Infor mation

Information
Safety and luminaires protection of The majority of the luminaires developed for Office and Shop indoor aplications show no Ta thus meaning 25C. Most luminaires for Outdoor applications are designed for an ambient temperature of 35C, and luminaires for Industrial applications have maximum ambient temperature Ta values as high as 40 to 45C. The use of luminaires above their specified maximum ambient temperatures may reduce safety margins, but will in any case lead to a reduction of the lifetime of the various components; especially electronic equipment (ballasts and controls) is sensitive to overheating, and lifetime will be sharply reduced. Although using luminaires at (extremely) low temperatures does not normally affect safety, the operating (starting) of the lamp may be influenced. Fluorescent lamps should not be used below -5C to 10 C, whereas high-intensity discharge lamp function well down below -20C. upon request, special solutions are often possible for higher or lower ambient temperatures.

* Approvals and standards Luminaires sold in the market are expected to comply with the appropriate safety rules as laid down in the European standard EN 60598 prepared by CENELEC (the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation). The examination needed to verify compliance with the standard is often carried out in the manufacturer s own testing laboratory. Philips Lighting has chosen for independent third-party testing via the European approval mark ENEC, as an additional guarantee of safety and quality for its customers. ENEC replaces the formerly used national approbation marks. All our luminaires comply with the most recent European directives (LVD and EMC), as indicated by the CE marking on the product. * Ambient temperature Philips luminaires are designed to meet the (environmental) conditions under which they are most likely to be used. The maximum ambient temperature (Ta) under which a luminaire can be safely applied, is indicated on the type label on the products; if no indication is given then the product is meant for a maximum ambient temperature of 25C. The ambient temperature is always referring to the typical use of the luminaire: indoors or outdoors.

* Protection against electrical shock In normal operation as well as during service and maintenance, luminaires should provide adequate protection against electrical shock. The safety of a luminaires depend on electrical, mechanical and thermal aspects under both normal and fault conditions. Luminaires are classified as Class I,II or III. Class O (basic insulation only) luminaires are not recommended by Philips Lighting. Class III is only applicable to safety extra-low voltage

High bay luminaires illuminate an IP 20 classified area.

luminaires.

* Protection against ingress of solid bodies, dust and moisture The IP (Ingress Protection) system drawn up by the IEC (CIE/IEC 529:1989) defines various degrees of protection against the ingress of foreign bodies, dust and moisture. The term foreign bodies includes things like fingers and tools coming into contact with live parts. Both safety aspects (contact with live parts) and harmfull effects on the function of luminaire are defined. The exact testing method for each IP classification is desribed in IEC 529. Note that the conditions during the testing might differ from the specific conditions

in an application. The designation to indicate the degree of protection consists of the characteristic letter IP followed by two numerals indicating conformity with the conditions stated in the two tables.The minimum IP classification is IP 20 (protected against finger contact with live parts). Note that the specification and safety of luminaires are only secured if the necessary maintenance according to the instructions of the manufacturer is carried out in time.

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* Ingress protection Luminaires are not available in all possible combinations of ingress protection and moisture protection. The most common classifications in the lighting industry are: * IP classifications IP 20 Classified luminaires can be applied indoors only if no specific pollution rates are expected . Offices, dry, heated industrial halls, shops, shopping malls and theatres are typical application segments. IP 21/IP 22 Luminaires can be applied in unheated (industrial) halls and under canopies as the luminaires are drip and condensation water protected. IP 23 Luminaires and applied in unheated industrial halls or outdoors. IP 43/44 Luminaires and bollards for outdoor street lighting and street lanterns. Bollard mounted at a low height are protected against small solid objects and rain and splash protected. A common combination within an industrial high-bay luminaire or street lantern is IP 43 for the electrical part of the luminaire to secure safety and IP 54/IP 65 for the optical part of the luminaire to prevent pollution of reflector and lamp. IP 50 Luminaires are applied in dusty environments to prevent rapid pollution of the luminaire. The exterior of IP 50 luminaires can be cleaned easily. In the food industry, closed luminaire are specified to prevent glass particles from accidentally broken lamps from entering the production area, preventing contamination of the products under preparation. Although ingress protection is specified to protect the luminaire function, it also means that particles cannot leave the luminaire housing, thereby meeting the specification of the food industry. In the wet food industry, luminaire meeting the IP 50 classification shall not be applied.

Hight hall, often found in the metal working industry, may be classified as IP 20. In the case shown here, high bay luminaires are an economic solution.

IP 54 is the traditional water protected classification, Luminaire can be cleaned with water without any harmful effect. Once again this classification is often specified in the food processing industry, for industries where dust and moisture are generated in the hall, and for use under canopies. IP 60 Luminaires are completely sealed a gainst dust accumulation, and are used in very dusty environments (wood industry, textile industry, stone carving) an in the food industry as explained above. IP 60 luminaires are rerely applied; most frequently IP 60 luminaires are ralely applied; most frequently IP 65/IP 66 is applied when IP6o is required, IP 65/IP 66 is from jet-

proof luminaires which are applicable where the surroundings are cleaned frequently by water jet, or where luminaires are applied in a dusty environment. Although the luminaires are not fully watertight, the potential ingress of moisture will not have any harmful effect on the luminaire function. IP 65/66 luminaire are often available in impact-protected version IP 67/ 68 luminaires complying to this classification are suitable for immersion in water. Typical application areas are under water lighting of swimming pools and fountain lighting. Deck lighting on ships should also meet this classification. The test method

does not imply that IP 67/68 luminaires meet the IP 65/66 recommendations as well.

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Safety & Protection Standards

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* Electrical safety If a proper earth connection is available, Class I luminaires are applied. However; in situations where no earth connection, is available, or where eddy currents are present, Class II luminaires shall be applied. Class II street lanterns and floodlights, and waterprotected luminaires, are often applied in (semi-) outdoor locations. Local electricity boards can provide the appropriate advice. There is a general trend towards the specifying of Class II luminaires in the market. * Impact resistance The impact resistance of a luminaire against mechanical shocks. The European norm EN 50102 defines the degrees of protection against external mechanical impacts (IK code) and the method of testing. The luminaire housing should withstand the defined energy of the mechanical shock without losing its electrical and mechanical safety and the basic luminaire function. Translated into a more practical. Implementation, this means that after withstanding the shock,

Safety & Protection Standards

deformation of the mirror and housing is allowed, although broken lamps, an unsafe electrical situation and failure to meet the specified IP classifications are not permitted. The impact resistance is expressed as a group numeral, for instance IK06, which is related to the impact energy in joule. All types of luminaires of Philips Lighting have a minimum impact resistance of 0.2 J. The table shows the ten IK classifications and the defined shock energy in joule.

For example : an IK07 classified luminaire can withstand a mechanical shock of a pendulum hammer, a spring hammer or a free-falling hammer of 2 joule (e.g. a hammer of 0.5 kg falling 0.40 m). Note that vandal-proof luminaires are not available: vandal-protected and vandal-resistant are the best achievable classifications. Former national standards used a single numeral for a spesific impact energy. To avoid confusion, a characteristic group numeral of two figures ikxx has been chosen.

Impact resistence IK code IK00 IK01 IK02 Shock energy 0.15J 0.2J Standard Standard open luminaire Closed luminaire with PMMA cover IK03 IKO4 IK05 IK06 IK07 IK08 IK09 IK10 0.3J 0.5J O.7J 1J 2J 5J 10J 20J Vandal-resistant Closed Reinforced Vandal-protected Closed luminaire with polycarbonate or glass cover Standard plus Open luminaire with reinforced optical system Description Example

Protection againest flammabilyty Symbol None F F F Application Suitable for mounting on non-flammable surfaces Suitable for mounting normally flammable surfaces Suitable for mounting on easily flammable surfaces Description Stone, concrate Ignition temperature materials > 200C; some combustion time lag Ignition temperature materials < 200C; no combustion time lag

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Lamp Survey

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Lamp Survey

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Lamp Survey

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Lamp Survey

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Lamp Survey

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Lamp Survey

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Lamp Survey

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Lamp Survey

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Lamp Survey

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Colour rendering and colour temperature - important choices in lighting Lamps do not all emit light of the same colour. There is, for example, a striking difference between the pronounced amber light from standard sodium lamps and the white light from most other lamps. Even then, one white light is not the same as another. To select the proper light source for their colour characteristics, two parameters are important: the colour temperature of the emitted light and the colour rendering index. Colour temperature The colour of the light has an important influence on the colour impression of the area, the colour temperature of the light source plays an essential role. Light is popularly termed cool or warm . However to enable an objective comparison of the colour impressions from various sources, subjective impressions such as these are inadequate. A precise scale is required, and this is given by the term correlated colour temperature; the colour gradation of the light is compared with the light emitted by an intensely heated iron bar of which the temperature is known. In this way, the light colour can be specified by a value in (K). Four catagories, as a practical guideline, are:

Colour Rendering and Colour Temperature

* 2500 - 2800 K. Warm/Cosy. The colour from incandescent lamps, fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamps in the colours/ 827 and /927 and the SDW-T White SON lamp. Generally used for intimate and cosy environments where the emphasis is on a peaceful relaxing ambience.

* 2800 - 3500 K. Warm/Neutral.

The colour from halogen lamps, colour /830 and /930 fluorescent lamps and Mastercolour /830 lamps. Used in places where people are active, requiring a welcoming comfortable ambience.

parameters. Cool daylight and incandescent lamps have fully natural colour rendering properties. The same is true for halogen lamps. The reason for this is the continous spectrum of the sources. On the other hand, most gas discharge sources have an interrupted or line spectrum. This has an influence of the quality of their colour rendering properties, which varies from very poor (with SOX low pressure sodium gas discharge lamps) to excellent (with the colour /90 series fluorescent lamps). In selecting a particular lamp type, a clear understanding of the colour rendering properties is essential. A fair indication is given by the colour rendering index (CRI), which is a standardized scale with 100 as maximum value. Colour are best shown under a light source with the highest colour rendering

* 3500 - 5000 K. Neutral/Cool. The light colour from /840 and / 940 fluorescent lamps as well as Mastercolour /942 and MHN metal halide lamps. Usually applied in commercial areas and offices where a look of cool efficiency is desired. * 5000 K and above. Daylight and cool daylight. The light colour that best matches natural daylight such as fluorescent colour /850, /865, /950 and /965.
Colour rendering index It is often assumed that once a colour temperature has been chosen, the colour impression is not the case. The colour impression is not solely determined by the colour temperature of the light source but also by the coloring rendering properties. Moreover, colour temperature and colour rendering are completely separate

index. Incidentally, it is only worthwhile to compare CRI values of lamps with similar colour temperature. In practice, three categories are normally found. * CRI between Ra 90 and 100. Excellent colour rendering properties. Applications: mainly where correct colour appraisal is a critical task. * CRI between Ra 80 and 90. Good colour rendering properties. Applications: in areas where critical colour appraisal is not the primary consideration, yet where good rendition of colours is essential. * CRI below Ra 80. Moderate to poor colour rendering properties. Applications: in areas where the quality of colour rendering is of minor importance. This classification is of course dependent upon the demands that a particular application makes on a lamp. For example, an Ra of 60 is inadequate for shop lighting, but is superb for functional road lighting.

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Colour Rendering and Colour Temperature

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Technical data

Direct glare of a lamp/luminaire determines the comfort and quality of the lighting installation. In the CIE guide on Interior Lighting Publication 29.2 a method for determining the acceptable glare of a luminaire is described. In this luminance diagram a number of empirically determined glare limitation curves are incorporated. Along the vertical axis of the diagram the angle from azimuth of the luminaire is given. That means that 85 is the situation where a luminaire is seen nearly in the line with the line of sight, while 45 is a luminaire viewed from near distance.

The table Service values of illuminance (lux) gives a number of illuminances as recommended by CIE (Publication 29.2) and/or DIN (5035). The column Quality class offers the opportunity to select the required quality of the lighting installation, where : A Very exacting visual tasks B Tasks with high visual demands. Tasks with moderate visual demands calling for high concentration C Tasks with moderate visual demands and moderate demands on concentration and with a certain degree of the mobility of the worker D Tasks with low visual and concentration demand levels with workers moving frequently within a restricted area E Interiors where workers are not confined to a workstation but move from one place to anotherand have tasks of low visual demand. Interiors that are not continuously used by the same people. From the luminance curves of the luminance curves of the luminaire one can now easily read whether the repective luminaire fulfils the required quality class for a certain illuminance. If the luminaire luminance curve remains on the left handside of the selected limited curve, the luminaire fulfils the requirements of the illuminance for the chosen quality class.

The iluminated area for rotationally-symmetrical light distributions is visualised by means of isolux curves, which indicated the horizontal illuminance in relation to the distance from the lightsource. The shape of the isolux curves is depending on the beamspread of the lightsource on the luminaire. This is also indicated in the graph by the 1/2 E0 and 1/2 l max curves.

The table gives information of the illuminance in the centre of the beam (E0) at given distances from the light source. The table also shows the diameter of the area where the illuminance is better or equal to half the illuminance (1/2 E0) of the illuminance in the centre of the beam. The last column indicates the diameter of the area where the intensity of the beam is better or equal to half of the lmax, the intensity in the centre of the beam.

The luminaire glare is determined by the background luminance, therefore the glare limitation curves related to the average illuminance in the area. For each recommended illuminance value a limitation curve is determined.

The beam spread is defined as the angle B (in a plane through the beam axis) over which the luminous intensity drops to a stated percentage (usually 50%) of its peak value. In most catalogues, this data is graphically presented as cones of the given beam spread, suggesting that there is a noticeable transition at the beam spread angle (B) from light to dark when lighting a surface.

Our analysis indicates that such a transition or countor is not always found, and if transitions are noticeable, they are seldom found at the spesified beam spread angle (B). As a result, the use of the beam spread angle (B) is restricted to estimating the beam spread of the lighting system considered, but should not be use to predict visual contours. For this purpose, in those cases where a contour is visible, we suggest specifying the size of such a contour is found, which can be expressed as a visual beam size at a distinct distance.

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Polar intensity diagram Cartesian intensity diagram For luminaires with a very narrow rotation-symmetrical light distribution, the luminous intensity diagram. This visualisation gives a much better indication of the beam shape than the polar diagram. The luminous intensity in the cartesian diagram is also given in absolute candela values. Along the horizontal axis the yangles of the C-plane is drawn while along the vertical axis the intensity values are given.

Technical data

The luminous intensity, I, is given in the form of a polar diagram, in candela per 1000 lumens (cd/ 1000 lm) of the nominal lamp flux. The diagram gives the light distribution of the luminaire in two planes: - In a vertical plane through the length axis of the luminaire, the C90 -C270 plane, indicated as:

- In a plane perpendicular to that axis, the C 0 - C 180 plane, indicated as :

If the light distribution of a luminaire is rotation-symmetrical, the light distribution in only one C plane is given. The luminous intensity diagram provides a rough idea of the shape of the light distribution of a luminaire. NOTES : For asymmetrical light distributions two planes are not suffient for calculation purposes. Yet in the luminous intensity diagram, only two planes will be given, as is internationally accepted.

The Utalisation Factor (UF) of a lighting installation represents the percentage of the luminous flux of the lamp which reaches the working plane in a room. The UF is dependent on : - The light distribution - The luminaire efficiency. - The reflection of ceiling, walls and floor of the room. - The room index. The room index k represents the geometrical ratio the room, and can be expressed as : K = l xw h (l + w) Where : l = Length of the room (m). w = Width of the room (m). h = Height or vertical distance between the luminaires and the working plane (m). The UF is a quality parameter of the luminaire. It can be looked up in the table for a range of values

for k and a number of reflection value combinations. It is used for the calculation of the required number of luminaires for a specified illumination level, with the formula : N = E x A n x UF x MF

S/H Ratio S/H ratio is of the ratio between the spacing of the centre the luminaires to the height of these luminaires above the working plane. The S/H ratio is a tool to prevent too large spacings between luminaires in one area which could lead to disturbing differences in illuminance. It indicates the maximum spacing between luminaires that is allowed to make sure that a good uniformity of the illuminance on the working plane is provided. Except for downlights which have rotation symmetrical light distributions the S/H ratio (SHR) is given in 2 directions S/H C indicates the maximum spacing between the centre of the luminaires crosswise (perpendicular) to the lampaxis. S/H indicates the spacing between the centre of the luminaires in the length direction of the lamp axis.

Where : N = Required number of luminaires. E = Specified average illuminance (lighting level) in lux. n = Nominal lamp flux per luminaire (lumen). UF = Utalisation factor. MF = Maintenance factor A = Surface area of the room in m2 When the number of luminaires is known, the average illumination level can be calculated with : E = N x n x UF x MF A

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In the most diffuse general lighting schemes E background is closely related to E horizontal (Eh), so we define. Accent Factor= Esport/E horizontal Extensive observation in our labolatories have shown that, as a useful guide for chosing the correct accent lighting to obtain the planned effect, the fllowing table can be used: The visual beam diagram provides design data on the light beam produced by the lamp/ luminaire combination (projectors and downlights). It gives the maximum illuminance in the beam produced by the lamp/ luminaire combination (projectors and downlights). It gives the maximum illuminance in the beam axis in lux, the visual beam angle, and the sharpness of the contour as indicated by the K value. Furtermore, it informs the designer about the diameter of the visual light patch. If no light patch is visible the term no visible spot is given in the diagram. Accent Factor 2 5 15 30 >50 Effect Noticeable Low theatrical Theatrical Dramatic Very dramatic

Technical data

The latter two effects can only be achieved at very low general lighting level, For more detailed information on the Accent Factor, see the relevant section in the Glossary of terms The definitions given above can be converted into a tool for the design of the visual effects obtainable by a projector. In the Visual Impact. Diagram (VID), the visual beam, sharpness of contour and Accent Factor can be read as a function of general lighting level and distance to the object. By using these VIDs, it will be possible to predict the effect of projectors by the degree of contrast, ranging from a rather diffuse to a very theatric-or even dramatic-appearance of the object lit. Moreover they can be used in the selection process to compare different projectors with respet to their visual effects. Example If the general lighting level E = 250 lux the accent factor that can be achieved with this particular light source or luminaire can be read from the graph. - 2 : 1 at 3m distance - 4,8 : 1 at 2m distance - 18 : 1 at 1m distance

Visual Impact diagram The visual effect when highlighting an object is determined by the contrast between the objects and its surrounding background. The main lighting characteristics of light sources to achieve the required contrast are the size and contour sharpness of the visual beam. In a first approximation, the contras between an object lit by a projector and its surrounding background is given by the ratio E object /E background.

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Luminance criteria for display screens with direct lighting Unknown screen geometry To ensure that safe luminance limits are selected for more onerous tasks being performed in a space, three standard DSE luminaire types have been defined, each with a different luminance limit angle. The luminaires so derived are referred to as Category 1, 2 or 3. These have luminance limitation at and above 55, 65 and 75 respectively to the downward vertical. In general, the greater the density of display screens in an area, the greater the intensity of use and the more critical the errors, then the lower the luminance limit should be, i.e.a smaller category number. It must be emphasised that Cate-gory 1 is not better than Cate-gory 2, nor Category 2 better than Category 3. The correct category should be selected for each which the luminance will not rise above a limiting value. Category 1 luminaires For Category 1 luminaires the calculated luminance is limited to 200 cd/m 2 or less at and above 55 to the downward vertical atall angles ofazimuth. Such luminaires would be specified for screens containing safety-critical or similar information where errors have serious consequences. They may also be required in areas where there is a high density of screens and displays screen usage is of an intensive nature or sustained over long periods. Category 2 luminaires For Category 2 luminaires the calculated luminance is limited to200 cd/m2 or less at and above 65 to the downward vertical when viewed from all angles of azimuth. This category of luminaireshould be used in an interior for which fairly widespread use of display screens is intended. This could include area where there is one terminal per desk for general usage or a few terminals used continually Category 3 luminaires This is the greatest relaxation of the luminance limiting angle that can be recommended for areas where displays screens may be used.The calculated luminance is limited to 200 cdm2 or less at and above 75 to the downward vertical when viewed from all angles of azimuth Relaxation of category applications Category 2 or 3 luminaires are also acceptable where the space planning is either small cellular offices, or open plan with screen dividers where, by simple geometrical checking, it can be shown that the luminaires will not be seen at angles below their limiting angle from the display screens.

Technical data

DIN 5035/7, 1988

Demands to be satisfied by the lighting. General The monitor and its positioning may make further or higher demands over and above the demands to be met by the lighting system as per DIN 5035 Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 and Part 4. Apart from the requirements to be met by artificial light as per DIN 5035 Part 1, for rooms with computer workstations. Special recommendations as given in the following must also be considered: Avoidance of disturbing reflections from luminous surfaces onto the monitor. Limitation of glare Limitation of direct glare The limitation of direct glare by luminaires in the critical range of the radiation angle 45 85 must satisfy at least the demands of quality class 1 for the next higher value of the nominal illuminance. Limitation of reflection on the monitor Room-surrounding surfaces, windows and furnishings which are reflected on the monitor must have an average luminance of not more than 200 cd/m2 and a maximum luminance of not more than 400 cd/m2 Luminaires which are reflected on the monitor must have an average luminance of not more than 200cd/m2 in the planes C0, C180, C90and C270 for radiation angle G . Light which are larger than the luminance limitation angle G. Lights which are reflected on the monitor must have a cut off angle of at least 30 in the planes C0, C180, C90 and C270. If the geometric data of the computer monitor and the workstation for determining the lumi-nance limitation angle G are not known at the time of specification of the lighting system or if reflec-tions are to be anticipated as a result of the room geometry and for any installation position of the monitor, then the luminance limitation angle G of the luminaires which may reflect on the monitor must stay within G = 50.

CIBSE LG3,1995
Direct lighting uses luminaires designed to emit the majority of their light output directly onto the working plane. Direct luminaires can be surface mounted, recessed into the ceiling or suspended. They are generally viewed as individual lit objects in the space and for this reason can appear as a distinct and distracting object when reflected on a display screen. If the software running on the screen uses light characters on a dark screen background,the reflected image willl be seen against this dark background. However, if the information is presented with dark characters on a light background the reflections will be less visible against the lighter background. Luminance limits have been established for these cases based on typical screen luminances and qualities, these are shown in Table 1. In addition to the luminance limits given in table 1, limits have also been established for peak luminances of bright spots or patches on the luminaire. These are shown in Table 2.

Table 1 Luminaire luminance limits for screen and software types Screen type Maximum luminance (cd/m2) Some negative polarity software used Poor surface treatment All with anti-reflective surface treatment 200 500 Positive polarity software only

500 1000

Table 2 Spot luminance limits for screen and software types Screen type Maximum luminance (cd/m2) Some negative polarity software used Poor surface treatment All with anti-reflective surface treatment 500 1000 Positive polarity software only

1000 1500

Notes: a) The appropiate luminance limit for luminaires can be selected where the nature of the screens and software to be used is known. when this information is unknown or subject to doubt the lower limit of 200 cd/cm2 should be selected. b) Where only a few screens in an areahave poor screen treatment or run negative polarity software it is generally better to move these to positions where the lighting will not

affect them and to use the higher luminance limits.

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Electrical safety The electrical safety classification drawn up by the IEC embraces four luminaire classes: Class 0,I,II and III. The official definitions are too long to be reproduced in full here, but can be summarised as follows Class 0 - symbol (NOTE: Applicable to ordinary luminaires only, viz.a luminaire without special protection against dust or moisture.) These are luminaires that are electrically insulated. There is no provision for earthing. The housing may be of an insulating material, which wholly or partly performs the insulating function, or it may be of a metal that is insulated from current- carrying parts. Class 0 luminaires may include parts with reinforced insulation or double insulation. Class I - symbol Luminaires in this class, besides being electrically insulated, are also provided with an earthing point (labelled) connecting all those exposed metal parts that could conceivably become live in the presence of a fault condition. Where the luminaire is provided with a flexible power lead,this must include an earth wire. Where this is not the case, then the degree of electrical protection afforded by the luminaire is the same as that afforded by Class 0. Where a connection block is employed instead of a power lead, the metal housing must be connected to the earth terminal on the block. The provision made for earthing the luminaire must in all other respects satisfy the requirements laid down for Class I. Class II - symbol Class II luminaires are so designed and constructed that exposed metal parts cannot become live. This can be achieved by means of either reinforced or double insulation, there being no provision for protective earthing.In the case of a luminaire provided with an earth contact as an aid to lamp starting, but where this earth is not connected to exposed metal parts, the lumi-naire is nevertheless regarded as being of Class I. A luminaire having double or reinforced insulation and provided with an earth connection or earth contact must be regarded as a Class luminaire. However, where the earth wire passes through the luminaire as part of the provisions for through-wiring the installation, and is electrically insulated from the luminaire using Class II insulation, then the luminaire remains Class II. Class III - symbol The luminaires in this class are those in which protection against electric shock relies on supply at Safety Extra-Low Voltage (SELV), and in which voltages higher than those of SELV (50 V a.c.r.m.s.) are not generated. An a.c.operating voltage of 42 V maximum is common. A Class III luminaire should not be provided with a means for protective earthing. Safety distance In the application of reflector lamps and luminaires with narrow beam distributions, a minimum distance between light source and illuminated surface or object has to be ensured. This is to prevent too high temperatures. Values for safety distances are specified on luminaires, packing and in this catalogue. The specified values (in metres) must be considered as the shortest distances permitted between the light source and the illuminated surface or object.

Glossary of Terms
Glossary of terms A product catalogue should not concern itself just with product features but should also deal with lighting engineering aspects. For that reason a survey is given here of the most important basic terms.These represent the foundation of lighting engineering: most other expressions are derived from them. 1. Lighting level The term lighting level ,also known as illuminance , expresses a result. It indicates the amount of light per unit surface area at a particular point in the area in question. In short, how much light is falling on a given spot. Lighting level can be measured yet not seen. What is perceived are the differences in the reflection of the incident light. Unit: lux (lx) = lm/m2 Symbol: E 2. Uniformity The uniformity ratio of illuminance, on a given plane, is a measure of the variation of illuminance over the plane expressed as either: a) The ratio of the minimum to the maximum illuminance. b) The ratio of the minimum to the average illuminance.

relatively white light from most other lamps. But even then one white light is not the same as another. Because the colour of the light has an important influence on the colour impression of an area, the colour temperature of the light source plays a essentialrole. Light is popularly termed cool or warm . To be able, however, to make an objective comparison of the colourimpression from various sources, subjective expressions such as these are inadequate. A precise scale is required, and is to be found in the term correlated colour temperature : the colour gradation of the light is compared with the light emitted by an intensely heated iron bar of which the temperature is known. In this way, the light colour can be specified by a value in Kelvin (K). Four cate-gories are normally met in practice: 2500-3000 K.Warm The light colour from incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps in the colours /82 and /92, the SL* and PL compact fluorescent sources and the SDW-T White SON lamps. Generally used for intimate and cosy environments where the emphasis is on ambience. 3000-4000 K.Neutral-white The light colour from halogen lamps, colour /83 and /93 fluorescent lamps and PL 83. Blends well with light from incandescent lamps. Employed in places where there is ingress of daylight. 4000-4900 K.Cool-white The light colour from colour / 84 and /94 fluorescent lamps, as well as MHN metal halide lamps. Mixes well with daylight. Usually applied in commercial areas where a look of cool, crisp efficiency is desired. 5000 K and above.Daylight and cool-daylight The light colour which parallels daylight such as flurescent colour/86 and/95. Employed in numerous commercial and industrial application.

NOTE: In some countries, the reciprocal of these ratios is used, characterised by values greater than unity.
3. Luminance Luminance , or brightness, denotes the intensity per square metre of apparent area of a light source or of an illuminated surface (cd/m2). Where surfaces are lighted, the luminance is dependent upon both the lighting level and the reflection characteristics of the surface itself. Unit: cd/cm2 or cd/m2 Symbol: L 4. Colour temperature Lamps do not all emit the same colour of light. There is, for example, a striking difference between the markedly amber light from sodium lamps and the

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5. Colour rendering index It is often assumed that once the colour impression has been decided, the colour rendering properties are likewise determined. This is not the case. Colour temperature and colour rendering properties have nothing in common. Cool daylight and the warm light from an incandescent lamp both have excellent colour rendering properties. The same can be said of halogen lamps. The reason for this is the continuous spectrum of the sources. On the other hand, most gasdischarge lamps have an interrupted or line spectrum. This has an influence on the quality of their colour rendering properties, which varies from very poor (with SOX lowpressure sodium gasdischarge lamps) to good (with the/90 series of fluorescent lamps). In selecting a particular lamp type, a clear understanding of the colour rendering properties is essential. This information is given by the colour rendering index (CRI) which is a standardised scale with 100 as maximum value Colours are best shown under a light source having the highest colour rendering index. Incidentally, it is only worthwhile comparing the indices of lamps with a similar colour temperature. In practice, three categories are normally found: CRI between Ra 90 and 100 Excellent colour rendering properties. Applications: mainly where correct colour appraisal is a critical task. CRI between Ra 80 and 90 Good colour rendering properties. Applications: in areas where critical colour appraisal is not the primary consideration, yet where good rendition of colours is still desirable. CRI lower than Ra80 Moderate to poor colour rendering properties. Applications: in areas where the quality of the colour rendering is not important. 6. Light output A fundamental expression in lighting engineering. The light output or luminous flux value refers to the total amount of light that a light source emits. Unit: lumen (lm) Symbol: 7. Light Output Ratio The efficiency of a luminaire is expressed in terms of its Light Output Ratio. This is defined as the ratio of the light output of the luminaire to the sum of the individual light outputs of the lamps operating outside the luminaire. The light output ratio (l.o.r.) so defined is the total l.o.r.of the luminaire and is equal to the sum of the upward and downward l.o.r. s. 8. Luminous intensity The expression luminous intensity refers to the amount of light that a light source emits per unit solid angle (lumen steradian) in a particular direction. The value depends therefore on the direction. Using this information, diagrams can be compiled that provide a direct impression of the light distribution from a luminaire. Luminous intensity is expressed in candelas, and sometimes in candelas/1000 lumen. Unit: candela (cd) Symbol: I 9. Luminous efficacy This is related to the term light output and indicates the quantity of light that a p articular light source emits per watt of electrical energy consumed. Unit: lumen per watt (lm/W)

Glossary of Terms

10. Heat accumulation A lighting installation generates a noticeable amount of heat, amere 5%10% of the energy being converted into light. If the visible light is concentrated in a beam, the same result occurs with the invisible infrared heat radiation. As far as food, flowers, plants and certain types of plastic are concerned, this is particularly undesirable. Often the products themselves can take a certain degree of heat, but having to show that particular article to a customer can result in badly burned fingers. Metal tools, jewellery and wat-ches can be included in this category. There are, neverthe-less, a number of very suitable solutions Energy-saving lamps consume relatively few watts and generate little heat. Heat extraction via the general lighting ceiling luminaires is also a possibility. Doubling the distance between lamp and object reduces the heating effect by three-quarters. Finally, incandescent and halogen lamps with coolbeam reflectors produce less heat in the beam. Fitted with so-called dichroic reflectors which reflect the light rays but permit a major proportion of the infra-red radiation to pass, these lamps dissipate some 60%-70% of the heat behind the lamp. Needless to say, the construc-tion and electrical cabling of our luminaires withstand this heat effect. 11. Fading Radiation in the form of light or heat can cause damage to objects or merchandise displayed. The extent of deterioration of objects upon expo-sure to light, such as the fading of colours and disintegration of structure and material, depends on: - the sensitivety of the material and the capacity of material to absorb and be affected by radiant energy. - illumination level. - time of the exposure to radiation. - spectral composition of the radiation.

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Glossary of Terms

12 The beam characteristics Accent lighting requires a controlled beam of light, obtained by a lamp and a reflector, which in many cases is integrated into the lamp itself. The ultimate effect is largely determined by the characteristics of the beam. The important factors are the intensity, the shape and the dimensions of the light spot created by the beam and the amount of spill light. Spill light is the amount of light that is allowed to spread outside the actual beam. A hard-edged beam is a light beam with little or no spill light and gives a sharply defined contrast. It lends itself to very dramatic lighting effects.

A soft-edged beam, on the other hand, has a higher degree of spill light and will thus result in alower contrast with the surrounding area. The effects are much softer than those obtained with a hard-edged beam. To help you make the right selection, Philips has a special classification for its reflector lamps and lamp/ reflector combinations, identifying five so-called K-beam factors. The final effect is, of course, influenced by the contrast between the ambient lighting and the lighting intensity of the beam. Identifying the five K-beam categories The illustrations on the right give a good impression of the effects of the various types of light beams identified by the Philips Kbeam classification. These effects are created by the relevant light beam only, without any supplementary lighting.

Having no classification for the sensitivity of materials related to the amount of damage under a certain lightsource, the only indication which can be given is the probable damage caused to an object, ignoring the spectral sensitivity of the object concerned and only taking the relative damage caused by one light-source compared to another into account. Each light-source can be characterised by a damage factor DF, which yields the relative damage caused by this source compared to other sources, provided the illuminance and exposure time are constant. Fading Risk (FR) is the damage caused by one light source, calculated for a certain lighting level and a certain period of time, relative to a reference Fading Risk of 100, obtained in a worst-case situation, viz. an object in a shop window illuminated by bright

sunshine (10.000 lux) for a period of onehour. A lighting level of 500 lux TL /830 lamps results in a risk no higher than FR 2. The fading of pigments here occurs 50 times more slowly than at FR 100, i.e. negligible. advisable. At an average lighting level of 500 lux, an accent projector will probably need to produce 10.000 lux. And with lightsources with more ultraviolet radiation in their spectrum, as metal halide lamps without UV-filter or open halogen lamps, the damaging radiation can reach far higher levels, than is acceptable.

K1: Is a profile spot without any spill light; this effect is achieved by equipping the luminaire with a mechanical or optical device which cuts off the spill light;in this way,beams of different shapes can be produced.This classification can have high- or low-intensity beams, depending on the power and efficiency of the system K2: Is a spot which stands out by its sharp shift to a minimal amount of spill light; this type of beam is excellent for creating theatrical and dramatic effects. This classification is usually associated with very high-intensity beams

K3: Has a hard shift from a high-intensity spot to spill light; the spill light is seen as a narrow ring of light around the spot. This classification is usually associated with high-intensity beams which are very suitable for creating theatrical effects

K4: Has a soft shift from a relatively strong spot to a great deal of spill light; the spill light assists considerably in lighting the general surroundings

K5: Is a uniformly wide beam without any visible spot and is, as a result, suited to general or supplementary lighting.

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13 Accent factor When planning accent lighting, it is important to determine the required effect or accent factor, which may vary from noticeable to very dramatic . The issue is the relationship between the amount of general lighting and the brightness of the spot. It is calculated by dividing the lighting level in the spot by the general lighting level in the horizontal plane approximately 1 metre above the floor in the direct vicinity of the object.

Glossary of Terms

1. Noticeable visual effect (Factor2:1)

4. Dramatic effect (Factor 30:1). Can only be achieved with relatively low general lighting levels

2. Low theatrical effect (Factor 5:1)

5. Very dramatic effect (Factor 50:1). Can only be achieved with relatively low general lighting levels

3. Theatrical effect (Factor 15:1)

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