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Follows a logical organization Causes/effects = chronological order Multiple causes = most-to-least OR least-to-most
You are late for class. (effect & cause) You miss a surprise quiz. (effect & cause) Your grade average lowers. (effect)
Causal Prewrite
At the top of page, write Cheating in College
On the left-hand side of the page, list all possible causes (why would someone cheat?)
On the right-hand side of the page, list all possible effects (what happens when someone cheats?)
Causal Prewrite
Determine primary causes & effects Look at the causes. Label the most obvious and immediate causes. What cause(s), if eliminated, would drastically change the event, problem, or phenomenon? Look at the effects. Label the most obvious and immediate effects of the event, problem, or phenomenon. Which effects have the most serious consequences? For whom?
Causal Planning
Choose a method of organization Causes OR Effects Chain of Causes & Effects Multiple Causes & Effects
Break!
Introductions
Conclusions
As a group, decide which reasons are the most common. Write 3-5 of them on the board.
content Serves as an assertion about essays content Highlights all main topics covered in essay
Specific
Dont be too broad!
be made After drafting, success of working thesis can be evaluated Working thesis statements CHANGE!
William Shakespeares Sonnet 116 identifies loves characteristics as being steadfast and everlasting.
I decided to go to college. The combination of the unchallenging coursework, hostile fellow students, mediocre faculty, and unfair school policies led me to make the decision to go directly to college after my sophomore year, a decision that in turn resulted in vocational and extracurricular benefits as well as academic and social ones.
Maintaining a high grade point average, having more time to party, and ..are positive effects of cheating in college.
Cheating in college can result in a chain events to include The sequence of events of cheating in college
Historical Review
Background info so that reader can follow issue
Review of a Controversy
Like historical, but shows why issue is debated
Question
Ask simple question that isnt all that simple to answer
scientific essays)
Solution/recommendation
Essays about problems/controversy can give what
should be done
Anecdote
Quotation Question Speculation
another source
Quotation
Helps gain authority and credibility
Question
Calls on readers to assume an active role by offering
Speculation
Get the reader thinking about possibilities Consider what might happen as well as what has
happened
Break!
Quotation Marks
What is a direct quotation? Exactly repeats what someone said or wrote
Quotation Marks
When are quotation marks used? Use quotation marks around direct quotations Lina asked, Do you think we should ask a question?
Quotation marks always appear in pairs
Use quotation marks around titles of poems, song titles, short stories, magazine or newspaper articles, essays, speeches, chapter titles, and episodes of TV or radio shows
Just Like a Woman, by Bob Dylan ITALICIZE/UNDERLINE titles of magazines, novels, books, newspapers
Quotation Marks
How is a quotation within a quotation punctuated? With single quotation marks The man said, Im sorry, officer, but did I hear you correctly when you said, Drive into that ditch? What is an indirect quotation? Restates what someone said or wrote, but not word for word Rachel told the security guard that she needed to enter the building for official business. DO NOT USE QUOTATION MARKS FOR INDIRECT QUOTATIONS!!!
Quotation Marks
Punctuation & Quotation marks Periods and commas ALWAYS INSIDE The name of the short story is Hills Like White Elephants. Colons and semicolons ALWAYS OUTSIDE Harold wrote, I regret that I am unable to attend the fundraiser for AIDS research; his letter, however, came with a substantial contribution
Quotation Marks
Punctuation & Quotation marks Questions marks & exclamation points are SOMETIMES INSIDE, SOMETIMES OUTSIDE Place inside if only apply to quotation Place outside if apply to entire sentence/question Bedtime at my house is marked by Mommy, can I tell you a story now? Have you heard the old proverb Do not climb the hill until you reach it?
Quotation Marks
Punctuation & Quotation marks Do not use quotation marks to draw attention to familiar slang, to disown trite expressions, or to justify an attempt at humor It was a ballpark figure.
Commas
Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses
The department sponsored a seminar on college survival skills and it also hosted a barbecue for new students. Do NOT use a comma to separate coordinate word groups that are not independent clauses A good money manager controls expenses, and invests surplus dollars to meet future needs.
Commas
Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase
When Irwin was ready to iron his cat tripped on the cord. In no time we were at 2,800 feet. Use a comma between all items in a series Bubbles of air leaves ferns bits of wood and insects are often found trapped in amber. Use Oxford comma in MLA style writings
Commas
Use a comma between coordinate adjectives not joined with and. Do not use a comma between cumulative adjectives. (use the and test)
Roberto is a warm gentle affectionate father. Three, large gray, shapes moved slowly toward us.
Commas
Use commas to set off nonrestrictive (nonessential)
elements. The campers need sturdy shoes, which are expensive. How do the meanings of these two sentences differ because of the commas? The dessert made with fresh raspberries was delicious. The dessert, made with fresh raspberries, was delicious. In the first example, the phrase made with fresh raspberries tells readers which of two or more desserts the writer is referring to. In the example with commas, the phrase merely adds information about the dessert.
Commas
Use commas to set off transitional and parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, and word groups expressing contrast
Minh did not understand our language; moreover he was unfamiliar with our customs. As a matter of fact American football was established in the mid-nineteenth century.
Commas
Use commas to set off nouns of direct address, the words yes and no, interrogative tags, and mild interjections
Forgive me Angela for forgetting your birthday. Use commas with expressions such as he said to set off direct quotations Its okay, Angela said.
Commas
Use commas with dates, addresses, titles, and number
On December 12 1980 orders were sent out for the arrest of Sitting Bull. The security alert system went into effect on 15 April 2009. Use a comma to prevent confusion Patients who can walk up and down the halls every day. To err is human; to forgive divine.
horses and raced them. 2. Horse racing in the United States generally means either thoroughbred racing or harness racing. correct