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Chain polymerization or addition polymerization is a reaction initiated by radicals or charged ions in which monomer units are added rapidly via a chain reaction or reactions until termination or chain transfer, where the resulting in a polymer has the same number of atoms as their monomers that are formed in a short period of time (Parker, S., 2003). Condensation polymerization, on the other hand, is the process in which polymers are formed through a condensation reaction and the resulting polymers have fewer atoms than its monomers. Water is also produced as a by-product of the reaction. Below are the differences between the two kinds of polymerization: Chain Polymerization Growth occurs only by addition of monomer to active chain end. Monomer is present throughout, but its concentration decreases. Polymer begins to form immediately. Chain growth is usually very rapid (second to microseconds). MW and yield depend on mechanism details. Only monomer and polymer are present during reaction. Usually (but not always) polymer repeat unit has the same atoms as had the monomer Condensation Polymerization Any two molecular species can react. Monomer disappears early. Polymer MW rises throughout. Growth of chains is usually slow (minutes to days). Long reaction times increase MW, but yield of polymer hardly changes. All molecular species are present throughout. Usually (but not always) polymer repeat unit has fewer atoms than had the monomer.
2. Discuss the different types of chain polymerization processes. Cationic polymerization is a type of chain polymerization which utilizes protonic acids as a cationic initiator. Consequently, this binds and transfer charges to a monomer that basically binds into other monomers to form polymers through a repetitive alkylation reaction. This reaction requires the presence of an electron donating groups to stabilize the propagating species through resonance. Another form of chain polymerization process is anionic polymerization. Unlike cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization uses weak nucleophiles or weak bases as anionic initiators. This process also requires the presence of an electron withdrawing group or groups with double bonds to stabilize the species through resonance. The addition of monomers to form polymers is possible through a repetitive conjugate addition reaction or Michaels addition (Hammond, P., 2006). 3. The use of phenols such as tert-butylcathecol as free-radical scavengers is based on the fact that phenolic hydrogens are readily abstracted by radicals, producing relatively stable phenoxy radicals, which interrupt chain processes of oxidation and polymerization. Alcohols such as cyclohexanol, on the other hand, do not function as radical scavengers. Explain why the two types of molecules differ in their abilities to donate a hydrogen atom to a radical, R. Sa dulo: http://chem.chem.rochester.edu/~chem421/ct1.htm
4. Write an equation for the reaction involved in the removal of tert-butylcathecol from styrene by extraction with sodium hydroxide. 5. In principle, radicals could add to styrene at the carbon atom bearing the phenyl group rather than the other one, yet they do not. Explain the basis of this selectivity for the addition reaction. 6. Would you expect the polystyrene generated in this experiment to be atactic, syndiotactic, or isostactic. Explain. http://www.docbrown.info/page07/isomerism2d.htm 7. What are the thermosetting polymers? What is the difference versus thermoplastic polymers? Polymers are classified based on changes on its characteristics upon exposure to heat. Thermosetting polymers are normally produced in a one step reaction and then made into different products through successive chemical processes which results in irreversible cures which basically mean that when cooled below its softening point it becomes rigid and upon reheating, this type of polymers will become soft but not formable and not fluid. Conversely, thermoplastic polymers are basically formed under the same process as thermosetting polymers but thermoplastic polymers, upon heating, are still formable and shapeable in its softened state (Hudson, R., 2011).
References Hammond, P. 2006. Synthesis of Polymers. Retrieved from: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemicalengineering/10-569-synthesis-of-polymers-fall-2006/lecture-notes/lec25_11132006.pdf Hudson, R. 2011. Thermoset vs. Thermoplastic Materials. Retrieved from: http://www.rlhudson.com/publications/techfiles/thermo.htm