1

1: Plastic deformation
Stefan Jonsson
2013
Technological and true definitions
0
L
L
e
A
=
0
ln
L
L
L
dL
L
L
= =
}
c
L
dL
d = c
0
L
0
A
P
s =
0
0
L L
L
A
P
= o
L
0
+ AL = L
P P
A
0
A
2
Elastic and plastic volume
change
0 0 0
L A V =
P P
zz yy xx
el
V
V
c c c + + =
A
0
0 0 0
L A AL V V = => =
Volume is unaffected by plastic deformation
because no atoms are added/removed.
True & technological relations
) 1 ln( 1 ln ln ln
0
e
L L L L
+ =
|
|
|

| A
+ =
A +
= = c ) 1 ln( 1 ln ln ln
0 0 0
e
L L L
+ =
|
|
.

\
+ = = = c
) 1 (
0
0
0 0 0 0
e s
L
L L
s
L A
L P
L A A
AL P
A
P
+ =
A +
=

= = o
c s e
o > s
Use definitions Replace unwanted Use definitions. Replace unwanted
variables with the wanted ones.
Remember V = constant
3
True and technological curves
400
450
150
200
250
300
350
400
s
,

o
,

[
M
P
a
]
true values SSAB, Tunnplt
e ~ c
s ~ o
c <e
o >s
0
50
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
e , c , [%]
s
tech values
, p
Domex DD 200, Rolling direction
strain rate: 5E-03 (1/s)
Addition of strains
L L L L L L L L
tot
e
L
L L
L
L L
L
L L
L
L L
e e e =

= + +
0
0 3
2
2 3
1
1 2
0
0 1
3 2 1
tot
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
dL
L
dL
L
dL
L
dL
c c c c = = + + = + +
} } } }
3
0
3
2
2
1
1
0
3 2 1
Only true strains can be added linearly
4
Elastic and plastic deformation
p e tot
c c c + =

o
c
p
c
e

o
y

o
o
y

c c
c
p
c
e

Elastic and plastic deformation


c
p
c
e
o
c
p
c
e

o
y

Elastic deformation,
fully recoverable
Elastic & plastic
deformation,
partly recoverable
c
c
p
c
e

u y eco e ab e
As long as there is a stress,
there is an elastic deformation!
5
Necking
P2 P2
P1 P1
A B
t0
t1
t2
x
y
z
c
m03:i
cn
A
B
t1 t2
c1
x
t0
Deformation is
homogeneous until
onset of necking
c
y
c1
cn
A
B
t1
t2
t0
When a neck is
formed, deformation
becomes highly
localized
Instability criterion for straining
d dA d
A
d dA d d
A
dA d
A
dP c
o
o c
o
c o
o
o

|
|

|
+ = + = + =
P=o[c(y)]A[c(y)] V=A(c)L(c)
?
dy d d
A
dy d dy d
A
dy dy
A
dy c
o
c c
o
c
o
|
.

\
+ + +
0 =
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

+ = + = A
d
dA
L
d
d L
A
d
dA
L
d
dL
A
d
dA
L
d
dV
c c
c
c c c c
A
d
dA
=
c
For homogeneous
deformation
dc
0 =
|
.
|

\
|
=
dy
d
A
d
d
dy
dP c
o
c
o
0 =
dy
dc
0 = o
c
o
d
d
deformation
Hom. Deform. Necking
6
Macro- & microscopic deform.

P P
Macroscopic
P P
o o
Macroscopic
deformation
is only an
average over
the sample
volume.
Much
c c
Much
information is
hidden.
The Bauschinger effect

o o
osoft
Backward yielding is
c c, |c|
of
ob
Backward yielding is
easier
permanent softening
of
7
Definitions
f i t of points
on the
stress
strain
s
Yield stress
Proportionality
limit
(Ultimate)
Tensilestrength
strain
curve
e
0.2%
limit
homogeneous
deformation
necking fracture
Lders strain
Propagating
Ld b d( )
y
Lders band(s)
Inhomogeneous
deformation
Upper & lower
yield stress
o
ou

cL c
Continues with
normal plastic
deformation
c cL
ol

8
Strain rate sensitivity
) (c c o f
m
=
o o
l
log
l
ln
c
c
=
c
c
= m
) ( log log log c c o f m + =
c c log ln c c
Increased
strain rate
Elongation v.s. m-value
0 1
1
= + m
d
do
dc o
m
f
/
) (
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
o
c
Deformation
continues outside
the neck
Grain boundary
sliding gives high
m-values
9
Superplasticity
Grain boundary sliding
Limited to a range in T and strain rate
Total strain energy
c od
L
dL
A
P
V
dL P
V
dW
= =

=
200
250
300
350
400
450
o
,

[
M
P
a
]
L A V V
}
=
2
1
c
c
c od W
V
0
50
100
150
0 5 10 15 20
c , [%]
o
Per volume unit!!
10
Elastic strain energy
{ }
E
E
heigth width
W
el
V
2 2 2
2
o
c o
o c
= A = =
A
=

=
E 2 2 2
200
250
300
350
400
450
,

[
M
P
a
]
0
50
100
150
200
0 5 10 15 20
c , [%]
o
Plastic strain energy
400
450
400
450
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 5 10 15 20
c , [%]
o
,

[
M
P
a
]
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 5 10 15 20
c , [%]
o
,

[
M
P
a
]
pl
V
pl
V
el
V
tot
V
W W W W ~ + =
11
Forcesonabody
2
3
Face 3
1
2
Face 2
Face 1
F
F
N
F
F
1
F
2
F
T
1
F = F
T
+ F
N
= F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3
Forcesoneach surface produces 1normalstress
and2perpendicular shear stresses
Stress components
2
3
o
33
| |
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
o o o
o o o
o o o
o
ij
1
2
o
11
o
22
Firstindex: Forcedirection
Secondindex: Faceindex
| |
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
33
23 22
13 12 11
o
o o
o o o
o
ij
o
ij
= o
ji
o
32
o
32
o
23
o
23
Symm.
6independentelementsofthestresstensor
12
Normalstrains,c
ii
c
Mechanical equilibrium,i.e.no
accelerationsarecreated by
o
11
3
c
11
c
22
applied stresses.
o
11
o
22
o
22
o
33
1 2
c
33
0
33 22 11
0
~ + + =
A
c c c
V
V
o
33
0
33 22 11
= c + c + c c c c
Normalplasticstrain shall not
produce volume change.
Positiveshear stress;o
12
=o
21
2
3
12-plane
Neutral direction
1
2
p
Mechanical equilibrium,i.e.no
rotationsarecreated byapplied
shear stresspair
Shear deformationcannot
produce volume change.
13
Negativeshear stress;o
12
=o
21
2
3
12-plane
Neutral direction
1
2
p
Positiveshear stress;o
13
=o
31
2
3
Neutral direction
1
2
13-plane
14
Negativeshear stress;o
13
=o
31
2
3
Neutral direction
1
2
13-plane
Positiveshear stress;o
23
=o
32
2
3
Neutral direction
1
2
23-plane
15
Negativeshear stress;o
23
=o
32
2
3
Neutral direction
1
2
23-plane
Shear strains;c
ij
=c
ji
1 2
3
NOTE!c
ij
=c
ji
16
Definitionofstrain tensor
Displacements u
1
,u
2
andu
3
are
found bymoving inx
1
,x
2
andx
3
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
i
j
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u
2
1
c
Thetensor comp.isacombination
oftwo displacements,u
i
andu
j
Thetensor comp.isthe
displacement,u
i
found
bymoving inx
i
i=j
i j
1 2
3
of two displacements, u
i
and u
j
found bymoving inx
j
andx
i
i j
ji
j
i
i
j
i
j
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u
x
u
x
u
c c =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
2
1
2
1
Engineering shear,
y
Pure shear
y
Simple shear
x
|
2
|
1
x
|
1
Produced by
dislocation slip
2 1
| | | | + = + =
ji ij ij
( )
ij ji ij
i
j
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u
| | c
2
1
2
1
2
1
= + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
This is only half of the
engineering shear!!
17
Strain components, c
ij
|
|

|
|
|

|
|
|

| 0 0 0
13 12 11 13 12 11
c c c c
| |
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
0
2
1
0 0
0 0
0 0
32 31
23 21
13 12
33
22
11
33 23 13
23 22 12
13 12 11



c
c
c
c c c
c c c
c c c
c
ij
5 Independent strains: 2 3
Symm.
Symm.
Symm.
Angular
d f ti
Volumetric
d f ti
0
33 22 11
0
~ + + =
A
c c c
V
V
5 independent slip systems must be activated to produce a general deformation.
Fragmentation of grains reduces this number locally.
deformation deformation
Stress states
y
h
y
x
h
tan h
cos
h

o
yy
o
xx
t
xy
t
xy
o

t
o o
t
t o o o

2 cos 2 sin
2
cos sin 2 sin cos
2 2
xy
xx yy
xy yy xx
+

=
+ + =
18
Mohrs circle for stresses
t
(o
xx
,t
xy
)
R
(o

,t

)
o
(o
1
,0) (o
2
,0)
(o
yy
,-t
xy
)
2
2
2 sin
xy
R
t
=
(
yy xy
)
R
R
yy xx
yy xx
+ =
+ + =
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
o o o
o o o
2
2
2
2
2 cos
xy
yy xx
yy xx
R
R
t
o o
o o

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
Rotationbetween principaldirections
z
z
=90 =45 ~0
y
y
z
y
ozz ozz ozz
o(|)
t(|)
2=180 2=90 2~0
o(|)
t(|)
o(|)
t(|)
ozz ozz ozz
19
45 direction isbestforone principal
stress

ozz ozz ozz
|=45
ozz ozz ozz
| | |
o(|)
t(|)
2|=90
2|
ozz
General stress state
t(|)
3 1
o o
t

=
o(|)
o
1
o
2
o
3

z
o
zz

oyy
o
xx

o
yz

o
zy
o
zx

o
yx

o
xy

o
xz

2
3
max
t =
x
y
20
o()
t()
o1 o2 o3
Hydrostatic
pressure
t()
hydrostatic
pressure
o()
o1 o2 o3
p
Tri-axial stress state
t
) (
2
1
3 1 max
o o t =
o
3
o
o
1
o
2
o
3
o
1
o
2
o
3
<o
2
<o
1
21
Spherical stress state
o
t
o
3
=o
2
=o
1
Cylindrical stress state
o
t
o
1
o
3
=o
2
22
Planar stress state
o
t
o
1
o
3
=0 o
2
Free surface
Membranes
o
t
o
1
o
2
=0 o
3
o
o
2
o
3
t
o
1
=0
Slipsystemsinfcc
{ }
{ }110 111 type of s Slipsystem 12
110 type of vectors Burgers 3
111 type of slipplanes 4
0 = b n
23
Slipsystemsinbcc
{ }
111 t f t B 2
110 type of slipplanes 6 { }
111 t f t B 1
112 type of slipplanes 12
{ }111 110 type of s Slipsystem 12
111 type of vectors Burgers 2
{ }111 112 type of s Slipsystem 12
111 type of vectors Burgers 1
Totally 24 slip systems are easily activated.
Critically resolved shear stresses, CRSS, are
different for {110} and {112}
Slipsystemsinhcp
Easily
activated
0 2 11 (0001) type of s Slipsystem 3
0 2 11 type of vectors Burgers 3
0001 ( slipplane basal 1 ) { }
{ } 0 2 11 00 1 1 type of s Slipsystem 3
0 2 11 type of vectors Burgers 1
00 1 1 slipplanes prismatic 3
6 easily activated slip systems, different CRSS
24
Schmids formula,CRSS,t
c
0
P
0
P
cos
0
P P
b
=

1
b
1
b
2
b
3
| cos
0
A | o
|

t
cos cos
cos /
cos
=
= =
0
0
A
P
gb
dA=ab/cos|
=dA
0
cos|
a/cos|
|
|
| cos
0
P P
n
=
c
t | o > cos cos
A
0
a
b
dA
0
=ab
Taylors formula (inverted Schmid)
c
t | o = cos cos t c o d d
V
dW
c y
= =
Single
crystal
c c
m t t
|
o = =
cos cos
1
c y
m t o =
V
y
m
d
d d
y
c

o
t
c = =
m

c =
crystal
Averaging
Poly crystals
06 . 3
06 . 3
8 . 2
>
=
=
hcp
fcc
bcc
m
m
m
m o y c ysta s
Random
orientations
bcc deforms best
hcp deforms worst