Shull and Tittmann

Ultrasound TABLE 3.2

81

ote that Eq. (3.27) is of exactly the same form as the wave equation (Eq. (3.15)), (cept that it includes a phi terco instead of a 1/1)2 term. Therefore, the phase of a 1-D transverse wave in a homogeneous, isotropic medium (compare (3.27) to Eq. (3.15)) is: q.

List of Density, Velocity, and Specific Acoustic Impedance for Selected Materials
Velocity of Sound v1 vt (transverse) km/s or mm/ps Acoustic Impedance Z = pvi 106 kg/m e s

1-1

(3.28)
Material

Density g/cm 3

(longitudinal) km/s or mm/ps

Dr materials with a negligible shear modulus, such as water, the shear velocity is )proximately zero.
laves in Three Dimensions (bulk waves)

A. Metals
Aluminium Al 2117 T4 Berylium Bismuth Brass (Naval) Brass (58) Bronze Cadmium Cast iron Constantan Copper German silver Gold Inconel Indium Stellite 'ron (steel) Steel Stainless Lead Magnesium Manganin Mercury Monel Nickel Platinum Silver Tin Tungsten Zinc 2.7 2.8 1.78 9.8 8.42 8.4 8.86 8.6 6.9-7.3 8.8 8.9 8.4 19.3 8.25 7.3 11-15 7.7 7.89 11.4 1.7 8.4 13.6 8.83 8.8 21.4 10.5 7.3 19.1 7.1 6.32 6.5 12.9 2.18 4.43 4.40 5.53 2.78 3.5-5.8 5.24 4.70 4.76 3.24 5.72 2.22 6.8-7.3 5.90 5.79 2.16 5.77 4.66 1.45 62 5.63 3.96 3.60 3.32 5.46 4.17 3.13 3.1 8.9 1.10 2.1 2.20 2.2 1.50 2.2-3.2 2.64 2.26 2.16 1.20 3 4.0-4.7 3.23 3.1 0.70 3.05 2.35 2.7 2.96 1.67 1.59 1.67 2.62 2.41 17 18.2 22.9 21 1.95 37 2 24 25-42 46 42 40 63 2.79 16.2 77-102 45 45.7 25 10 39 20 1.96 50 85 38 24 104 30

ow lees expand the problem from one-dimension to a wave propagating in three mensions in a material without boundaries-a bulk wave traveling in a bulk Laterial. Again, we assume a planar wave front and an isotropic, homogeneous Material. The major difference between bulk waves and one-dimensional waves is Lat in bulk waves, due to Poisson's effect, when the substance compresses in one Lrection (say the x-direction) the material expands in the other directions (y- and directions). Poisson's ratio, y, relates the applied strain to the induced strain*
v= - - = ex 8Y -

Ez

(3.29)

ex

onsequently, the one-dimensional, longitudinal wave velocity 1 ,1 = 471) must modified to include the volumetric changes that occur in bulk material:

E p (1

1-v v)(1 - 2v))

(3.30)

his bulk longitudinal wave changes the volume of the volume elements. herefore it is often called a dilatational wave: a wave that dilates the volume. In contrast, the shear deformation in bulk material causes no new elastic fects, so the volume does not change. Thus there is no difference between the leal- wave velocity that propagates in bulk material and a long thin rod: 1), =

,siT1 -

(3.31)

B. Nonmetals
Aluminium oxide Brick Concrete 3.6-3.95 3.6 2.6 9-11 3.65 3.1 5.5-6. 2.6 32-43 15.3 8.1 (continued)

Table 3.2 lists the longitudinal and shear velocities for common material. ote that the longitudinal velocity in bulk material (dilatational) is always faster an the longitudinal velocity in a thin rod. Poisson's ratio for an ideal material is

'oisson's ratios for the two lateral directions are equal for isotropic material. In general, however, 3y are not equal.

82
TABLE 3.2
Material

Shull and Tittmann

Ultrasound

(continued)
Velocity of Sound Vi (longitudinal) km/s or
Vt

Density Material Delrin Epoxy resin Glass, flint Glass, crown Glass, pyrex Human tissue Ice Paraffin wax Acrylic resin (Perspex) Polyamide (nylon, perlon) Polystyrene Porcelain Quartz glass (silica) Rubber, soft Rubber, vulcanized Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) Scotch tape Silicon rubber 9/cm 3 1.42 1.1-1.25 3.6 2.5 2.24 0.9 0.83 1.18 1.1-1.2 1.06 2.4 2.6 0.9 1.2 2.2 1.16 1.18

(transverse) km/s or mm/ps

Acoustic Impedance

pvi

10 6 kg/m e s 3.58 2.7-3.6 15 14 12.6 3.6 1.8 3.2 2.4-3.1 2.5 13 14.5 1.4 2.8 3.0 2.2 1.77

0.5, with typical measured values around 0.3. Also, note that the shear wave travel at about one-half the velocity of a longitudinal wave. Wave velocities for isotropic materials are commonly described in terms c the measured engineering parameters p, E, and y. Mathematically, however, it often easier to manipulate the elastic wave equations if the stress-strain relatior ships are written using the Lam constants, 2* and ft:
vE

2.52 2.4-2.9 4.26 5.66 5.64 1.47 3.98 2.2 2.73 2.2-2.6 2.35 5.6-6.2 5.57 1.48 2.3 1.35 1.9 1.05

1.1 2.56 3.42 3.3 1.99 1.43 1.1-1.2 1.15 3.5-3.7 3.52 0.55

(1 + v)(1 - 2v)
1E

(3.3: (3.3:

21 +v Therefore, one can rewrite the longitudinal and shear velocities as:

+
-

(3.3, (3.3:

v, =

C. Liquids
Diesel oil Glycerine Methylene iodide Motor car oil (SAE 20 a. 30) Nitrogen Olive oil Turpentine Water (at 20C)
Source: From Ref. 50.

0.80 1.26 3.23 0.87 0.8 0.87 1.0

1.25 1.92 0.98 1.74 0.86 1.43 1.25 1.483

1.0 2.5 3.2 1.5 0.69 1.24 1.5

Lees consid bulk waves in more precise mathematical detail. To understand deformation ar displacement, consider an automobile accident. A car fender can be deform( both plastically (permanently) and elastically (temporarily) under the force of opposing vehicle or tree. The car also experiences rigid body displacement, either rotation or linear displacement. The total displacement of any body is t sum of deformation and rigid body displacements. For our problem of ultrasor waves in nondestructive applications, we are interested only in elastic deforrr tion and rigid body rotational displacements (19). Rigid body rotation ultrasonics takes the form of local rigid rotations. Linear rigid body displacem( is of no importance in ultrasonics. Imagine a volume element of material. The normal strain (relat displacement) in the x-direction on the x-face is:
Displacement/Deformation in Bulk Material (optional).

e =

au x

ax

(3.:

and the normal strains on the other two faces are

au e - ay

(3. (3,

au, ezz = az
*This 2, is distinct from the wavelength i.