Math 1432 Notes Week 8 A few more examples from 9.

.5: For r = ( ) 1 2 A = [ ( )] d 2 Example 1: Write the integral to find the area of r = 1 2 sin inside the outer loop above the x-axis.

2. Find the area inside one petal of the flower given by r = 4 cos (2).

also see examples ! and " in se#tion 9.5$

LecPop8_1 1. Give the area (using one or more integrals) for the region bounded by r in the second quadrant: r = 1 2sin
2 3

a. A =

1 2 (1 2sin ) d 2

b. A =

1 2 (1 2sin ) d 2

c. A =

5 6

1 2 (1 2sin ) d 2

d. A =

1 2 (1 2sin ) d 2

9.6 Parametric Curves Let x(t ) and y (t ) be functions where t is the parameter. (x(t ), y(t )) is the point that traces out the curve. E ample 1: Express the curve by an equation in x and y; then plot: x(t ) = 3t 1 y (t ) = 5 2t t ( , )

E ample !: Express the curve by an equation in x and y: x ( t ) = e t y( t ) = 2 + e t 0 t 2

"f t is restricted to lie on an interval #a, b$ then x(t) and y(t) would have an initial point (x(a), y(a)) and a terminal point (x(b), y(b)). %o a parametric curve has an orientation given by the parameteri&ed variable. E ample ': Express the curve by an equation in x and y: x (t ) = 3 cos t
y (t ) = 2 cos t 0t

E ample (: Express the curve by an equation in x and y x (t ) = cos t

y (t ) = 2 sin t

0 t 2

E ample ): Express the curve by an equation in x and y: x (t ) = sec t

y (t ) = tan t

*o parameteri&e a line %EG+E,* from ( x0 , y 0 ) to ( x1 , y1 ) : x(t ) = x0 + t ( x1 x0 )

y (t ) = y 0 + t ( y1 y 0 ) 0 t 1

-or a L",E: t E ample .: /arameteri&e the line segment from ((0 .) to (110 ')

LecPop8_1 !. 2hen parameteri&ing line segments0 order doesn3t matter. a. *rue b. -alse '. /arameteri&e the line segment from (40!) to ('01) a. c.
x ( t ) = 3t , y (t ) = 2 t , 0 t 1

b. x ( t ) = 3 + t , y (t ) = 2 t , 0 t 1 d. x ( t ) = 2t , y (t ) = 3 2t , 0 t 1 e. ,one of these

x ( t ) = 3t , y (t ) = 2 + t , 0 t 1

9.7 Tangents to Curves Given Parametrically

%lope of tangent line for parametric curves: y ' (t ) m= x' (t ) %o0 equation of tangent line to parametric curve at t = t 0 is

y y (t 0 ) =

y ' (t 0 ) (x x(t 0 )) x' (t 0 )

E amples 1. Find an equation in x and y for the line tangent to the curve at t = 1.

!. Find the equation of the tangent line at t = 1 to the curve given by the parametric equations

x ( t ) = 3t 2 4t + 2 , y ( t ) = t 3 4t .

'. Find an equation in x and y for the line tangent to the polar curve.

r = 4 cos( 2 ) =

4. Find all points of horizontal and vertical tangency, given

LecPop8_1 (. *o find the points where a parametric curve has vertical tangents0 you would a. %et y 5 equal to &ero b. %et x 5 equal to &ero c. %et t 5 equal to &ero

9.8 Arc length an !pee

b

L (c ) =
a

[x' (t )]2 + [ y' (t )]2 dt

L(c) = 1 + [ f ' ( x )] dx
2 a

L (c ) =

[ ( )]2 + [ ' ( )]2 d

2 y (t ) = 1 2t ,

E ample: -ind the length of the graph x(t ) = t 1,

from t = 0 to t = 1

%peed along a curve: /ath ( x(t ), y (t )) ta6es from 4 to t: s =

0 t

[x' (u )]2 + [ y' (u )]2 du

%o0 v(t ) = s ' (t ) =

[x' (t )]2 + [ y' (t )]2

E amples: 1. 7 particle is traveling along the path such that its position at any time t is given by r (t ) = ( 2 cos t , 2sin t ) -ind the speed at any time t and the distance the point travels from t84 to t8

2. Give the integral that represents the arc length of the curve y = 1/x over the interval [1,3]

3. Find the length of the graph f ( x) =

x2 ln( x), 1 x 4 8

4. The equations below give the position of a particle at each time t from t = 0 to t = the initial speed of the particle, the terminal speed, and the distance traveled.

. Find

LecPop8_1 ). -ind the arc length for x (t ) = 3cos(t ), y (t ) = 3sin(t ), 0 t 2 a. 19: b. ;: c. .: d. ': e. !: f. ,one of these