-smoker sub = under marine -> submarine way -> subway

normal -> subnormal division -> subdivision 40409 Present Continuous The Present Continuous (or Progressive) is used in the following situations: Actions Happening Now Im making a cake for Jasmines birthday Changing / Developing Situations People are getting used to the idea Temporary Situations Were staying at The Hilton Future Arrangements Im meeting Jim later for a beer Annoying Habits Shes always complaining about her hours 42021 Present Habits To describe Present Habits, we use an adverb like usually, often, normally, etc. together with the Present Simple: I usually see John on Mondays She usually meets Tim for a drink after work Look at these typical mistakes: I use to play football at the weekend Paul use to call me at least once a week Do you use to get up early? 40112 Present Participles v. Past Participles I usually play Paul usually calls Do you usually?

We use Present Participles in many ways: 1) to describe something or somebody: Legal documents are confusing for many people At times, Angela can be surprising 2) to form Continuous Tenses: Whats he doing? (Present Continuous) I was having a shower when you rang (Past Continuous) 3) after verbs of perception (+ object), especially see and hear: I saw Jim waiting for a bus (= Jim was waiting for a bus, and I saw him)

If you hear water dripping, call a plumber (= If water is dripping and if you hear it, call a plumber) 4) after Theres somebody / Theres nobody, etc.: Theres somebody knocking at the door (= Somebody is knocking at the door) Theres nobody listening to you (= Nobody is listening to you) 5) to qualify a sentence / to add something: Take the road leading to the coast (= Take the road which leads) I saw a sign advertising bikes for hire (= I saw a sign which advertised) 6) after go and come to express physical activity / movement: Would you like to come skiing with us? Last night I went swimming 7) after keep (on) to express continuity: My son keeps (on) asking me to take him to London Despite the noise, they kept (on) working 8) to link sentences / to express a reason: Knowing hed be angry with them, they decided not to tell him (= As they knew) Not wanting to appear rude, I told her I loved the necklace (= As I didnt want) We use Past Participles in these ways: 1) to describe somebodys feelings: Most normal people are confused by legal documents Sometimes Im surprised by Angela 2) to form Perfect tenses: Ive known her all my life (Present Perfect) This time tomorrow, well have landed in Hawaii (Future Perfect) 3) to form Passive structures: The Da Vinci Code was written by Dan Brown A lot of our fruit is imported from Spain 4) to link sentences / to express a reason:

Abandoned by her friends, she fell into a deep depression (= As she had been abandoned) Disappointed with their results, they fired their manager (= As they were disappointed) 41903 Present Perfect The Present Perfect is formed using have/has + past participle: Have you ever been to Italy? Ive finished! Brians never had a job Theyve just arrived Has Sandra already started university? We havent written all the letters yet If the verb is regular, the Past Participle finishes in ed: finished, arrived, started, etc. If the verb is irregular, you will find the Past Participle in the 3 column of your verb table: be was/were been have had had write wrote - written We use the Present Perfect to emphasise the action or experience: Have you ever been to Italy? -> Its a beautiful country! Ive finished! -> Lets celebrate! We havent written all the letters yet -> Our boss will be furious! We often use the Present Perfect to start a conversation: Have you ever been to Scotland?... Has everybody read this report?... Have you heard the news?... Ive just spoken to Matthew Ive decided to look for a new job
rd

43809 Present Perfect

41917 Present Perfect Continuous

We use the Present Perfect Continuous tense 1.When we speak about a recent activity with visible results: Look at these dirty hands! You can tell Ive been gardening! 2.When we want to emphasise how long an action has been going on for. Ive been writing Christmas postcards all morning. 3.When we want to suggest that a temporary activity Ive been learning Italian for two years but Im going to give it up 4.To suggest that an action is incomplete Ive been watering the plants but I havent finished yet.

43809 Present Perfect Continuous

41903 Present Perfect v. Past Simple.

The Past Simple refers to a specific time. The Present Perfect focuses more on the action or experience. We often use the Present Perfect to start a conversation. We often change to the Past Simple when we talk about the details When? Where? Why? Who with? etc. Example 1 -Have you ever been to Edinburgh? (Present Perfect focus on experience, start conversation) -Yes, I have -When did you go? (Past Simple ask for details) -I went last summer (Past Simple answer with details)

Example 2 -Ive passed my exam! (Present Perfect focus on action, start conversation) -But you told me it was a disaster! (Past Simple remember details) -Yes, I was really nervous and Section C was horrible! (Past Simple more details) -Have you told your parents? (Present Perfect focus on action, new direction in conversation) -I rang Mum, but she wasnt in (Past Simple answer with details) 41903 Present Perfect: Unfinished Actions To describe an Unfinished Action (an action that started in the Past and that continues Now), we use the Present Perfect (NOT the Present Simple!) together with for or since. We use for to express the DURATION of the action (6 years, 10 minutes, etc.). We use since to indicate the STARTING POINT of the action (8 oclock, 1999, etc.) Ive been on this computer for 10 minutes Ive been on this computer since 8 oclock Shes had that watch for 7 years Shes had that watch since 1999 We ask How long? + Present Perfect (NOT the Present Simple!) to ask about the duration of an Unfinished Action: How long have you been on this computer? How long are you? How long has she had that watch? How long does she have? Look at these typical mistakes: Example 1 Im on this computer since 10 minutes Ive been on this computer for 10 minutes Unfinished Action (Im still on this computer) -> Present Perfect

Duration (10 minutes) -> for Example 2 She has that watch for 1999 Shes had that watch since 1999 Unfinished Action (She still has that watch) -> Present Perfect Starting Point (1999) -> since 40411 Present Simple The Present Simple is used in the following situations: Routine Actions I get up at 5.30 every day Permanent Situations My wife works for Microsoft Future Timetabled Actions The train leaves at 13:43 Laws of Nature (Facts) Water turns to ice at 0C Time Clauses (when, as soon as, if, until) As soon as they arrive, well go for lunch As soon as they will arrive I wont do anything until I hear from you until I will hear from you With Stative Verbs (verbs rarely used in Continuous forms) I love adventure sports Im loving adventure sports What do you need? What are you needing? 43533 Pretty Pretty has two very different meanings. It can be used as an adjective (= attractive) or, more informally, as an adverb (= quite): Did you see Pretty Woman? (adjective = attractive) Thats a pretty flower display (adjective = attractive) The answer is pretty obvious (adverb = quite) Im feeling pretty tired tonight (adverb = quite)

42611 Prohibition

42611 Prohibition

There are many ways to express prohibition Dont + Verb Dont smoke Dont overtake Dont have picnics Dont do U-turns Dont swim Dont take photos You mustnt + Verb You mustnt smoke You mustnt overtake You mustnt have picnics You mustnt do U-turns You mustnt swim You mustnt take photos You cant + Verb You cant smoke You cant overtake You cant have picnics You cant do U-turns You cant swim You cant take photos Youre not allowed to + Verb Youre not allowed to smoke Youre not allowed to overtake Youre not allowed to have picnics Youre not allowed to do U-turns Youre not allowed to swim Youre not allowed to take photos You arent allowed to + Verb You arent allowed to smoke You arent allowed to overtake You arent allowed to have picnics You arent allowed to do U-turns You arent allowed to swim You arent allowed to take photos

 No + Noun No picnics No U-turns No photos No + Gerund No smoking No overtaking No swimming 40712 Qualifying Comparisons (01): Introduction Sometimes, it is necessary to use phrases like a bit, a lot, etc. to explain how big the difference really is. Study the table below, then look at the examples. Note that dear is a synonym for expensive. 40712 Qualifying Comparisons (02): Introduction (Cont.)

40712 Qualifying Comparisons (03): Big Difference

40712 Qualifying Comparisons (04): Big Difference

40712 Qualifying Comparisons (05): Big Difference

40712 Qualifying Comparisons (06): Some Difference

40712 Qualifying Comparisons (07): Small Difference

40712 Qualifying Comparisons (08): Small Difference

40712 Qualifying Comparisons (09): No Difference

40712 Qualifying Comparisons (10): Various

40114 Question Tags

We use Question Tags with FALLING intonation to involve our listener in the conversation: The travellers cheques are in your backpack, arent they? = I know the travellers cheques are in your backpack and you know this too. Im listening. You dont need any more money, do you? = I know you dont need any more money and you know this too. Im listening. These are NOT real questions! The use here is similar to How do you do? (= Pleased to meet you) which we use when we meet somebody for the first time: it is NOT a real question; its only a convention or formula for making interaction more natural between people.

 We use Question Tags with RISING intonation to to ask somebody a real question: The travellers cheques are in your backpack, arent they? = Are the travellers cheques are in your backpack? You dont need any more money, do you? = Do you need any more money?

If the main clause contains an affirmative verb, the question tag is usually negative: The travellers cheques are in your backpack, arent they? You took your tablets, didnt you? If the main clause contains a negative verb, the question tag is usually affirmative: You wont forget to phone, will you? You dont need any more money, do you? Similarly, if the main clause contains a negative adverb, the question tag is usually affirmative: He rarely apologises, does he? doesnt he? (rarely = not often) She seldom came to class, did she? didnt she? (seldom = not often) There are a few special question tags. For example: They ought to be more careful, didnt they? She used to be friendlier, didnt she? Im right, arent I? Lets go, shall we? Ill explain it again, shall I? We often use question tags after an imperative to make requests. They have a similar meaning to please: Pass the wine, will you? (= Will you pass the wine?) Give me a fork, can you? (= Can you give me a fork?) Be quiet, would you? (= Would you be quiet?) Hold this a moment, could you? (= Could you hold this a moment?)

44413 Questions and Prepositions

When making questions with verbs that take prepositions (belong to, be short for, look at, run on, be interested in, etc.), we put the preposition at the at the end of the question: Where are you from? (Im from Italy) Whos that letter for? (Its for Graeme) What are you afraid of? (Im afraid of snakes) What music is Gordon listening to? (Hes listening to U2) What kind of cars are you interested in? (Im interested in sports cars) Whats that book about? (Its about Nelson Mandela) Whats that knife for? (Its for cutting bread) What does that car run on? (It runs on solar energy) Which university do you go to? (I go to Warwick) Whats GB short for? (Its short for Great Britain) Who does that calculator belong to? (It belongs to me!) Who was War and Peace written by? (It was written by Tolstoy,wasnt it?) Which map is Patricia looking at? (Shes looking at a map of France) Who are you writing to? (Im writing to Gran and Grampy) Look at these typical mistakes: Whos that letter? Whos that letter for? For whos that letter? Whos that letter for? What are you afraid? What are you afraid of? Of what are you afraid? What are you afraid of?

43533 Quite

Quite has two very different meanings: 1) fairly ie. more than a little but less than very and 2) completely. Look at these examples: This exercise is quite difficult (= fairly difficult) Its getting quite late (= fairly late) Thats quite ridiculous! (= completely ridiculous) Im afraid thats quite impossible (= completely impossible) On most occasions, the meaning of quite fairly or completely? will be clear from the context. Another clue, of course, is the adjective it accompanies. In our examples, above, ridiculous and impossible are extreme adjectives, so, logically, quite is being used as an extreme adverb (= completely).

43533 Quite / Rather / Fairly / Pretty

These four words all have a similar meaning: more than a little but less than very: This exercise is (quite/rather/fairly/pretty) boring. Lets try another I was (quite/rather/fairly/pretty) disappointed to hear the news

However, rather is used mainly in negative contexts: rather hard, rather annoying, rather disappointing, rather ugly, rather expensive, etc. Pretty is more informal and should not be used in formal contexts. 43101 Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are words that relate to a previously mentioned noun: This is the man who told me off Wheres the girl that was sitting over there? Is this the CD which you were telling me about? Thats the lady whose garden won a prize Christmas is the time when families get together Is that the cave where they found those bodies? Those are the reasons why Im leaving Remember is followed by -ing when it refers to a past action: Sorry, but I dont remember saying that. Remember is followed by to when it refers to a future action: Remember to sign the cheque before you post it Forget is followed by -ing when it refers to a past action: Sorry, but I forget saying that. Forget is followed by to when it refers to a future action: Dont forget to sign the cheque before you post it Regret is followed by -ing when it refers to a past action: I regret leaving my last job Regret is followed by to when it refers to a future action: I regret to tell you that you cant continue working here Try is followed by -ing when it means experiment / see what happens: He tried loosening the screw, but it made no difference Try is followed by to when it is difficult: He tried to loosen the screw, but he wasnt strong enough Stop is followed by -ing when it means the opposite of start: OK, stop talking please. You can start the exam

41713 Remember TO, Remember ING, etc.

Stop is followed by to when it means pause for a reason: She was writing a letter but she stopped to answer the phone Mean is followed by -ing when it means involve: Being a milkman means getting up very early Mean is followed by to when it means intend (have the intention): I didnt mean to hurt your feelings 41919 Remember v. Remind Remind somebody means make somebody remember: Remind me to phone Jack She reminds me of my sister They reminded us to return our library books This reminds of the time I was in France Look at these typical mistakes: Remember me to phone Jack She remembers me of my sister They remembered us to return our library books This reminds me to the time I was in France 41307 Reported Questions Remind me to She reminds me of They reminded us to This reminds me of

We report questions using X asked Look at these examples: Where are you going? -> Joanne asked Steve where he was going Is it so important? -> She asked him if it was so important How did the meeting go? -> She asked Steve how the meeting had gone Did you persuade them to sign the contract? -> Joanne asked him if he had persuaded them to sign the contract Look at these typical mistakes: Joanne asked Steve where was he going he was Joanne asked Steve where hes going he was Joanne asked to Steve where was going asked Steve She asked him was it so important if it was She asked him if its so important if it was She asked Steve how had gone the meeting the meeting had gone She asked Steve how did the meeting go the meeting had gone

Joanne asked him had he persuaded them to sign if he had Joanne asked him did he persuade them to sign if he had persuaded The subject must come before the verb in reported questions: Joanne asked Steve where was he going Joanne asked Steve where he was going She asked Steve how had gone the meeting She asked Steve how the meeting had gone We dont use the auxiliaries do, does or did in Reported Questions: She asked Steve how did the meeting go She asked Steve how the meeting had gone Joanne asked him did he persuade them to sign the contract Joanne asked him if he had persuaded them to sign the contract We dont use to after ask: Joanne asked to Steve where he was going Joanne asked Steve where he was going She asked to him if it was so important She asked him if it was so important We dont use if after ask to report WH-/HOW Questions: Where are you going? Joanne asked Steve if where he was going Joanne asked Steve where he was going How did the meeting go? She asked Steve if how the meeting had gone She asked Steve how the meeting had gone We must use if after ask to report YES/NO Questions: Is it so important? She asked him it was so important She asked him if it was so important Did you persuade them to sign the contract? Joanne asked him he had persuaded them to sign the contract Joanne asked him if he had persuaded them to sign the contract

 We can use whether to report YES/NO Questions as an alternative to if: Is it so important? She asked him whether it was so important = She asked him if it was so important Did you persuade them to sign the contract? Joanne asked him whether he had persuaded them to sign the contract = Joanne asked him if he had persuaded them to sign the contract The rules concerning tense changes in Reported Questions are identical to those in Reported Statements. When we are reporting what somebody asked, the main verb (eg. dont get) usually moves back one tense (eg. didnt get): Why didnt we win that contract?, he asked --> He asked why they hadnt won the contract,... didnt win

The rules concerning references in Reported Questions are identical to those in Reported Statements. When we are reporting what somebody asked, we must change the references (eg. we-> they, this order -> the order) if the original reference is no longer true: Why didnt we win that contract?, he asked --> He asked why they hadnt won the contract,... that contract 41307 Reported Statements: Reference Changes When we are reporting what somebody did or said, we must change the references (eg. we-> they, this order -> the order, tonight -> that night) if the original reference is no longer true: If we dont get this order..., he said --> He said that if they didnt get the order,... this order Theyve promised to phone me tonight, he said --> He said that theyd promised to phone him that night Here is a checklist illustrating the most typical changes: tonight

41307 Reported Statements: Reference Changes, Checklist

41307 Reported Statements: Verb Changes

When we are reporting what somebody did or said, the main verb (eg. dont get) usually moves back one tense (eg. didnt get) If we dont get this order..., he said --> He said that if they didnt get the order,... dont Youre looking worried, she said --> She said that he was looking worried is I cant wait!, she said --> She said that she couldnt wait cant The main verb does not move back a tense if What is reported is still true -> main verb in Present Tense They speak Portuguese in Brazil -->She told us that they speak Portuguese in Brazil Another ice age is coming --> Experts have warned us that another ice age is coming

The main verb is a Past Modal Form -> No change in main verb I might be late --> He said he might be late Mark could have got lost --> She thought that Mark could have got lost The main verb is in the Past Perfect -> No change in main verb We hadnt realised there was a problem --> They admitted that they hadnt realised there was a problem 44317 Reporting News & Rumours (1): Its said that, etc. We use Its said that to introduce news or rumours: Its said that the thieves escaped with 30,000 Its said that the President is having an affair There are many alternatives for said, for example: Its understood that the thieves escaped with 30,000 Its understood that the President is having an affair Its believed that the thieves escaped with 30,000 Its believed that the President is having an affair Its known that the thieves escaped with 30,000 Its known that the President is having an affair Its rumoured that the thieves escaped with 30,000 Its rumoured that the President is having an affair Its thought that the thieves escaped with 30,000 Its thought that the President is having an affair Its recognised that the thieves escaped with 30,000 Its recognised that the President is having an affair 44317 Reporting News & Rumours (2): is/are said to, etc. We use is/are said to to introduce news or rumours: The thieves are said to have escaped with 30,000 The President is said to be having an affair There are many alternatives for said, for example: The thieves are understood to have escaped with 30,000 The President is understood to be having an affair

The thieves are believed to have escaped with 30,000 The President is believed to be having an affair The thieves are known to have escaped with 30,000 The President is known to be having an affair The thieves are rumoured to have escaped with 30,000 The President is rumoured to be having an affair The thieves are thought to have escaped with 30,000 The President is thought to be having an affair The thieves are recognised to have escaped with 30,000 The President is recognised to be having an affair 41307 Reporting Verbs & Reported Statements: Introduction We often use verbs like say, tell, comment, promise, add, explain, etc. to say what somebody said or did. We call these verbs reporting verbs and we call the sentences that we make with reporting verbs reported statements. In the following paragraph there are four reporting verbs and four reported statements: 1) Susanne said that she had some important news. 2) She told us that she was going to start a new job. 3) Mark commented that this was going to be her seventh job in seven months, but 4) Susanne promised to take this job more seriously 41307 Reporting Verbs & That When we use reporting verbs, we dont need to put that after the verb. It is optional: He said that he had a meeting OR He said he had a meeting She told us that she was in love OR She told us she was in love They explained that they wanted another solution OR They explained they wanted another solution 41307 Say v. Tell We say things. We tell people: Could you tell Mr. Jones that Jenny is here, please?

Can I say something? Please tell Jack to phone me Sorry, did you say fourteen or forty? First of all, Id like to say thankyou to everybody Dont tell Mary - its a secret! Did you tell them about the problem? You can say anything. Nobody is listening. How do you say zorro in English? If you dont tell us, we cant help you. Look at these typical mistakes: Say me! Tell me! Say to me! Tell me! She said us she was a doctor She told us There are three common exceptions to the say/tell rule: (1) tell the difference say eg. Can you tell the difference between a crocodile and an alligator? (2) tell the time say eg. Robbies learning to tell the time (3) tell the truth say eg. Do you promise to tell the truth? 41307 Say v. Tell: Reporting the Past The past form of say is said (say-said-said). The past of tell is told (tell-told-told). We say something or we say that: He said many things told She said that she was hungry told We tell somebody (something) or we tell somebody that: He told me many things said She told us that she was hungry said 44006 Second Conditionals Look at these examples of Second Conditionals: If there were more policemen, we would catch more criminals If we had less unemployment, the situation would be better

The condition refers to the Present or Future The condition is improbable / hypothetical: If there were more policemen... = Maybe (there will be more policemen), but its improbable If we had less unemployment... = Maybe (we will have less unemployment), but its improbable If the condition is true, then the result will be true / certain too: We would catch more criminals = Certainly (we would catch more criminals) but ONLY IF there were more policemen The situation would be better = Certainly (the situation would be better) but ONLY IF we had less unemployment The Condition (the Secondary Clause) is in the Past Simple: If there were more policemen... If we had less unemployment... The Result (the Main Clause) is in the Hypothetical Future (would)... ... we would catch more criminals ... the situation would be better 44415 Short Questions and Prepositions Often, simply a question word followed by a preposition is sufficient: -This parcels from Europe -Where from? -Im writing an email -Who to? -Im afraid! -What of? -Were going to see a lawyer -What for? 42001 Should / Ought to We use either should(nt) or ought (not) to to give advice We say You should go to bed but we say You ought to go to bed

We say You shouldnt eat so much but we say You ought not to eat so much 42318 Should / Ought to (1): Giving Advice We use either should(nt) or ought (not) to to give advice We say You should go to bed but we say You ought to go to bed We say You shouldnt eat so much but we say You ought not to eat so much 42318 Should / Ought to (2): Criticising Past Actions We use should(nt) have or ought not to have, plus the past participle to criticise past actions: You should have gone to bed (but you didnt!) You ought to have gone to bed (but you didnt!) You shouldnt have eaten so much (but you did!) You ought not to have eaten so much (but you did!) We only use already or just in affirmative sentences or questions: Ive already finished (affirmative) Ive just finished (affirmative) Have you already started? (question) Have you just started? (question) If you want to express a negative idea, use yet. Look at these typical mistakes: We havent started already started yet She hasnt just finished finished yet Havent you begun already? begun yet? We use still and yet in affirmative sentences, negatives and questions: Have you decided how to spend the money yet? (question) No, we havent decided yet (negative) Are you still doing that report? (question) Yes, Im still doing it (affirmative) Its too early to say yet (affirmative) They still havent replied to my letter (negative) 43808 Still / Yet / Just / Already: Meaning We use still to refer to something that is continuing to happen now: Are you still tidying your room? Yes, Im still doing it

43808 Still / Yet / Just / Already: Affirmatives, Negatives and Questions

 We use (not) yet to refer to something that should happen but has not happened: Have you decided where to go yet? No, we havent thought about it yet We use just to refer to something that has happened very recently: Ive just heard the news! Theyve just told me too We use already to refer to something that has happened earlier than expected: Has Nigel already spoken to you? Yes, hes already told me what to do 43808 Still / Yet / Just / Already: Position We put already and just before the Past Participle: Yes, weve already decided. Yes, Ive just heard. We put still before the Present Participle: Are you still doing that report? Yes, Im still working on it. We put (not) yet at the end of the sentence: Have you decided how to spend the money yet? No, we havent talked about it yet. 43808 Still / Yet / Just / Already: Structure We often use the Present Perfect Tense with already, just and (not) yet: Have you decided where to go yet? No, we havent thought about it yet Ive just heard the news! Theyve just told me too Has Nigel already spoken to you? Yes, hes already told me what to do We often use the Present Continuous Tense with still: Are you still tidying your room? Yes, Im still doing it Other tenses are sometimes possible: eg.1 I saw Jane yesterday and she was still angry (= Past Simple) eg.2 Do you know the answer yet? (= Present Simple)

eg.3 When I arrived, theyd already had lunch! (= Past Perfect) 43808 Still v. Yet: Negative Sentences When we use still in negative sentences, it has a similar meaning to yet. However, the sentence with still is more emphatic.Compare: They havent replied to me yet / They still havent replied to me! She hasnt found her keys yet / She still hasnt found her keys! We put still before havent / hasnt: They still havent replied to me! She still hasnt found her keys! We put yet at the end of the sentence: They havent replied to me yet She hasnt found her keys yet 40220 Suffixes ly = Adjective -> Adverb quick -> quickly slow -> slowly wonderful -> wonderfully painful -> painfully ness = Adjective -> Noun kind -> kindness hopeless -> hopelessness useful -> usefulness sad -> sadness ish = Adjective -> Adjective green -> greenish yellow -> yellowish tall -> tallish short -> shortish wards = Noun -> Adverb back -> backwards side -> sidewards north -> northwards west -> westwards ous = Noun -> Adjective fame -> famous

danger -> dangerous marvel -> marvellous envy -> envious y = Noun -> Adjective wind -> windy sun -> sunny hair -> hairy grease -> greasy ful = Noun -> Adjective success -> successful beauty -> beautiful wonder -> wonderful use -> useful less = Noun -> Adjective fear -> fearless head -> headless age -> ageless use -> useless able = Noun -> Adjective fashion -> fashionable comfort -> comfortable profit -> profitable question -> questionable able = Verb -> Adjective afford -> affordable manage -> manageable present -> presentable swim -> swimmable ion = Verb -> Noun confuse -> confusion instruct -> instruction revise -> revision direct -> direction ment = Verb -> Noun employ -> employment

agree -> agreement place -> placement appoint -> appointment 41327 Suggest / Recommend / Propose Suggest, recommend and propose have a similar meaning and share the same verb patterns. Look at these examples: I suggest (that) we start again I suggest starting again He suggested (that) they start again He suggested (that) they started again He suggested starting again I recommend (that) we start again I recommend starting again He recommended (that) they start again He recommended (that) they started again He recommended starting again I propose (that) we start again I propose starting again He proposed (that) they start again He proposed (that) they started again He proposed starting again We do not use to after suggest, recommend or propose. Look at these typical mistakes: I suggest to ask Brian asking / that we ask He recommended us to go to Madrid going / that we go She proposed to apply for a grant applying / that we apply The verb insist (on) shares the same verb patterns as suggest, recommend and propose. However, insist has a different (stronger) meaning: I insist (that) we start again! I insist on starting again! He insisted (that) they start again He insisted (that) they started again He insisted on starting again 43408 The or ? We use the when we are talking about something specific: To be or not to be? - that is the question! Can you pass the bread, please? Don't touch the dogs! They're dangerous

Who invented the vacuum cleaner? Have you ever visited The Taj Mahal? We enjoy the Canary Islands for their climate The Mediterranean is terribly polluted in parts. Thats the best meal Ive had all year! Joanna was the fastest runner in my class We do not use the when we are talking about something general: I love sports Pilots earn a lot of money I don't like cats. How about you? Look at these typical mistakes: I love the sports sports (sports in general) The footballers earn a lot Footballers (sports in general) When did Civil War start? the Civil War (a specific war) Where did you put yoghourts? the yoghourts (specific yoghourts) 44006 Third Conditionals We use the Third Conditional to talk about an event or situation that did not happen in the past. Some people call it the Impossible Conditional: If we had known it was a secret, we wouldnt have said anything If they hadnt noticed, they would have lost a lot of money The condition refers to the Past The condition is impossible / hypothetical: If we had known... = (but) we didnt know If they hadnt noticed = (but) they noticed If the condition is true, then the result will be true / certain too: We wouldnt have said anything = Certainly (we wouldnt have said anything) but ONLY IF we had known it was a secret They would have lost a lot of money = Certainly (they would have lost a lot of money) but ONLY IF they hadnt noticed The Condition (the Secondary Clause) is in the Past Perfect: If we had known... If they hadnt noticed

The Result (the Main Clause) is in the Hypothetical Past (would have + past participle)... we wouldnt have said anything they would have lost a lot of money 42601 Time Learn these commonly used time phrases: 15 minutes = a quarter of an hour 30 minutes = half an hour 45 minutes = three quarters of an hour 90 minutes = an hour and a half / one and a half hours 150 minutes = two and a half hours 1 month = four and a half weeks 30 months = two and a half years Look at these typical mistakes: a quarter hour a quarter of an hour a quarter of hour a quarter of an hour quarter of hour a quarter of an hour quarter of an hour a quarter of an hour half hour a half hour half a hour three quarters hour three quarters of hour two hours and a half two hours and half four weeks and a half four weeks and half 41418 Too half an hour half an hour half an hour three quarters of an hour three quarters of an hour two and a half hours two and a half hours four and a half weeks four and a half weeks

We use too when there is a problem Too much + Uncountable Noun -> Ive got too much work Too little + Uncountable Noun -> Theres too little time to do anything Too many + Plural Noun -> There are too many things to do Too few + Plural Noun -> Too few people appreciate how hard I work! Too + adjective -> Im sorry, Im too busy to help you Look at these typical mistakes: Too many people bought my book -> A lot of people / Many people

I have too much time to relax -> a lot of time / plenty of time The film was too interesting -> very interesting / really interesting 41418 Too + adjective + to We use too + adjective + to to describe a problem or inability: Hes too young to see the film Shes too short to touch the ceiling Hes too slow to catch the bus Shes too tired to study Hes too lazy to cook Look at these typical mistakes: Hes too young for to see the film too young to see Shes too short for touching the ceiling too short to touch Hes too much slow to catch the bus too slow to catch 40213 Travel & Transport: drive a car, ride a bicycle We ride animals or vehicles with one leg on each side: ride a camel ride a donkey ride a horse ride a bicycle ride a motorbike ride a moped We drive other vehicles: drive a car drive a lorry drive a bus 40712 Twice As As We use twice as as to express a double quality/quantity: Kiwis are twice as expensive as oranges She sings twice as well as I do My car consumes twice as much petrol as yours Edinburgh has twice as many tourists as Glasgow Similarly, we use three times as as to express a triple quality/quantity: Jack goes swimming three times as often as I do Todays class seemed three times as long as yesterdays! And so on: Oranges are four times as expensive as apples I spend ten times as much as I used to on cigarettes

Look at these typical mistakes: My car consumes three times more petrol than yours My car consumes three times as much petrol as yours Edinburgh has twenty times more tourists than Forfar Edinburgh has twenty times as many tourists as Forfar She speaks English two times as well as I do She speaks English twice as well as I do 41621 Typical Mistakes Look at these typical mistakes and learn the correct structures: I am agree I agree Havent you finished still? Havent you finished yet? I went for to see Maria I went to see Maria Do you mind to work weekends? Do you mind working weekends? It was as a dream It was like a dream Like always, I said the wrong thing As always, I said the wrong thing Were waiting the bus Were waiting for the bus Im listening the radio Im listening to the radio Shes waiting for a baby Shes expecting a baby Were working here for 10 years Weve been working here for 10 years I suggest you to study more I suggest you study more Turn on the left Turn left I cant assist the meeting I cant attend the meeting Advise them youre not going Tell them youre not going I rested at home working I stayed at home working Jacks the best cooker I know Jacks the best cook I know Have you heard the last news? Have you heard the latest news? Whats he doing in this moment? Whats he doing at the moment? It was an important business travel It was an important business trip Your pen is the same than mine Your pen is the same as mine Her clothes are different than ours Her clothes are different from/to mine Hes similar than my brother Hes similar to my brother We must recuperate the hours We must make up the hours Have you paid the coffees? Have you paid for the coffees? I bought it to Peter I bought it from/off Peter Im boring! Whats on TV? Im bored! Whats on TV? The best to do is forget it The best thing to do is forget it Do you want that I help you? Do you want me to help you? Can you explain me please? Can you explain it to me, please? Footballs a stupid play! Footballs a stupid game! I use to smoke 20 a day I usually smoke 20 a day

I was tired. For that, I went to bed I was tired. Thats why I went to bed. 42501 Uncountable & Countable Nouns (1) Nouns are Countable or Uncountable. You can count Countable Nouns; you cant count Uncountable Nouns (1) Countable Singular eg. a banana, an orange, a child, a man (2) Countable Plural eg. bananas, oranges, children, men (3) Uncountable eg. salt, milk, coffee, money salts, milks, coffees, moneys 42501 Uncountable & Countable Nouns (2) Some nouns can be both uncountable and countable. Look at these examples: Could I have a white coffee, please? (= a cup of coffee) I prefer tea to coffee (= coffee in general) Theres a lovely wood behind our house? (= a place with trees) We need wood for the fire (= wood in general) Theres a hair in my soup! (= one hair) Who left hair in the shower? (= hair in general) 44006 Unless We use unless to stress a condition. In meaning, it is similar to ifnot: I cant help you unless you tell me whats on your mind Unless we forget our differences, well never make progress Unless is normally followed by a positive verb. Look at these typical mistakes: She wont talk to us again unless we dont apologise. we apologise Unless it doesnt rain, the concert in the park will go ahead. it rains 42021 Used to + ing be/get used to + noun/gerund is a more common alternative for be/get accustomed. Here used to is an adjective and, therefore, may be refer to any time, not only the past : I hated Jane at first, but now Ive got used to her Are you used to living alone, or do you find it difficult? Im sorry, but youll have to get used to taking orders from me

I was used to looking after myself from a very early age Dont confuse the adjective used as in be/get used to (doing) something with the verb used as in used to do something: Im used to living on my own (adjective) Ive got used to living on my own (adjective) Ill never get used to living on my own (adjective) I used to live on my own, but now I live with my partner (verb)

Look at these typical mistakes: Im used to live on my own Ive got used to live on my own Im used 42021 Used to v. Used

Im used to living Ive got used to living Im used to it

Dont confuse I used to (do something)... = Past Habit with I used (something)... = Past Form of use. Look at these examples: I used to visit my grandparents at the weekend (= Past Habit) We used to like playing marbles (= Past Habit) I used a hammer to break the window (= Past Form of I use) We used an old box to sit on (= Past Form of I use)

42021 Used to: Introduction

We say somebody used to (do something) to describe a past habit or past routine. The situation now is different: Bob used to have eggs for breakfast (but now he doesnt) I used to be bad-tempered (but now Im not) They used to live in London (but now they dont) The corresponding negative structure is didnt use to: Bob didnt use to have eggs for breakfast (but now he does) I didnt use to be bad-tempered (but now I am) They didnt use to live in London (but now they do) To make questions we use Did use to?: Did Bob use to have eggs for breakfast? Did you use to be bad-tempered? Did they use to live in London? If we expect a positive reply (Yes!), we use a negative question:

Didnt Bob use to have eggs for breakfast? Didnt you use to be bad-tempered? Didnt they use to live in London? Look at these typical mistakes: I remember we use to work 12 hours a day! used Past Affirmative I didnt used to like coffee, but now I love it! use Past Negative Did you used to play marbles as a child? use Past Question 42021 Used to: Negative Structures There are three ways to make used to negative 1: didnt use to Bob didnt use to have eggs for breakfast (but now he does) They didnt use to live in London (but now they do) I didnt use to be bad-tempered (but now I am) 2: used not to Bob used not to have eggs for breakfast (but now he does) I used not to be bad-tempered (but now I am) They used not to live in London (but now they do) 3: never used to Bob never used to have eggs for breakfast (but now he does) I never used to be bad-tempered (but now I am) They never used to live in London (but now they do) didnt use to and used not to are identical in meaning never used to is more emphatic: Is that Tom playing football?!... He never used to like sports! History classes were boring We never used to learn anything! 41311 Verb Patterns When you learn a verb, its important to know which structure or structures can follow it. Here are the main verb patterns, together with examples. Notice that many verbs can take several verb patterns (eg. suggest, decide, warn, insist, advise, etc.). Pattern 1: Verb + No Object rise, take off, land, pick up The sun rises in the east What time does the plane take off?

Well be landing in 10 minutes Business is picking up at last Pattern 2: Verb + Object threaten, phone, look for, accept, refuse, come across Dont threaten me Well phone you Im looking for my car keys Theyve accepted our offer She refused my help I came across a lovely photo the other day Pattern 3: Verb + Infinitive want, need, decide, threaten, offer, refuse, promise, agree I want to speak to you We need to find a solution Ive decided to leave you He threatened to tell my parents Shes offered to come with us I refuse to waste more time on this Do you promise to learn this? Theyll never agree to do it Pattern 4: Verb + Bare Infinitive (Without To) can, must, should We can ask our teacher You must be back by 10 They should study harder Pattern 5: Verb + Gerund admit, deny, suggest, propose, recommend Do you admit taking the watch? He denied taking the photo They suggested buying a new car She proposed joining a club I really recommend subscribing to this magazine Pattern 6: Verb + Preposition + Gerund insist, apologise, decide They insisted on finishing the game He didnt apologise for having ruined our evening Weve decided against buying a new house

Pattern 7 Verb + That Clause recommend, suggest, insist, propose, agree, admit, decide, deny, explain, add I really recommend that we subscribe to this magazine They suggested that we buy a new car They insisted that we finish the game She proposed that we join a club Bob agreed that it was a crazy idea Jenny admitted that it was a tough decision Ive decided that enough is enough. Graeme denied that he took the photo She explained that it was getting late He added that he didnt think it was a good idea Pattern 8: Verb + Object + Infinitive encourage, invite, advise, persuade, remind Our boss encourages us to socialise after work Theyve invited me to join them for a drink Id advise you to think carefully before accepting the offer Stephany persuaded Nigel to change his mind Mum reminded me to call Jack Pattern 9: Verb + Object + Bare Infinitive let, make, help Please let me finish Youll never make them agree Shall I help you unpack? Pattern 10: Verb + Object + Gerund stop, see, catch You cant stop me watching you Can you see that woman crossing the street? My wife caught me eating chocolate Pattern 11: Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund congratulate, accuse, warn, advise, ban Sarah congratulated me on getting the job They accused Martin of taking the money He warned us against buying anything from them She advised them against signing the contract Theyve banned me from driving for 6 months!

Pattern 12: Verb + Object + That Clause warn, remind, promise, advise They warned us that we would regret it Mum reminded me that I had to phone Jack Theyve promised us that it wont happen again I must advise you that this is a big risk 43101 Who / Which / That We use who to refer to people: The story is about a woman who falls in love at the age of 90 The police have caught the thief who took my car radio We use which to refer to things: Bob works for a company which makes fridges and freezers Where are the photos which were on my desk? We use that to refer to people and things: The story is about a woman that falls in love at the age of 90 The police have caught the thief that took my car radio Bob works for a company that makes fridges and freezers Where are the photos that were on my desk? Look at these typical mistakes: The story is about a woman which falls in love who / that Where are the photos who were on my desk? which / that 44420 Who? + What?: Subject Questions v. Object Questions Who and What can be the Subject or the Object of a Question. Examples of Subject Questions Who saw Jack last? Who is the Subject: Somebody saw Jack. (Jack is the Object) What happened next? What is the Subject: Something happened. (There is no Object) When Who? or What? form Subject Questions, we dont use the auxiliary verbs do, does or did. Look at these typical mistakes: Who did see Jack last? saw What did happen next? happened Who does live with their parents? lives What does make you angry? makes

 Examples of Object Questions Who did Penny call? Who is the Object: Penny called somebody. (Penny is the Subject) What did James do? What is the Object: James did something. (James is the Subject) When Who? or What? form Object Questions, we must use the auxiliary verbs do, does or did. Look at these typical mistakes: Who Penny called? Who did Penny call? Who Penny call? Who did Penny call? What James did? What did James do? What James do? What did James do? 43104 Whom Whom is a formal alternative for who or that when the relative pronoun is an object: The boy whom you spoke to is the mayors son However, it is rarely heard in spoken English and hardly used in written English these days, either. In the sentence above, most people would prefer to use who, that or nothing: The boy who you spoke to is the mayors son The boy that you spoke to is the mayors son The boy you spoke to is the mayors son 43101 Whose The relative pronoun whose is used for both people and things: Thats the lady whose garden won a prize Thats the chair whose screws need replacing Are they the boys whose football broke your window? Are they the suitcases whose handles are broken? When Whose? is used as a question word, it always refers to people: Whose pen is this? Is it yours, Noreen? Whose books are those? Are they Daves? 42505 Work / Works / Task / Job Work is a verb or an uncountable noun meaning job / profession or things to do in general: Ive got to work late tonight Its too much work for one person Do you enjoy your work?

Works is a countable noun meaning something created or constructed: This is one of Shakespeares finest works Picassos works are overrated in my opinion I arrived late because of the roadworks Task is a countable noun meaning a specific job, something that has to be done: Why do I always get the most boring tasks?! Come here, Penelope, Ive got a task for you Job is a countable noun meaning work or task: Do you enjoy your job? Why do I always get the most boring jobs?! Look at these typical mistakes: She has an excellent work job I have 20 works to do today tasks / jobs 40709 Worse v. Worst We use worse with Comparative structures (comparing two things): My French is worse than yours worst Her bark is worse than her bite worst We use worst with Superlative structures (comparing everything): This is the worst soup Ive ever tasted! worse Whats the worst experience you can remember? worse 42021 Would: Past Habits We say somebody would (do something) to describe a past habit or past routine. The situation now is different: We would play in the fields all day Passers-by would stop and watch us play The corresponding negative structure is wouldnt: They wouldnt complain no matter how badly we behaved He wouldnt buy anything unless he really needed to We do not use would to describe past states. In these situations, we must say used to. Look at these typical mistakes: I would be bad-tempered I used to be bad-tempered They would live in London They used to live in London They wouldnt live in London They didnt use to live in London I wouldnt be bad-tempered I didnt use to be bad-tempered

 We do not make questions with would to ask about past habits or states. In these situations, we say used to. Look at these typical mistakes: What would you do? What did you use to do? Where would you play? Where did you use to play? Would they work here? Did they use to work here? Would you have that painting? Did you use to have that painting? 40201 Writing Letters & E-Mails (1) Beginning 1 (name unknown)
Dear Sir Dear Madam Dear Sir / Madam Dear Sirs

2 (name known)
Dear Miss Smith Dear Mr. Jones Dear Ms. Green Dear Mrs. Brown

3 (friendly)
Dear Penny Dear Howard

4 (very informal)
Hi James Hello Steven

Thanking
Thank you for | your letter of | 23rd June 2006 | your fax dated | 16 Sept 2006 | expressING internet in our company

Refferring To Previous Communication

In Reply to Further to With reference to your letter of your mail dated our phone call our conversation 23rd June 2006 16 Sept 2006 yesterday earlier today

Giving Reason For Writing

I am -----We are writing to inform you that ask if complain about enclosed attached a catalogue our latest price list together with along with

40201 Writing Letters & E-Mails (2)

Referring To Accompanying Documents

Please find I/We enclose I/We attach

Asking For Information I/We should like to know

when / where / why / how if / whether

Making A Point
I/We should like to point out make it absolutely clear remind you that

Breaking Good News

I am We are pleased delighted to inform you let you know that

40201 Writing Letters & E-Mails (3)

Breaking Bad News

I/We regret to Unfortunately, however, tell you have to say that

Apologising
I/We must apologise Please accept my/our apologies for the delay in takING so long to

Asking For Action

I/We would should Please could you be grateful if you would could take appropriate action investigate the matter send me/us a catalogue contact me/us let me/us have your decision

Demanding Immediate Action I/We really must insist, therefore, that you 40201 Writing Letters & E-Mails (4) Giving A Warning
Unless you If I/We do not hear from you I/We will be forced to I/We will have no alternative but to

Finishing
I/We look forward to hearING from you meetING you your reply 3 (friendly) Best wishes Kind regards

1 (name unknown) Your faithfully

2 (name known) Yours sincerely Yours

4 (very informal) Cheers Bye

42601 Years

To say a year, if it is before 2000, divide it into two pairs: 1684 -> 16 84 -> sixteen eighty-four 1799 -> 17 99 -> seventeen ninety-nine 1800 -> 18 00 -> eighteen hundred 1906 -> 19 06 -> nineteen o six Look at these typical mistakes: 1789 -> one thousand seven hundred seventeen

1808 -> eighteen eight eighteen o eight 1900 -> nineteen hundreds nineteen hundred If the year is 2000 or later, say two thousand and: 2007 -> two thousand and seven 2010 -> two thousand and ten 41307 Yes/No Questions v. Wh-/How Questions. We usually distinguish between two types of Questions YES/NO Questions YES/NO Questions are questions to which the answer is Yes or No. Of course, many answers are possible in reality: eg.#1 Can your son swim? - Yes - No - Very well - Better than yours - (etc.) eg.#2 Are you hungry? - Yes - No - Im fine thanks - I could eat a horse! - (etc.) WH-/HOW Questions WH-/HOW Questions are questions beginning Wh-...? or How...?. There are many possible answers except Yes or No, which are unacceptable responses to this kind of question: eg.#1 What do you do? - Im a dentist - Nothing. - Im not telling you - Yes - No eg.#2 How old are you? - 37 - Ill be 42 in January

- I cant remember - Yes - No 44006 Zero Conditionals We use the Zero Conditional to show that Action A always results in Action B. We often use when instead of if: If I have a headache, I always take an aspirin When I have a headache, I always take an aspirin If you heat ice, it turns into water When you heat ice, it turns into water In Zero Conditionals, both the Conditional verb the Secondary Clause and Result verb the Main Clause take Present verbs, as we are talking about general truths.