Demography and Growth of Nasik

INTRODUCTION
Nasik is an important city of Maharashtra, economically and socially the most advanced state in India. Geographical proximity to Mumbai (Economic capital of India has influenced its gro!th in post independence years. "evelopments of past t!o decades have completely transformed this traditional pilgrimage centre into a vibrant modern metropolis and Nasik is poised to become a metropolis !ith global links. Ne! Nasik has emerged out of the dreams, hard !ork and enterprising spirit of local and migrant people. "evelopment of multiple economic activities in and around Nasik has this common theme of people#s initiative and actions, spirit of constant learning and innovating through experiences of regional, national and global sources and experimentation. $he spirit of adventure can be traced to the mythology of %ord &ama !ho chose the riverbanks of Godavari, the present Nasik, as his home in exile. Nasik thus became a city of pilgrimage and ac'uired the status of (enaras of )outh India. Global connections of Nasik have been traced back to second century (*. +rchaeologists have established its links to &oman Empire through trade. (uddhist stone,cut caves dated -./ (* and *hamar caves of the 0ain period still attract large number of visitors. Muslim, Maratha and (ritish rulers governed this city in last /11 years. Each period left its cultural and architectural imprints on the city fabric. +dditions of modern activities and

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functions to the city has not undermined the traditional role of Nasik as pilgrimage centre but old built form is rapidly decaying and is getting consumed in the commercialisation. $his paper studies the gro!th of Nasik and its surrounding region based on industrialisation. It also considers the city gro!th in relation to the process of urbanisation, changing trends and patterns of settlements of Indian subcontinent. Globalisation based on ne! technological developments !ill have a great bearing on the future course of urban development and its significance for Indian people. *oncepts like formation of Global village !ill have revolutionary impacts on the human society. I am tempted to name this as period of Globalayan, a period of transformation of !orld into a global village !hereby cities like Nasik !ill have a greater role to play.

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Nasik and Surrounding Village Settlements Before 1882

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1.MAKHAMALABAD GA !HAN 2. MHA#S$L '. ADGA N ". GANGA)$# %. ANANDVALL+ (. NAS+K (a. )AN.HAVA!+ *. NAND$# DAS!AK 8. MAN$# -. )AN.HAK 1/. BASAK 11. ,KL,H#A 12. )+M)ALGA N BAH$LA 1'. .H$N HALA 1". AMBAD KH. 1%. KAMA!&ADA 1(. SA!)$# 1*. )A!HA#D+ 18. &ADAL, 1-. VADN,# 2/. D, LAL+ 21. V+H+! 22. .H,H,D+ 2'. D,GA N 2". SAMANGA N 2%. K !AMGA N 2(. DADH,GA N 2*.)+M)ALGA N KHAM

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+ (&IE6 4I)$7&5 76 N+)I8 Nasik (efore -99: Nasik is located on the nine peaks of "eccan plateau. &iver Godavari flo!s through the centre of the *ity. $he left bank area, kno!n as ;anchavati, is believed to be the land chosen by %ord &ama for his stay in exile. $here are a number of temples and a cave supposed to have been used by )ita, !ife of %ord &ama. $apovan, a small forest area for meditation is located nearby. $raditionally the families staying in this part of city are engaged in religious activities. Muslim population settled on the right bank of Godavari, !hen Nasik came under Muslim rule in -<,-=th century. +n old Gadhi (6ort of smaller si>e !ith !alled enclosure !as constructed by the Muslim &ulers. ;rior to Muslim occupation of the city there !ere as many as :11 large and small temples on both the banks of river Godavari. $hese temples used to be busy !ith religious activities throughout the day all round the year. "uring Muslim rule, they lost their glory and !ere slo!ly transformed into ruins. 5et Nasik held on to its position as an important pilgrimage centre for 4indus. ;eshavas from ;une !on control of Nasik in the -.th century. $hey took keen interest in the renovation and development of Nasik city. $hey invited various craftsmen to construct temples and buildings. $hey encouraged traders to settle and start business in Nasik. $he city flourished during this period. Many old temples in ruin !ere renovated !ith large donations from the trading community and the rulers. Ne! temple complexes !ere constructed in -.,-9 century in Nasik and its surrounding villages such as $rimbakes!ar, *handvad, )innar and +n?aneri that are !ithin :1 km radius. %arge residential buildings called 3adas (houses !ith courtyards including those for the ;eshava !ere constructed. Most of the ne! development of this period took place on the &ight (ank of the river.

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+fter prolonged fights in the region, the (ritish occupied Nasik to!ards the second decade of -@ century. In -9-9, the Nasik district area completely came under (ritish rule. In next fe! decades $he (ritish &ule !as consolidated. )ubse'uently ne! administration based on (ritish model !as successfully implemented in the district. Nasik !as given the status of a to!n and municipal council !as established in -9=/. Even in this period Nasik continued to be a religious centre. (rahmin community of Nasik !as very influential. $he (ritish administration on many occassions had to bo! to the !ishes of (rahmin community. *onstruction of &ail!ay line ?oining Mumbai !as the most significant development of the -@, century. (ut (rahmins opposed its entry into Nasik city on religious grounds. 6inally the rail!ay line !as realigned to a distance of -1 km from city and the station !as named as Nasik &oad (-9=/ A 4o!ever resistance to the construction of a bridge across &iver Godavari !as successfully defused. $ram !as another addition to the city, !hich became necessary due to the distance bet!een city and &ail!ay station. 4igh!ay connecting Mumbai to North India passing through Nasik !as constructed replacing earlier (ullock cart track. In -99: Nasik !as appointed !ith a local self,government by enactment of municipal la! by the (ritish rule. $he author considers 4istory of modern Nasik to start from this year. Nasik after -99: %ast decade of -@th century and first fifty years of :1th century !ere turbulent. +ll countries of the !orld !ere affected by the events of this period such as !orld !ars, economic upheavals etc. Brbanisation in India based on industrial production had started in the late (ritish period. ;ort to!ns like *alcutta, Mumbai, *hennai (Madras became first industrial to!ns. ;opulation of these cities gre!

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rapidly due to the multiple economic activities but the progress of urbanisation in this period !as not steady. In the first half of this century, epidemics like plague (-@-- , Influen>a (-@-9 and the first 3orld 3ar (-@-C,-9 and great !orld economic depression of -@<1#s !ere responsible for this irregular process of urbanisation. Brban population declined in the face of these global events. 7n the other hand, rapid urbanisation took place in the second 3orld 3ar period in -@<@, -@C= due to the re'uired increase in industrial production. +nother spell of rapid gro!th in Indian urban population took place in -@C. due to the large number of refugees after partition of the country. $ill -@C. Nasik !as a small and relatively insignificant to!n. ;opulation of Nasik in the first five decades of this century multiplied more than four times (&efer graph on page . . $his gro!th in population !as primarily due to administrative functions of the city as a district head'uarter. Establishment of India security press in -@:/ and currency note press in -@:9 !ere only ma?or additional functions re'uiring a !orkforce. Military cantonment areas at "eolali and artillery centre at Nasik &oad, !ere established in !ar period (-@-9 . +ll these additions !ere outside the then city limits of Nasik, located about 9,-1 km a!ay, near the rail!ay station of Nasik &oad. Introduction of electricity in -@:@ did bring about certain changes in the city. "adasaheb ;halke of Nasik, pioneer of Indian cinema produced the first Indian film in -@-<. *inema theatres became great entertainment centres of the district. Main economic function continued to be religious tourism and related trade, the t!o traditional activities related to Nasik. (rass D copper utensils and gold D silver ornaments !ere produced in Nasik but the production !as home,based. $he agricultural production in the district !as limited to a fe! traditional crops and grape, the fruit for !hich Nasik !as famous. "espite the reno!ned 'uality and

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variety in types of grapes, the production !as limited in volume and its contribution to economy !as insignificant. Expansion of Nasik ;opulation reached /:111 (-@C- mainly due to migration of people to Nasik. $raditionally migrants al!ays settled on the &ight (ank of &iver Godavari. $hey occupied land tracks on the periphery of the development during the last ;eshava period. $raditional ;anchavati area of Nasik carried out its religious functions 'uite insulated from ne! developing areas. )ettlement pattern of this ne! area development !as based on the (ritish planning principles. &oad connecting Nasik to Mumbai became the ne! focal point of city !ith its ne! imposing stone structures constructed in neo gothic style, set back from roads and providing tree lined avenues in the administrative area. $he (ritish residential 'uarters !ere large bungalo!s set in landscaped gardens, located a!ay from office areas. (uildings for "istrict *ourt, *ollector offices, ;olice head'uarters and large buildings housing !ar offices and to!n hall !ere part of the administrative complex. Indian professionals like la!yers, doctors, administrators and neo rich planned their residential area near this administrative complex. )mart residences in art deco style, !hich !ere popular in Europe, appeared in the city. (ritish rule introduced formal education and many schools !ere constructed. *losely packed buildings, narro! streets and multiple d!ellings dominated the traditional settlement. (ungalo!s !ith gardens, set back from the streets became popular in the ne! residential developments. &esidents of ne! settlement !ere influenced by (ritish education. $hey !ere conscious of Modern *ity development. $his ne! class of people !as active and influential in political and social movements of the period. $hey had close contacts !ith cities like Mumbai, ;une and the outside !orld. $his area later became the centre of

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political movement and independence struggle. "irection of gro!th a!ay from the old city to!ards Mumbai and ;une is symbolic. $he gro!th of city in this direction continued even after independence. 3ith the establishment of the (ritish rule came the diverse cultural and religious groups of people. $he ;arsees, $he *hristians, and 4indus from cities like Mumbai and ;une contributed to the gro!th. Ma?or cultural addition !as that of English language through the introduction of formal education. $he Irani (;arsees restaurants became attractive ne! meeting places. (read and bakery products introduced by them became very famous. Missionaries constructed churches on the periphery of the city. + public Garden called 0ackson Garden !as introduced. *ultural diversity of migrant population made the city change its basic attitudes. It contributed by expanding the cultural experiences of people and making them a!are of ne! ideas, philosophies, languages, cultures and religions, opening up ne! opportunities for interactions and change. Idea of independent democratic India also !as nurtured in this period and environment. Nasik played a ma?or part during the Independence movement. It had its share of glorious fights against (ritish &ulers. 2iolent events like assassinations as !ell as peaceful encounters of the period have proud place in the 4istory of Nasik. "uring the )truggle for Independence, Nasik and Nasik &oad became famous due to the central 0ails !here hundreds of freedom fighters and national leaders including 0a!aharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi !ere held prisoners.

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G&73$4 +N" "I2E&)I6I*+$I7N 76 N+)I8 +6$E& -@C. ;opulation ;opulation of the then Nasik recorded the highest ever gro!th rate bet!een -@C-, /-. Gro!th rate of 9/ E in this decade took the total population figure to nearly a -11,111. $his gro!th !as the result of partition of India. ;opulation gro!th rate started rising steadily after -@=- and Nasik recorded more than the average gro!th rate for India in t!o decades, bet!een -@.-,@-. In -@9: the city limit !as expanded and Nasik ac'uired the status of Metropolitan *ity !ith a population of C<:,111. Gro!th rate of =< E for the decade -@.-,9- continued in the decade -@9-,@-. In -@@. the population reached the figure of more than @11,111 and is expected to cross one million before the next century.
Gro2 t3 of )o0ulation in Nasik
8/////.// */////.// (/////.// %/////.//

)o0ulation

"/////.// '/////.// 2/////.// 1/////.// /.// 18*1 1881 18-1 1-/1 1-11 1-21 1-'1 1-"1 1-%1 1-(1 1-*1 1-81 1--1

1ear

;eople migrating to Nasik are largely residents from rural areas of the district and other parts of Maharashtra. $hey come in search of higher education and better ?ob opportunities. + number of migrants are industrial !orkers and employees from other to!ns !ho have migrated !ith their production units. Migration from other states is relatively less. In recent years the number of people choosing Nasik as a place to settle after retirement is gro!ing. + fe! of the migrants are

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people !ho have returned from other countries after a lifetime career to settle in Nasik thus re,establishing old links !ith the country and their families. +ll these people !ith their kno!ledge in diverse fields are contributing to the ne! emerging cityscape. 3ith migration, the composition and culture is rapidly changing.

*ity (oundaries $he gro!th in population necessitated the expansion of city boundary from time to time to help provide and extend urban services to the people occupying the peripheral villages and make more land available for urban population. In -99- the then Nasik to!n area !as ?ust / s'. miles (-< s'. km. 6irst expansion in -@<- took this area to .../ s'. miles (:1 s'. km. In -@/- the city boundary expanded to encompass area of -9 s'. miles (C. s'. km 6urther expansion (-@9: of city limits covered an area of --1 s'. miles (:9..:: s'. km

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 $his increase in the area !orks out to :: times in one hundred years. $he population gre! <1 times in same period.

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Industriali>ation of Nasik *ity and "istrict Independent India had a grand industrial development agenda. )cience, technology and industrial production !as given a priority in the development strategy. ;olicy frame!ork devised by ;andit 0a!aharlal Nehru !as the driving force. (efore independence, India had very fe! industries using modern technology for producing goods. *olonial rule had restricted industrial gro!th. Most of the population (@1E residing in rural India !as poor and the pressure on agriculture !as unsustainable. Industrialisation on large scale based on modern technology, !hich had brought material !ealth in !estern countries, !as seen as a remedy. (arring a fe! ports like *alcutta, Madras and Mumbai, modern industrial culture !as totally absent. Government planned large public sector industries for production of basic goods. ;olicy of decentralisation of Industrial investment !as promoted for balanced urban gro!th. (ut private capital investments !ere limited to existing metropolises and larger to!ns as the infrastructure for industries !as inade'uate in other areas. *entral and state Governments devised policies for creating ne! industrial gro!th centres. &esults of all these policies are no! seen in the case of cities like Nasik. )ome people of Nasik shared this dream and started !orking to!ards the industrialisation of Nasik. $hese people !ere mostly those !ho had participated in the freedom struggle. Initiative and efforts of such people resulted in the Government acceptance of the proposal for an industrial estate in Nasik. 6irst industrial estate NI*E (Nasik Industrial *o,operative Estate !as formed in the co,operative sector in -@=:. In the same year, Maharashtra )tate government also responded by declaring MI"* (Maharashtra Industrial "evelopment *orporation Industrial Estate at )atpur village, . km from Nasik. 4industan +eronautics %imited established unit for production of MIG fighters at 7>ar, a

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village :1 km from Nasik. $his production facility in public sector !as established in collaboration !ith the then B.).).& in -@=C. In -@=. )I*7M ()tate Investment *orporation of Maharashtra adapted Nasik as its gro!th centre. +ll these events brought Nasik on the industrial map of India. 6orming an industrial estate !as one thing and attracting investments another. NI*E had to undertake the arduous task of attracting entrepreneurs. %ocal residents, traders and professionals, having no experience in industrial production !ere convinced and pursued to put money in ne! ventures. In -@=1 )atpur !as a small village !ithout even a post office, telephone or electricity. *onstructing buildings, roads and other infrastructure proved a 4erculean task for the pioneering entrepreneurs. Next on the agenda of NI*E !as an effort to attract large private sector investment preferably !ith international collaboration. NI*E !as re!arded in its efforts !hen MI*7 (German multinational and +(( ()!edish multinational established their production units. $he industry that came to Nasik !as mostly engineering, electrical and pharmaceutical. )atpur Industrial +rea became fully functional in -@.1s and soon all the plots !ere taken up by small, medium and large enterprises. $hermal po!er plant at Eklahra near Nasik &oad greatly contributed to the po!er demand of industries. $he success of )atpur MI"*, created demand for additional Industrial plots. In -@91 MI"* declared second industrial estate at +mbad, a village located on Mumbai,Nasik road, -1 km from Nasik. +ll plots in this industrial area are occupied today. NI*E has also developed special plots for 3omen#s co,operative and a building !ith small !orkshops for !omen entrepreneurs. )pecial premises are also donated for the training and production facilities for mentally handicapped persons. *o,operation and support of industry to various local !elfare institutes has given a boost to many social schemes.

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)uccess of NI*E and NIM+ (Nasik Industrial Manufacturers +ssociation at )atpur and +mbad !as repeated at )innar, a small to!n :: km from Nasik. + co, operative industrial estate developed by local initiative in -@9: !as follo!ed by formation of MI"* Industrial area at )innar in -@99. $his area is in the process of development. +dditional )innar area is being developed as a Mega Industrial estate !ith state of the art facilities. $rans,national industrial companies are invited to locate their production centres here. Global, experienced development agencies are also invited to plan and execute the pro?ect. &esidential to!nship !ill be developed along !ith this. )innar !as once famous for its (idies (type of hand rolled tobacco stick . $oday it is planning for the future high tech industries. Nasik can boast of an industrial region producing goods from pins to +eroplanesA Industrialisation has boosted the spirit of Nasik district. Each $ehsil (an administrative unit of district is planned !ith a mini industrial estate, including the tehsils !here the population is predominantly +divasi (tribal and aboriginal . $here are no! -: co,operative industrial areas besides the MI"* estates. $he district is expected to create -11,111 industrial ?obs in near future (&efer $able No. < . +gricultural Gro!th +griculture and related activities generally do not form a part of urban economy. It !as not considered for gro!th in case of Nasik. (ut development and progress have many surprises. Nasik has been lucky to have this. $raditionally Nasik had been famous in India for its grapes. 7nion !as another agricultural crop. (esides these t!o cash crops, agricultural production of Nasik !as insignificant. Main problems faced by the farmers !ere lack of irrigation facilities and limited cultivable land. $he land in Nasik region is mostly barren and rocky. *ultivation !as limited to monsoon season. $hough many pulses, oil seeds, grains like !heat, ?a!ar, ba?ra and rice !ere cultivated, the yield !as poor.

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+gricultural sector did not contribute much to the local economy. *ultivation of vegetables and fruits !as limited. "airy and poultry !ere also underdeveloped till the last fe! years due to absence of services to the farming community. +ll this has changed significantly in the last -1 years. Investments, irrigation schemes, electricity, ne! technologies like drip irrigation, better seeds and other inputs are contributing to increase in production. Educated and trained farmers !ith a business attitude are seeking and creating facilities. Immense potential has been created for agro,industries through this sector. Grapes of all varieties for table consumption or for making resins, grape ?uice, grape !ines are cultivated by farmers on a small scale as !ell as by large plantations developed through corporate ?oint ventures !ith 6rench and +ustralian companies. "ue to systematic promotion efforts and facility creations, farmers are capturing European grape markets. *old storages, pre,cooling, packing and processing units are gro!ing in number. Necessary information is being generated and visits to other potential markets in Middle East, south,east +sia and Europe are becoming common for farmers. *ultivation of onion, the traditional cash crop has been expanded for gro!ing export markets. 3hite onion po!der popular in B.). and Europe is from Nasik and neighbouring 0algaon district kno!n as North Maharashtra regions. )tra!berry is a ne! crop becoming popular due to potential export and gro!ing demand in national market. %arge,scale plantations have been undertaken by 6rench (iotech %td. in "indori $ehsil of Nasik. 7rient )ericulture ($ata group has -111 hectares of mulberry plantation. $raditional ;aithani (a kind of rich silk sari produced on handloom production has been revived at 5eola and craftsmen are re!arded by great market response to the products. $raditional paithani design has been adapted by a designer for +ircraftA

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Nasik !as once called Gulshanabad (city of roses . No! &oses from Nasik are exported to middle east. 6loriculture pro?ects have emerged !here the exotic varieties popular in European markets are gro!n. Nasik is taking advantage of gro!ing local demand for flo!ers. $here are many such farms, small and medium in si>e !ithin the city limits of Nasik. 6arms and 6armhouses !ithin city limits and the surrounding areas make Nasik a uni'ue city. Interdependence, interaction, participation and mutual support given by residents, agricultural and industrial producers is an important factor in the evolution of urban rural relationship. )ynergy of agricultural and industrial sector holds great promises of change in the future of Nasik but they can only be realised through the gro!th of service sector. $his sector is gro!ing at a much faster rate and its role in local and national economy is ever increasing in importance. )ervice )ector (usiness, $rade, *ommerce and 6inancial )ector (anking, finance, insurance, legal, taxation and accountancy services,

engineering support, trading of ra! material and finished goods, packing and for!arding, !arehousing, transport services, security, maintenance and computer services are needed for the gro!th and development of industries. $his sector has gro!n in Nasik in the last <1 years. Nationalised banks have =@ branches in Nasik city !hile the remaining district has :<: branches. Many other co,operative and private sector banks also operate in the district. /-: bank branches in the district offer various banking services !hich !ere totally absent at the time of independence. &egional offices of ma?or financial institutions like M)6* (Maharashtra )tate 6inance *orporation , )I*7M and ma?or banks are located in Nasik. $!o ma?or banks have started specialised branches for hi,tech agro finance. 4"6* (+ ma?or

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private sector housing finance corporation and )4&I*7M housing bank have their branches in Nasik. N+6E" (National +gricultural 6inance and Export "ivision handles most of the agricultural export. In order to facilitate and boost gro!ing export from the region, container freight station has been started by central !arehousing corporation and custom duty clearances have been arranged for in Nasik (earlier this used to be done at Mumbai $ourism $ourism has been a traditional function of the city. 2isitors come to city on auspicious days in large numbers, to have a dip in river Godavari. Godavari is kno!n as a holy river of south India comparable to the Ganges. ;eople assemble in great numbers at Nasik every -: years. $his fair is kno!n as 8umbha Mela. $he last 8umbha Mela !as held in the year -@@: !hen about a million people visited Nasik In normal years tourists visit to perform certain religious rites on banks of Godavari and at the numerous temples. $he arrangements for their stay are made in the houses of the priests or !ith the people of common caste. %odging places constructed !ith donations from rich people kno!n as "harmashalas provide comfortable and affordable accommodation. Modern tourist hotels !ere introduced in the (ritish period. $oday hotel industry is flourishing in Nasik. $ourists come from distant parts of India. 6acilities demanded and provided for are gro!ing at great speed and variety. $our operators are bringing tourists in great numbers. $hey are helped by gro!th in transport infrastructure.

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(eautiful old temples of )hiva at $rimbakesh!ar, 8ala &am at Nasik, and "evi (Goddess temple in the hills of )aptashringi attract a large number of devotees. Modern temple complexes like Mukti "ham and church at Nasik road have become ne! attractions for tourists. )ai (aba temple at )hirdi in neighbouring district attracts people of all faiths. Industrial expansion and activities have created a great demand for business hotels. India#s leading chain of 4otels, $he $a?, has constructed a smart .1 room !ell appointed five star hotel having fully e'uipped modern business centre !ith conference rooms, recreational and health facilities and speciality restaurants in plush landscaped setting. number of travellers and holidaymakers. 4ousing *onstruction Gro!ing population created demand for housing. *I"*7, (*ity "evelopment *orporation established by Government of Maharashta to develop the t!in,city of Mumbai (Ne! (ombay started its !ork for Ne! Nasik in -@.@. $o!nship planned by *I"*7 has been located bet!een t!o industrial estates of )atpur and +mbad. $his to!nship provides various types of houses and plots for private development. $otal area of approx. C11 4a. houses <1,111 families besides all other amenities. 4ousing construction in private sector is booming and has become a large business. +ll types of constructions, such as single family houses, apartment buildings and small colonies are mushrooming in the city. 7ld city residential areas !ith their typical #3ada# structures are on the !ay to extinction. %and prices have increased steadily. +ll old residential areas are becoming increasingly congested and old street pattern and topography of the city poses challenges. +ll the same, slums as !ell as providing affordable housing in sufficient numbers is a problem. Motels and 4oliday resorts are cropping up around the peripheral areas serving a large

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Nasik is no! expanding in all directions along the main arterial roads. $he housing areas and commercial establishments, shopping, and services like schools, hospitals etc. are in the same >one. (usiness activities in the city mostly consist of small establishments employing not more than -1 persons. $he vast service sector employment is created through such establishments. $here are many advantages. Most people go home for lunch. $!o !heelers are very popular and provide cheap transport. %eisurely pace of the city is in contrast to the lifestyle of Mumbai and has attracted many from such cities.

Infrastructure Nasik has been blessed !ith a number of small rivers besides river Godavari. + number of dams constructed in the last /1 years have improved the availability of !ater. (ut the delivery system of this vital resource needs much improvement. Electricity is supplied by the )tate grid and is presently sufficient. (ut demand is gro!ing faster than the supply. Many industrial establishments are no! allo!ed to generate their o!n po!er through captive plants, !hich means more po!er is available to the city. Nasik could develop to such si>e and at such speed due to the advantage of its location vis,F,vis Mumbai. $he distance is -9/ km. $he present capacity of road and rail links is grossly inade'uate. $raffic has gro!n phenomenally in last fe! years. More than =1 E of trucks and containers travelling on the road have their destination beyond Nasik but have to pass through the city. +lternative road plans

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have not yet materialised. "emand for more trains to Mumbai is also pending. 4ence the load on the road transport is great. +ir link to Mumbai is a problem due to lack of civil airport. +ir force and Mig 6actory airports are not presently permitted to be used for civilian purposes. ;lan for an airport may be realised in future if finance is made available. $elecommunication link is the most vital infrastructure that !ill decide the gro!th of soft!are industry in Nasik. Modern telephone exchanges are providing ne! telephone connections. "irect satellite link for data communication is essential. $elecom department of the Government of India is planning for efficient and reliable digital connectivity in the near future. Nasik is hoping to take advantage of this and expecting to attract Information $echnology firms. "evelopment of infrastructure is going to be the most important factor for the gro!th and development of Nasik. %arge capital investment re'uired in this sector is a ma?or problem. Most of these services are provided by the public sector agencies. &ecently efforts are being made to seek private sector participation in improving these services.

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)ocial )ector $he rapid gro!th of the city has given boost to the social services like education, health and medicine, social !elfare, sports, entertainment, arts etc. 4igher level education in various streams such as engineering, computers, management, commerce, medicine, pharmacy, architecture, agriculture etc. is available in Nasik through various colleges and institutes. 5. (. *havan open Bniversity of Maharashtra is located in Nasik. &ecently the Government has announced setting up of Medical Bniversity of Maharashtra !hich !ill be located in Nasik. Most of these facilities have been added only in last t!o decades. Number of doctors, hospitals, health centres is steadily gro!ing and large number of people from the district depend on the city for variety of services.

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)+%IEN$ +N" IN$E&E)$ING 6+*$) +N" 6E+$B&E) +(7B$ G&73$4 +N" "E2E%7;MEN$ 76 N+)I8 +6$E& -@C. ;opulation gro!th rate of Nasik has been constantly more than that of Brban India, Maharashtra and nearest metro city of Mumbai bet!een -@.-, -@@-. Gro!th rate of Nasik (/. E and =. E is highest among top C cities of Maharashtra. Mumbai (<9 E and :1 E , ;une (C9 E and C. E , Nagpur (C1 E and :. E , bet!een -@.-,9- and -@9-,@- respectively. Nasik has gro!n from a population of :-C@1 in -@1- to .::-<@ in -@@-. $he gro!th rate bet!een -@1-,-@@- !orks out to <:=1 E !hich is higher than most of the top <C citiesA It took Mumbai -/. years to gro! from a base population of .1111 in -.CC to a million in -@1-. Nasik !ill have achieved this !ithin a short period of // years starting from -@C/ in year :111. Malegaon city of Nasik district !as famous for its handlooms and po!er looms. It !as largest industrial to!n of the district. In -@.- Malegaon, !as having more population (-@-9C. than Nasik (-.=1@1 . (ut in -@@- Nasik population (.:/111 more than doubled that of Malegaon (<C:/@/ . $otal population of Nasik $ehsil in -@@- !as 9:=<1< and urban population !as .<<::C. $his means that 99 E population of the $ehsil is urban. Nasik !as seventh largest city in -@C. in Maharashtra after Mumbai, ;une, Nagpur, )holapur +hmadnagar and +maravati, all having industrial activities. No! it is fourth. In -@9- Nasik !as C.th largest to!n in India. In -@@- Nasik became <Cth largest to!n in India Nasik is an industrial city but has got -< E !orking population in primary i.e. agricultural sector that is more than any large city of Maharashtra. Nasik has got second highest !orking population in service sector (:. E next to

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+urangabad (<- E . 4ence Nasik is listed inG Industrial cum serviceG category as per the definition of functional categories of *ensus of -@@- (&efer $able No. = . Gro!th of Nasik has given boost to the gro!th of other to!ns in the district !hich are closer to Nasik like )innar on Nasik ;une road, Igatpuri and Ghoti on Nasik Mumbai road and 7>ar on Nasik +gra road. +ll are !ithin the distance of C1 km. Brban gro!th of Nasik district is getting concentrated in the southern part of the district and almost =: E urban population is concentrated in C to!n of Nasik, Igatpuri, )innar and 7>ar, all the tehsils contiguous to Nasik $ehsil. Industrial activities of Nasik city and district have gro!n dramatically. In -@.- there !ere <@C industries in the district !ith total employment of -@=.:. Most of the employment in private sector !as in home based production. +bout .111 persons !ere engaged in (idi making (&olling of $obacco in leaves . In -@@. there are .9@= small,scale industries and -.C large and medium industries providing total employment to about ==111 !orkers. )mall, scale industries provide employment to about <:/11 persons. %arge no of industries are of engineering units, follo!ed by electrical, electronics, ;lastic moulding and agro,based industries. $he Industrial sector is not dominated and dependent on one or t!o large,scale plants. $he Industrial sector is much more diversified and independent. ;ublic sector employment in establishments like 4industan +eronautics %td (.911 , *urrency note press (/111 , India security press (=111 is significant. $he role of industry in greening of the area has to be ackno!ledged. 7nce barren and dry landscape of the areas surrounding the city is provided !ith green cover by conscious efforts of the industrial community.

Page 23

 "evelopment plan of Nasik *ity has :-11 ha. area allotted for Industrial use !hich is -C.1@ E of developed area and ?ust ..<- E of gross to!n area. 3hile CC.-C E of gross to!n area is in no "evelopment Hone. $his is the >one in !hich agricultural farms are located. $he Industries are located in exclusively planned areas and their gro!th is regulated through "evelopment control regulations. $he Industrial estates are planned !ith environmental concern and common effluent treatment plants are planned for them ( &efer $able No. : . $here are strong links bet!een gro!th and 4uman development. Gro!th and "iversification of economic activities of Nasik city has demanded gro!th of skilled and trained manpo!er. $he nature of industries and service sector in Nasik is primarily based on such human skills. $he demand today is largely met by the facilities created in last t!o decades. %iteracy rates, !omen#s participation in education and !ork force, are indicators. +t the beginning of t!entieth century this orthodox 4indu pilgrimage centre !as rocked by the conversion of cast 4indus to *hristianity. It !as also a great event !hen $he 6amous 8ala &am $emple of Nasik !as forcibly entered by the then untouchables under the leadership of "r. (abasaheb +mbedkar (-@:: . $oday the religious image and role of religion in Nasik is limited though important. )ecular image of Nasik is the result as !ell as the cause of successful transformation of Nasik. 4istorically Nasik !as never a capital city of any kingdom, !as never a rich business to!n, neither a rich agricultural ba>ar to!n or had industrial establishments like sugar factories, textile. It does not have po!erful political lobby. It is a people#s to!n and !as once kno!n as a to!n for common people #0anasthan#. $oday residents of Nasik proudly remember this name )7ME &E6%E*$I7N) 7N N+)I8 *I$5)*+;E

Page 24

 In -@9: physical boundaries of Nasik encompassed :: time more area than that in the year -99-. $he city space today is dominated by the ne! city developments. $he 'uality of ne! cityscape definitely needs the touch of creative artistic hands. ;hysical plans of Nasik *ity !ere developed through the government to!n planning department and other planning authorities like MI"* and *I"*7. No leading +rchitect or planner has been involved in its inception. 7ne can !itness the functional 'uality of the land use but there is total absence of planners aesthetic vision of a city. $oday Nasik is economically rich but lacks the aesthetic 'uality found in its development of Maratha rule or later (ritish rule. 7ld parts of Nasik including the administrative and residential areas developed during (ritish period and some of the developed areas !itness the typical overcro!ding of Indian cities. Narro! streets of old residential areas are far too inade'uate for the commercial use they are converted to and the vehicular traffic is choking them. )mall vendors, hand carts, animals, cycles, scooters and pedestrians are engaged in constant battles over space. ;ublic transport systems are grossly neglected and are inade'uate. Most of the people prefer scooters and motor cycles for obvious reasons even though the safety is at stakes. (ut it provides the cheapest mode of transport. It also helps the flexible !ork schedules of !orking persons and the lifestyles of people. $he development of ne! commercial buildings, restaurants, hotels, shopping centres try to go beyond stark aesthetics to attract attention but they lack authenticity and aesthetic values. 6e! efforts of architects can be termed partially successful and one of them is the ne! building of the Nasik Municipal *orporation. It is an apt symbol of the success and aspirations of transformed Nasik.

Page 25

 Nasik has large service sector employment and it is head'uarter of the North Maharashtra region comprising of four districts. It has presence of large number of banks, financial and insurance companies, marketing offices of many organisations, private sector organisations besides government and administrative offices. (ut it has no central business district as is common to many to!ns and the offices are spread throughout the city, merging !ith residential and industrial spaces or located along the main transport corridors. %ife style of people is also not dominated by the clock. 6lexible !orking hours, part time !ork schedules, 4ome based !ork places and home based income generation activities are 'uite common. Most of the people do not travel long distances to !ork ( Nasik area is roughly :1 x -C km and tensions of large metropolises are 'uite absent. )lum population and areas are not absent in the city but the population and areas are limited. $hat Nasik has many attributes of modern urban to!n !ith many advantages and choices of life styles is a common perception. $hat is the reason a large number of people are attracted to Nasik in last fe! years. Nasik can be termed as a successful example of gro!th !ith development and diversification including agricultural activities integrated in the city. It is an example that vindicates the policies adapted by India for industrialisation and decentralisation !ith public and private sector participation.

Page 26

B&(+NI)+$I7N $&EN") I N+)I8, M+4+&+)4$&+ +N" IN"I+

-11

-1

+ll India Maha. )tate Mumbai Nasik

+ll India Maha. )tate Mumbai Nasik

-@/C-.C<

-@=:=.C< -../. <@.@< </.-=

-@.<9.:C1..C C<.9<=.=9

-@9C=.<9 <@.@@ <9.1/ /..C

-@@<=.C9 <9.9/ :1.C=..=/

Gro!th and development of Nasik is significant for understanding the process and trends of urban gro!th in India. Nasik has gro!n much faster than in the last t!o decades !hen urban gro!th rate in Maharashtra and India are declining. $hat decline in gro!th rate of Mumbai in this period is significantly lo! can be seen from the graph. Brban centres in India are gro!ing in numbers. $here are about <.11

urban centres of !hich /// are gro!ing faster than the national average urban gro!th rate. 7f these <1 are in Maharashtra. ;une is the only city in Maharashtra beside Ne! "elhi and (angalore !ith population more than million gro!ing faster than the average.

Page 27

 Most of the fast gro!ing urban centres are the ones !hich had less than /11111 population in -@9-. Nasik falls in this catagory. 6rom the facts it can be inferred that the rapid gro!th of urbanisation and its concentration in large metros after Independence is arrested and urbanisation is more decentralised than ever before. &easons for this reversal have great bearing on the future course of urbanisation in India. ;osition of Maharashtra as the most Industrialised and urbanised state of India is no! challenged and many states are competing for larger share of both. )tates like Gu?arat, $amilnadu, +ndhra ;radesh, 7rissa and Madhya ;radesh through their systematic efforts are developing rapidly. 3ithin Maharashtra there has emerged great competition among cities for attracting Industrial investment. Governments also offer large incentives to Industries for location in rural areas. Industries are also helped by ne! communication technologies, gro!ing transport facilities, and other infrastructure development like po!er and !ater. It is unlikely that gro!th of Nasik !ill continue at the same rate as it nears the figure of one million population. $he reason is that many other gro!th centres are offering advantages of infrastructures, location near !orking population, near ra! material and location of consumption. &ecent completion of 8onkan rail!ay along the coast of Maharashtra is opening up many ne! areas for development and its impact !ill be much greater for the future course of development in Maharashtra than any other single factor. $his process of rapid development of fe! urban centres in early periods of industrialisation based on modern manufacturing processes and decentralisation and dispersal of gro!th in later period is not a uni'ue

Page 28

phenomenon in India but is an ubi'uitous process observed in most developed countries. 3hat is significant in India is that the process of centralisation and decentralisation is compressed in a shorter period.

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6B$B&E 76 B&(+NI)+$I7N IN G%7(+%IH+$I7N E&+ G%7(+%I)+$I7N in simple terms is explained as creation of Global village. $his concept is the product of ne! technological revolution in fields of Electronics, computers and speedy communication through satellite technology. +ll these are supporting the dispersal of all the human activities, most important being the economic, social and political activities. $hey are changing the methods of production of goods, their movements across the locations !ithin the countries and the !orld. *oncentration of goods production in urban centres mostly near the port to!ns, separation of rural agricultural production and industrial production of cities, irrational and !asteful movement of ra! materials, finished goods, agricultural products at great environmental costs !ere products of three centuries of Industrial revolution. (ut systemic nature of all the human interactions are becoming clear !ith the result that all countries of the !orld are becoming interdependent in this era of globali>ation. Globalisation !ill have many ne! opportunities for countries like India. +ll sectors of economy, especially +griculture can benefit from ne! technologies, kno!ledge intensive management, processing, preservation, marketing and environmentally friendly techni'ues, better infrastructure accessibility, and services like finance, crop insurance. Increasing productivity, multiple crops, and agriculture based local industrial facilities !ill affect the employment potential of rural areas. In countries like India large population can continue to be supported on agriculture !ith better economic returns. $he need for migration of rural poor to urban areas !ill be greatly reduced. Industrial production !ill be geographically dispersed across the country and the old e'uation of Industry and gro!th !ill change. $rend of diminishing employment in industrial sector of large metropolises has already started !hich !ill be further

Page 30

strengthened. Industrial investment !as seen as the vehicle of development in past. $oday investment in infrastructure is directing the gro!th. $he direction is a!ay from large metro centres. %arge cities !ill not vanish immediately but their economic position !ill be challenged. )ervice sector employment as !itnessed in developed countries !ill be dominant sector of large metropolises in India. )ervice sector !ill also gro! faster in small and medium to!ns and pressure on metropolises !ill be greatly relieved. *oncept of a city as such !ill still have large attraction but the scale and form !ill undergo dramatic change. Environmentally this trend is a positive trend and !ill be beneficial in the final analysis. *7N*%B)I7N )tudy of gro!th, diversification and transformation of Nasik reveals a trend that challenges common notions of the urbanisation process in India. $he developments of last t!o decades sho! a totally different trend from that observed in three decades before. $he focus of urban development in India needs to be shifted from experiences of large metropolises of *alcutta, Mumbai and *hennai that had emerged and flourished during the period !hen trade, commerce and early industrialisation directed the process of urbanisation. "ispersal and diversification of urban gro!th observed in last t!o decades vindicate the policy adapted by India after independence for a more balanced economic and physical gro!th. $hat this trend is likely to be strengthened in near future and !ill be assisted by ne! technologies can be seen from the case study of Nasik. Globalisation is a process that has potential to support and speed up this trend of Gcounter BrbanisationG as suggested by ;eter 4all. +rguments, pro?ections and models based on the urbanisation trends observed in the early

Page 31

industrialisation period !ill prove grossly inade'uate, redundant and futile like the forecasts based on future population gro!th in India made /,-1,-/ years ago. 4o! these pro?ections made by Bnited Nations ;opulation "ivision for *alcutta and Mumbai have proved totally !rong. ($able no. . It is essential to analyse the failures of these pro?ections and reasons behind them. +im of all developmental issues including that of urbanisation is to provide basic services to all, to reduce poverty and control the degradation of the life and the environment. $ransformation of Nasik in last fifty years has been successful in this direction. It has many positive and healthy aspects about it !hich need to be strengthened further. Globalisation provides one such opportunity.

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$able No. - I )E*$7&3I)E 37&8ING ;7;B%+$I7N 76 N+)I8 *I$5 IN 5E+& -@9- D -@@)r.n o -. :. <. C. *ultivators +gri. labourer ;rimary sector 4ousehold industry mfg.,processing repairs,services /. =. .. $ertiary sector $otal !orkers $otal !orkers $7$+% C<:1CC .:/<C-11 -11 -1C9./ -:9C@C non <1<//C -</:9= ::/@.< C@@<=9 9-.=< :@..C .1.:= /@.@9 <-.-/ =9.9C 7ccupation 5E+& -@9@9.: @.=C -@=/= <@=< 5E+& -@@-<1C< --9C1 :C99< =/91C ;E&*EN$ -@9..=9 ..=-/.<@ <.19 ;E&*EN$ -@@/... /.:< --.11 :@.-:

Page 33

$able No. : I %+N" B)E "I)$&I(B$I7N IN N+)I8 *I$5 %+N" B)E +&E+ 4+. IN E "E2E%7;E" +&E+ &esidential *ommercial Industrial ./11 <=<.=9 :-11 /1.<C :.CC -C.1@ C.9C -/.:1 :.99 -.-= :.=. =.<< :=.--.:. ..<:./< ..9@ -.C@ 1.=1 -.<@ <.:@ <..CC.C-11 76 E 76 $7$+% +&E+

;ublicJ semi public .:9.-1 $ransport and ::=/.<communication Garden Jrecreation C:9.C: ;ublic utilities *I"*7 Military 3ater bodies -.:.C= <@9 @C<.. -1=..-9

No development -:.// >one $otal :9.:-.9/

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$able No. < I M.I.".* and other Industrial areas in Nasik district )r. no. -. :. <. C. /. =. .. 9. @. -1. --. -:. -<. -C. -/. -=. Name and location )atpur M.I.".*, Nasik NI*E ( Nasik *o,7p +rea 4a. =<=.@9 -</ /-@.// :C /:1 .1C..1/.C= <:.:: -9.@..99 -../ // </ </. 9: -@1 in Establishment year -@=: -@=: -991 -@9: -@99 -@@: -@@: -@@: -@@: Info. unavailable Info. unavailable Info. unavailable Info. unavailable Info. unavailable Info. unavailable Info. unavailable

Ind.Estate +mbad, Nasik Malegaon co,op. Ind. area, )innar )innar M.I.".*. / )tar Ind. Estate, )innar Mini M.I.".*., ;eth Mini M.I.".*., "indori Mini M.I.".*., 2indchur *o,7p. Ind. +t 5eola *o,7p. Ind. +t Igatpuri *o,7p. Ind. +t *hand!ad 8al!an Manmad )atana Malegaon

Page 35

-.. -9.

)innar co,op.Ind.area ;impalgaon

<.C <..:

Info. unavailable -@@:

Page 36

$able No. / I G&73$4 $&EN") 76 / "E*+"E) +6$E& IN"E;EN"EN*E 67& +%% IN"I+, M+4+&+)4$&+ )$+$E, MBM(+I +N" N+)I8 *ens +ll India 2ariati us year -@/=:CCC1 11 -@=.9@<.1 11 -@.-1@--C 111 -@9-/@.:. 111 -@@:-9111 111 <=.C9 <1/C1111 <9.9/ C=.<9 :-@@C111 <@.@@ <9.:-/.--111 C1..C :=.C< ---=<111 -../. C-.C< @:1-111 :@=.1 11 C-/:1 <@.@< 11 /@.-1 C<.911 9:C<1 <9.1/ 11 @@:=1 :1.C11 -C9/ .< :119 </.-= -C :.CC <=.=9 9: C<:1 /..C1 CC .:/< =..=/ Con E Maharash 2ariati tra on E Mumb 2ariati ai on E Nasi k 2ariat ion E

Page 37

$able No. = I "I)$&I(B$I7N 76 37&8E&) +) ;E& *+$EG7&IE) IN )E%E*$E" *I$IE) 76 M+4+&+)4$&+ *ity ;opulati agricultu Industr $rade on re E ial E and commer ce E $ransport servic 6unctiona communicati es E l on classificat ion

Mumbai region ;une &egion Nagpur

-:/@=: C< :C@<@9 . -==C11 = .:/<C-

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Industrial

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Nasik

-<

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Ind. cum services Industrial

)olapur

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Ind. cum services Ind.cum services Industrial

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Page 38

$able No. . I ;ro?ections vJs. +ctual Gro!th of population in Metro cities of India ;opulation (million Metro city -@.1 ;ro?ection *alcutta Mumbai "elhi Madras ../.@ <.= <.+ctual ..1< /.@. <.=C <.-. -@91 ;ro?ection @./ 9./ /.@ C.C +ctual @.-@ 9.:C /..@ C.:9 :111 ;ro?ection -=.= -=.1 -<.< 9.: %ikely -<.: --.@-:.C =.9<

)ourceI Bnited Nation !orld population trends and ;olicies -@9< (NoteI ;ro?ection for year :111 is !orked out on the basis of gro!th rate of

respective cities in the years bet!een -@9-,-@@-

Page 39

Page 40

&E6E&EN*E) +gne! 0. and *orbridge ). (-@@/ Mastering spaceI hegemony, territory and international political economyI %ondon, &outledge. +meen 6aroo' (-@@. *ontemporary architecture and city formI $he )outh +sian paradigmI Mumbai, Marg ;ublications. (asic )tatistics &elating to Indian Economy, 2ol. :I )tates. (-@99 *entre for Monitoring Indian Economy. (ombay.*adman "avid and Geoffrey ;ayne (-@@1 , $he %iving *ity, to!ards a sustainable future. &outledge %ondon and Ne! 5ork. "astane )antosh (-@@. Maharashtra -@@.,-@@9 (Marathi , "astane &amchandra and *o. ;une. "harankar )aral, Brbani>ation of 3estern Maharashtra -99:,-@C.. "octoral thesis "rucker ;eter 6. (-@@: Managing for the 6utureI $he -@@1s and beyondI 7xford, (utter!orth,4einemann %td. 4arris Nigel, (-@.9 , Economic "evelopment, *ities and ;lanning, $he *ase of (ombay.7xford Bniversity ;ress, (ombay. 4ollist 3.%. and &osenau 0.N. (-@9- 3orld )ystem )tructureI *ontinuity and *hangeI %ondon, )age ;ublications. 8osambi ".". (-@.. , $he *ulture and *ivili>ation of +ncient India in historical outline,2ikas ;ublishing 4ouse pvt.%td. N."elhi. Manorama 5ear book -@@., Malyalam Manorama, 8erala. Naisbitt 0ohn, (-@9: Megatrends, 6utura Macdonald and *o. %ondon and )ydney. Naisbitt 0ohn, (-@@/ +sian Megatrends. Nasik "istrict Ga>ettier (-@./ , Ga>ettier department, Govt. 7f Maharashtra. 7ur Global Neighbourhood, (-@@/ , + report of the comiddion on global governance, 7xford Bniversity ;ress

Page 41

;une Itihas part I ( Marathi , (haratiya Itihas )ankalan )amiti, ;une. &obert Geddes,(-@@. , *ities in 7ur 6uture, Gro!th and form, Island ;ress, 3ashington ".*. and *ovelo. )ivramkrishnan 8.*. and %eslie Green (-@9= ,Metropolitan Management, $he +sian Experience, 7xford Bniversity ;ress )oft!are $echnology ;ark, ;rospects and potential in Nasik, (-@@. . "irectorate of Industries, Nasik &egional 7ffice. )piro 8ostof (-@@: $he city assembledI $he elements of urban form through historyI%ondon, $hames and 4udson %td. $ilak %axmibai, (-@9@ Mumbai. (Marathi )ampoorna )mritichitre, ;opular ;rakashan,

Bpadhye (apu (-@@. 7>arche ;ani (marathi , Mumbai, Granthali

Page 42