Hspa Lte

HSPA
What is HSPA?
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access)
E-DCH (Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel)
3GPP 1st version of specification
R5 HSDPA
R6 HSUPA
2002
Commercial networks
2003
2004
2005
2006
HSDPA
2007
2008
HSUPA
2012, November, R. Bestak
Basic features (2/2)

HSPA and WCDMA, can share all the network elements
CN (SGSN, GGSN, ) UTRAN (RNC, Node B, antenna, )
HSPA modifications
New SW (Node B, RNC) Some new HW (Node B, RNC) to support higher rates and capacity HSPA terminals
UE Node B RNC MSC/ VLR Node B HLR
GMSC
PLMN, ISDN
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
HSDPA
Introduction
HSDPA .High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Provides High Speed (HS) downlink data channel
FDD, TDD mode
Introduce in Release 5 (2002) Goals

Increase bit rates in downlink (up to 14.4 Mbit/s) Efficient user scheduling Reduce radio delay
UE
Node B
5
Innovations
HSDPA
Should be possible to incorporated to previous Releases (R99,R4) Does not affect the layers above the MAC (RLC,)
RRC RLC PDCP
New mechanisms
Hybrid ARQ (Node B-UE) Fast scheduling Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
MAC
PHY
Fast adaptation rapid adaptation of transmission parameters to instantaneous channel conditions
New features
- Scheduling - Fast Retransmission (HARQMAC) - Adaptive Modulation and Coding - Scheduling - Retransmission (ARQRLC)
UE RNC Node B
New channels
Downlink signaling
(info how to decode data channels)
UE
Uplink signaling
(feedback information)
Node B
One transport channel HS-DSCH (High Speed-Downlink Shared Channel) Several physical channels downlink, uplink
8
HS-DSCH
Downlink shared channel
Shared between number of HSDPA users
RLC MAC PHY Transport channels
Short TTI Transmission Time Interval

TTI = 2 ms (or 3 slots) for FDD mode TTI = 10 ms for TDD mode
Gives info how often data arrives from MAC to Phy
Fix spreading factor, SF = 16
Note: Compare to classical WCDMA, variable SF and fast power control are disabled in HSDPA
2012, November, R. Bestak 9
HS-DSCH vs. DSCH
Feature Variable spreading factor Fast power control
DSCH (Release 99)

Yes Yes
HS-DSCH (Release 5)
No No
Adaptive modulation and coding

HARQ
No
No
Yes
Yes
Note: DSCH has been de facto replaced with the HS-DSCH DSCH has been removed from the specification from R5 onwards, due to the lack of interest
HSDPA resources (1/3)

Resources
Codes
Several channelisation codes are set aside for the HS-DSCH (according to UE capabilities max. per UE - 5, 10, 15 codes)
Power
Sharing
Several codes / 1 user / 1 TTI Several users / 1TTI
11
HSDPA resources (2/3)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8 SF = 16 Codes allocated in a TTI (example) TTI
Codes allocated to HS-DSCH
**
Time
12
New MAC entity

RRC
RLC
RRC
RLC
MAC-hs
MAC
Phy
MAC-hs Phy
MAC
UE RNC Node B
MAC-hs manages the transport channel HS-DSCH There is one MAC-hs entity (Node-B) per HSDPA cell
Functions of MAC-hs
Adaptive Modulation and Coding Hybrid ARQ Assembly/Disassembly Numbering of blocks (MAC-hs PDUs) In-sequence data delivery (reordering) Flow control (Node B - RNC) Transport Format & Resource info. Fast scheduling Lower part of MAC-hs/Phy
Upper part of MAC-hs/Phy
14
Physical channels
UE Node B
HS-SCCH: HS Shared Control Channel HS-PDSCH: HS Physical Downlink Shared Channel HS-DPCCH: A Dedicated Physical Control Channel
HS-Physical Downlink Shared Ch.

Carries data of HS-DSCH (Downlink Shared Ch.) 1 HS-PDSCH 1 channelisation code
Fix SF, SF=16
(HS-PDSCH)
Transport ch. (HS-DSCH) is mapped to 1 or several physical ch. (HS-PDSCH)

# simultaneous HS-PDSCH = # codes =1...5, 7, 8, 10, 12,15
slot 0 slot 1 slot 2 slot 3 slot 4 slot 5 slot 6 slot 7 slot 8 slot 9 slot 10 slot 11 slot 12 slot 13 slot 14
1 radio frame, Tr = 10 ms
HS-PDSCH frame, Ths = TTI = 2 ms Modulation For coding rate 4/4 and 15 channels 14,4 Mbit/s QPSK 16 QAM Channel SF Bits/FrameHS Bits/Slot bit rate (kbit/s) 480 960 16 16 960 1920 320 640
16
HS-Shared Control Ch.

Carries information how to decode data on the physical data ch. (HS-PDSCH)
Modulation and coding, transport format, and HARQ information
(HS-SCCH)
Features
Channel is power control Channel rate 60 kbit/s (SF =128, 40 bit/slot, HS-SCCH frame = 3 slots) Channel precedes transmission of HS-PDSCH by 2 slots
3 Slots ( = 2 ms)
HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH frame
HS-PDSCH
2 Slots (= 1,33) ms
HS-PDSCH frame
3 Slots ( = 2 ms)
17
HS-Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

Carries uplink feedback signaling related to downlink transmission
Hybrid ARQ Ack (1 bit) and Channel Quality Indication (CQI, 5 bits)
(HS-DPCCH)
Features
Multiplexed with dedicated uplink physical channels (DPCCH, DPDCH) Channel rate 15 kbit/s (SF =256, 10 bit/slot, HS-DPCCH frame = 3 slots)
DPCH
Slot 0
Slot 1
Slot 2
Slot 3
Slot 4
Slot 5
Slot 6
Slot 7
Slot 8
Slot 9
Slot 10 Slot 11 Slot 12 Slot 13
HS-PDSCH sub-frame
(3 slosts)
7,5 Slosts
HS-DPCCH
HS-PDCCH sub-frame
(3 slosts)
18
UE categories*
Minimum Max. number of bits of an Transport rate Max. number of Category inter-TTI HS-DSCH transport block HS-DSCH codes (Mbit/s) interval received within an TTIHS-DSCH
1
2
5
5
3
3
7298
7298
1,2
1,2
3
4
5
5
2
2
7298
7298
1,8
1,8
5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 *([3G25306])
5
5 10 10 15 15 5 5
1
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
7298
7298 14411 14411 20251 27952 3630 3630
3,6
3,6 7,2 7,2 10,2 14,4 0,9 1.8
11,12 support QPSK only
Minimum inter-TTI:
the minimum distance from the beginning of TTI to the beginning of the next TTI that can be assigned to the UE 19
transmission with several HARQ processes (minimum inter-TTI=3)
Example
Create a new HARQ process with Id =1

TTI
Terminate the HARQ process with Id =1

HS-PDSCH (data) HARQ Id=1
Node B -Tx
Node B -Rx
slot
HS-PDCCH (Ack) HARQ Id=1
UE -Rx
7,5 slots UE -Tx

7,5 slots
20
Round Trip Time UE-Node B

Control
(HS-SCCH)
Node B
Ack Data
(HS-PDSCH) (HS-DPCCH)
Data
Ack
(HS-DPCCH)
UE
T2slots
(HS-PDSCH)
TTTI TPropag
TProcess
TTTI TPropag
RTTUE/NodeB = T2slots+ 2*(TTTI + TPropag) + TProces = 2slots + 2*(3slots + TPropag) + 7,5slots 16 slots (11ms)
21
HSUPA
Introduction
HSUPA .High Speed Uplink Packet Access
E-DCH (Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel)
Provides High Speed (HS) uplink data channel

Applicable FDD mode
Introduce in Release 6 (2004) Goals

Improve bit rates in uplink (up to 5.8 Mbit/s) Reduce radio delay
UE Node B
23
Innovations
HSDPA
Should be possible to incorporated to previous Releases (R99, R4, R5) Does not affect the layers above the MAC (RLC,)
RRC PDCP RLC
New mechanisms
Hybrid ARQ (UE-Node B ) Scheduling (Node B)
MAC
PHY
Note:Adaptive modulation and coding is not use. AMC is not useful in HSUPA due to the difference in the management of the total transmission power for the uplink.
24
New features
- Scheduling - Fast Retransmission (HARQMAC)
- Scheduling - Retransmission (ARQRLC)
UE RNC Node B
25
New channels
Downlink signaling
(resource allocation, feedback information)
UE
Uplink signaling
(signaling associated with E-DCH)
Node B
One transport channel E-DCH (Enhanced Dedicated Channel), uplink Several physical channels downlink, uplink
26
E-DCH
Dedicated uplink channel Channel supports two E-DCH TTI
RLC MAC PHY Transport channels
TTI = 10 ms (mandatory for all UEs) TTI = 2 ms (mandatory for certain UE categories) Switching between the TTIs can be performed (by UTRAN)
Variable spreading factor
Note: Logical channels mapped on the DCHs are prioritised over those mapped on E-DCH
New MAC entities

RRC
RLC
MAC-es MAC-e
RRC
RLC MAC-e Phy located in Serving RNC
MAC
Phy
MAC
MAC-es
UE RNC
Node B
MAC-e controls access to the E-DCH MAC-es handles function that are not managed by MAC-e
Functions of MAC-e, MAC-es

Hybrid ARQ
see HSDPA
Lower part of MAC-e/Phy
Multiplexing/Demultiplexing E-DCH TFC selection EDCH Scheduling Numbering of blocks (MAC-hs PDUs) In-sequence data delivery (reordering) Combining of data from different Node Bs in case of soft handover
Upper part of MAC-e/Phy
MAC-es
29
Serving/Non-Serving Node B
E-DCH scheduler per Node B
UE2
UE3
Node B UE1
Serving Node B for UE1 Non-Serving Node B for UE2,UE3
RNC
Task of the scheduler

- Allocate uplink resources to UEs for which it acts as Serving Node B - Monitor other-cell interference and, if necessary, adjust uplink resources to UEs for which act as Non-Serving Node B
Resource requirement of UE
UE request resources from (Serving) Node B Scheduling Request Scheduling Request informs the serving Node B about the amount of system resources needed by the UE and the amount of resources the UE can actually use
Uplink signaling
(Scheduling request)
UE
Node B
Note: UE is allowed to send E-DCH data at any time, up to a configured number of bits, without receiving any scheduling command from the Node B.
Resource assignment to UE
UE receives from (Serving) Node B information about the maximum amount of uplink resource it may use Resource indication Resource indication = Scheduling Grants Scheduling Grants control the maximum allowed power ratio (E-DPDCH/DPCCH) of the UE, i.e. the maximum granted rate of the UE
Downlink signaling
(Grants)
UE
Node B
Types of grants
Absolute grants
Scheduler directly adjusts the rate of UEs Sent by Serving Node B
Relative grants
Scheduler increases/decreases the rate compared to the previous one Sent by Serving or Non-Serving Node B
Serving relative grant
Node B2 Scheduler adjusts the rate of UEs under its control (values UP, DOWN, HOLD) Neighboring schedulers adjusts the rate of UEs that are not under their control (values DOWN, HOLD)
Non-serving relative grant
Relative Grant
Node B3
Absolute Grant
Relative Grant
Relative Grant
UE2
UE1 2012, November, R. Bestak
Node B1
33
Physical channels
UE Node B
E-AGCH: E-DCH Absolute Grant Ch. E-DPDCH: E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Ch. E-RGCH: E-DCH Relative Grant Ch. E-DPCCH: E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Ch. E-HICH: E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch.
E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH
Channel bit rate (kbit/s)
15 30 60 120 240 480 960
Bits/Slot
10 20 40 80 160 320 640
E-DPDCH
There is 0, 1 or several channels nowadays max. 6
SF
256 128 64 32 16 8 4
Bits/Frame
150 300 600 1200 2400 4800 9600
E-DPCCH (15 kbit/s)

There is 0 or 1 channel Conveys
E-TFCI info Happiness/unhappiness with assigned resources
For coding rate 4/4 and 6 channels 5,76 Mbit/s
Both E-DPDCH and E-DPCCH are transmitted simultaneously.

LTE
LTE
Why
Enhancements in WCDMA (MBMS, HSPA ) should make mobile network competitive for several years But, to ensure competitiveness in an longer time, a long-term evolution of the radio-access technique needs to be considered ( rates, latency, coverage, operators cost, etc.)
New radio interface

(& advance core network)
37
Terminology
LTE Long Term Evolution
Also know as eUTRAN (evolved UTRAN)
SAE System Architecture Evolution

3GPP technical study item defining EPC
EPC Evolved Packet Core EPS Evolved Packet System

EPS = EPC + LTE + terminal
R9 9
R4
WCDMA
R5
HSDPA
R6
HSPA
R7
R8
HSPA evolution
1999
2001
2002
2004
2007
LTE LTE-A
38
History of LTE
2004/fall
TSG RAN organized a workshop on 3GPP long-term Evolution starting point of development of the LTE radio interface
2005/spring
Setting of targets and objectives for LTE TSG SA launched a work on the SAE TSG RAN decided that the LTE should be based on OFDM (DL) and SC FDMA (UL)
2005/12
LTE specifications were approved
2007/12
1st commercial LTE networks
2009/12
39
LTE requirements (1/2)

1,25 MHz 2,5 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz
Scalable bandwidth
Up to 200 active UEs /cell UE1 UE2

Latency User plane: < 5ms Control plane: < 100 ms (camped-to-active), < 50 ms (dormant-to-active) 2012, November, R. Bestak
Spectral efficiency (bit/s/Hz/cell) DL: 3x - 4x (R6) UL: 2x - 3x (R6)
40
LTE requirements (2/2)

Mobility
Optimized for low mobility (015 km/h) But, also support of high mobility (120 km/h, 350 km/h)
Cell range
Up to 5 km - optimal size / 30km - size with reasonable performance Up to 100km - size with acceptable performance
RAN architecture
Packet based
Spectrum
IMT-2000 frequency spectrum
Modes
FDD, TDD (minimum of deviation between the modes)
Complexity
Minimized number of options with no redundant mandatory options
Others
Operators cost, low complexity & low power consuming UEs, MIMO,
3GPP TS 29.913
41
SAE requirements
Requirements are mainly non-radio access related
SAE should
Operate with different RANs (LTE, 3GPP, non 3GPP) Support mobility between different 3GPP accesses Support of different type of traffic
Voice, video, messaging, data Unicast, multicast, broadcast IPv4, IPv6
Provide advanced security mechanism

protection against threats and attracts (including Internet ones)
Support several charging models

flat rate, charging based on QoS, etc.
Packet core
2G
3G
LTE
Non-3GPP
42
Network architecture
HSOPA
LTE/SAE architecture
EPS (Evolved Packet System)
eUTRAN
EPC
Internet, Operator services, etc.
Termi nals
CN of WCDMA/HSPA Based on GSM/GPRS CN of LTE More radical evolution of CN -> EPC
eUTRAN (evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
44
eUTRAN architecture
The eUTRAN performs all radio interface related functions for terminals in active mode such as admission control, handover (eNodeB reallocation), scheduling, etc.
eNodeB
S1 X2
eNodeB S1
S1
EPC
X2
Support eNodeB reallocation Support loss-less mobility (packet forwarding)
eNodeB
Macro-diversity between eNodeB is not supported (it does not give the gains that motivates the complexity increased)
eNodeB (eUTRAN NodeB, evolved NodeB)
45
EPC architecture (1/2)

The EPC provides access to external networks and performs CN related functions (e.g., QoS, security, mobility and terminal management for idle and active terminals).
Control plane node
S1-MME eNodeB S1 flex eNodeB S1-U1
MME
HSS S-GW and PDN GW can be implemented as one entity
PCRF
Serving Gateway S-GW need to be updated regarding which eNodeB it shall rout the user packet.
PDN Gateway
Internet
SEA Gateway
User plane nodes
MME (Mobility management Entity) HSS (Home Subscriber Station) PDN (Packet Data Network) PCRF (Policy and Charging Rule Function)
46
EPC architecture (2/2)

Serving gateway
Routing and forwarding packets Traffic relaying between 2G/3G systems and PDN gateway Management and storage of UE contexts Anchor for mobility between 3GPP and other 3GPP technologies
PDN gateway
Connectivity to external packet networks Packet filtering Charging support Anchor for mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP technologies
Mobility Management Entity (MME)

Responsible for idle mode UE tracking and paging procedure Choosing the Serving gateway for a UE at the initial attach Authentication of UEs (interaction with HSS). Authorization of UEs to camp on the network Generation and allocation of temporary identities to UEs 47
Architecture
The LTE and EPC is optimized for performance and cost efficiency.
User management and IMS enhancement of 3GPP Rel7
IP networks
Policy control and charging enhancement of 3GPP Rel7
2G/3G MME SAE gateway Other access
Signaling User traffic and signaling separation in CN enabling Network topology flexibility Independent user & control plane scalability Efficient migration Reuse of equipment ( CAPEX) Common management for LTE and 2G/3G (OPEX)
User traffic
eNodeB
48
Protocol architecture
HSOPA
Protocol architecture
UE
eNode B
RRC
(Radio Resource Control)
3 layer (e.g., IP) SAE bearers
3 layer (e.g., IP)
RRC
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) Radio bearers
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
RLC (Radio Link Control)

Logical channels MAC (Medium Access Control) Transport channels PHY (Physical layer) Physical channels
RLC (Radio Link Control)

MAC (Medium Access Control) PHY (Physical layer)
50
PHY
Physical Layer Functions
Mapping
Transport channels Physical channels (= set of time-frequency resources) Turbo codes, (tail biting) convolution codes up to 64QAM
Control plane User plane
RRC
Coding, modulation Physical layer HARQ processing Multi-antenna processing
PDCP
RLC MAC PHY
51
OFDM (1/2)
FDM with 8 subcarriers using filters
FDM uses n frequencies to simultaneously transmit n signals in parallel. Each signal has its own frequency (subcarrier) which is then modulated by data. Each subcarrier is separated by a guard band to ensure that they do not overlap. The subcarriers are then demodulated at the RX by using filters to separate the bands.
OFDM with 8 subcarriers
OFDM (Orthogonaly Frequency Division Multiplex) is much more spectrally efficient by spacing the subcarriers much closer together. This is done by using frequency that are orthogonal - the spectrum of each subchannel overlaps without interfering with it. Thus, the required bandwidth is greatly reduced.
52
OFDM (2/2)
OFDM: multi-carrier modulation transmitting data over a number of orthogonal subcarriers
Pilot subcarriers
Data subcarriers Guard subcarriers
Guard subcarriers
DC
Data subcarriers
Transport symbols (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM)
Pilot subcarriers
Transport known pilot symbol sequence to permit channel estimation and synchronization
DC subcarrier
Centre frequency of the transmission
Guard subcarriers
Outer carriers that are not used for transmission permits spectrum shaping
53
OFDMA
Subcarriers are divided into subsets of subcarriers each subset can be allocated to different user Allocation of subcarriers
Adjacent (consecutive) allocation Distributed allocation
Guard subcarriers
DC
Guard subcarriers
Subchannel 1
Subchannel 2
Subchannel 3
Subchannel 4
54
Radio interface
Benefits of OFDM
OFDM symbol (+prefix) robustness against channel frequency selectivity Time + frequency scheduling Flexible transmission bandwidth
UE eNode B
Motivation of using DFTS-OFDM Lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAR)
PAR - average tx power can be for a given amplifier (... coverage, power consumption equalisation to handled corruption of the single carrier signal due to frequency selective fading is less issue it is located in eNodeB
55
MAC
Medium Access Control Functions
Mapping
Logical channels Transport channels RLC blocks transport blocks
RRC
Multiplexing/Demultiplexing Scheduling HARQ ...
PDCP
RLC MAC PHY
Note: Compare to WCDMA, the in-sequence data delivery is provided by RLC in LTE.
56
Resources
Scheduler assignment of resources
LTE: time & frequency HSDPA: time & channelisation codes
Implementation specific (not specified by 3GPP) scheduler
Most schedulers take advantage of channel variations between UEs Channel depend scheduling
57
RLC
Radio Link Control RLC entity per logical channel Functions
Segmentation, concatenation, reassembly
Upper layer blocs RLC blocks
3 modes
Transparent, Un / Acknowledged
Control User RRC plane plane PDCP RLC MAC PHY
Error corrections
ARQ (AM)
In-sequence delivery to upper layer (UM, AM) Protocol error detection and recovery
Note: Compare to WCDMA, the RLC PDU size varies dynamically in LTE (HSPA Rel7). (rate - PDU size - relative overhead; rate - PDU size - relative overhead)
PDCP (1/2)
Packet Data Convergence Protocol Functions
Header compressions (TCP/IP, )
ROHC (Robust Header Compression)
RRC
Ciphering In-sequence delivery (at handover) Duplicate discarding (at handover)
PDCP
RLC MAC PHY
Note: Compare to LTE, the ciphering is provided by RLC (eventually MAC) in WCDMA.
59
RRC
Radio Resource Control protocol Control all lower layers RRC data
Signaling of RRC Signaling of upper layer (Mobility & Session manag., Call control, etc.)

RRC
Functions
Controls measurements Establishment/maintenance/release of RRC conn.
PDCP
RLC MAC PHY
60

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HSPA

3GPP 1st version of specification

2012, November, R. Bestak

Basic features (2/2)

2012, November, R. Bestak

Introduce in Release 5 (2002) Goals

2012, November, R. Bestak

Fast adaptation rapid adaptation of transmission parameters to instantaneous channel conditions

2012, November, R. Bestak

2012, November, R. Bestak

2012, November, R. Bestak

Short TTI Transmission Time Interval

Fix spreading factor, SF = 16

HS-DSCH vs. DSCH

Feature Variable spreading factor Fast power control

DSCH (Release 99)

Adaptive modulation and coding

HSDPA resources (1/3)

2012, November, R. Bestak

HSDPA resources (2/3)

Codes allocated to HS-DSCH

2012, November, R. Bestak

New MAC entity

Upper part of MAC-hs/Phy

2012, November, R. Bestak

HS-Physical Downlink Shared Ch.

Transport ch. (HS-DSCH) is mapped to 1 or several physical ch. (HS-PDSCH)

2012, November, R. Bestak

HS-Shared Control Ch.

2012, November, R. Bestak

HS-Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

Slot 10 Slot 11 Slot 12 Slot 13

2012, November, R. Bestak

11,12 support QPSK only

2012, November, R. Bestak

transmission with several HARQ processes (minimum inter-TTI=3)

Create a new HARQ process with Id =1

Create a new HARQ process with Id =2

Terminate the HARQ process with Id =1

Create a new HARQ process with Id =1

HS-PDSCH (data) HARQ Id=1

HS-PDSCH (data) HARQ Id=2

HS-PDCCH (Ack) HARQ Id=1

HS-PDCCH (Ack) HARQ Id=2

HS-PDSCH (data) HARQ Id=1

HS-PDSCH (data) HARQ Id=2

HS-PDSCH (data) HARQ Id=1

7,5 slots UE -Tx

2012, November, R. Bestak

Round Trip Time UE-Node B

2012, November, R. Bestak

Provides High Speed (HS) uplink data channel

Introduce in Release 6 (2004) Goals

2012, November, R. Bestak

2012, November, R. Bestak

2012, November, R. Bestak

2012, November, R. Bestak

Variable spreading factor

New MAC entities

Functions of MAC-e, MAC-es

Lower part of MAC-e/Phy

Upper part of MAC-e/Phy

2012, November, R. Bestak