1.

2b Water Tunnel:
The water tunnel used in the experiment is a closed circuit tunnelworks essentially in the same way and the same principles as low-speed wind tunnel.The functional components of the water tunnel consists of delivery plenum chamber, honeycomb section, contraction section, test section, model supported with 5-component force balance, discharge plenum chamber, return pipeline with filter system,and a pump. It also has UV lighting and UV reactive dye mixed wth water for flow visualisation. The tunnel speed control system along with the model support system is connected to a personal computer for a fully automated operation.

1.3 Procedure: 1.3a Wind Tunnel Functionality and Velocity Measurements :

The functional parts of the wind tunnel are disassembled. With the diffuser attached to the fan, the total pressure measured from the pitot tube and the static pressure measured at the pitot static ports are connected to a digital manometer. It gives the differential(dynamic) pressure reading and the velocity can be calculated from the dynamic pressure. The same procedure is followed by adding honeycomb and test section at different locations.

1.3b Trapezoidal wing:

The trapezoidal wing attached with tufs is placed at the end of the test section and the flow over and below the wing is observed at different angle of attack as shown in fig 1.2

Fig 1.2: Trapezoidal wing at the end of the wind tunnel

1.3c Water Tunnel Experiment Delta wing:

The delta wing is mounted on the 5-component force balance connected to a computer controlled support. A measuremnt with zero velocity is carried out to compensate for the weight of the model. The delta wing model is tested for different alpha sweeps in steps of 4o ranging from 4o to 60o at two different velocities of 0.18m/s and 0.36m/s. The normal force and the pitching moment coefficient by the balance are extracted through the LabVIEW software.

1.4 Results and disussion: 1.4a Wind Tunnel Experiment:

With the maximum rotational speed of the fan, the mean dynamic pressure at the end of diffuser, honeycomb section and convergent section are found to be 0.27hPa, .16hPa, 2.93hPa respectively. Since it is a low-speed flow, the flow can be assumed to be incompressible and the dynamic pressure is given by 0.5*air_density*Velocity2. Then the corresponding velocity at each section can be calculated from the dynamic pressure and found to be 6.6m/s, 5.1m/s, 21.9m/s at the diffuser, honeycomb, convergent section respectively. There is a pressure drop associated with each section as the flow passes thorugh each section due to friction and leakages. The presence of diffuser and honeycomb is required to ensure a uniform flow with reduced freestream turbulence at the test section. The trapezoidal wing is placed in the open test section and the flow is observed as the angle of attack of increased. The tufs on the top surface remains attached to the wing surface till the angle of attack is approximately 16o. This is due to the fact the boundary layer separates due to the adverse pressure gradient created as a result of the increasing angle of attack. The tuf at the wingtip swirls clockwise(when viewed behind the wing), moving away from the wingtip due to the vortex flow created as a result of the pressure difference existing between the top and bottom surface of the wing.

1.4b Water tunnel Experiment:

Fig 1.3 Pitching Moment and normal force vs time for four signals

Fig 1.4 Delta plates used in the experiment

The 70o delta plate configuration as shown in the fig 1.4 is tested in the water tunnel at velocities of 0.18m/s and .36m/s. The results of the other two delta plate configurations done by other groups will also included for the discussion. The corresponding normal force (Fn) and pitching moment(M) are measured using the balance.One thousand samples of instantaneous normal force and pitching moment corresponding to each angle of attack are measured at a time interval of 0.001s to get 4