Math 1432 Notes Week 11

!!"! $%&'%'() *)+'),

The infinite series:
!
"
=0 k
k
a
What this means

!
"
=0 k
k
a =


If terms 0, then














LecPop11_1

1. What is the difference between a sequence and a series?
a. A sequence is a list and a series is a sum
b. A sequence is a sum and a series is a list
c. A sequence will only converge if its terms go to zero
d. A series will ALWAYS converge if its terms go to zero
e. All of these
f. None of these








An infinite series will converge IF the sequence (list) of PARTIAL SUMS converges.

Ex:
0
1
2
k
k
!
=
"


































If the sequence of partial sums {s
n
} converges to a finite limit L we write L a
k
k
=
!
"
=0
and
say that
!
"
=0 k
k
a converges to L and L is the sum of the series.




Geometric Series:
,... , , , 1
3 2
x x x is a geometiic seiies. We wiite:
!
"
=0 k
k
x

If 1 < x then
x
x
k
k
!
=
"
#
=
1
1
0

If 1 ! x then
!
"
=0 k
k
x diverges
Note: ( )
r
r
r
N N
n
n
!
!
=
+
=
"
1
1
1
0
foi any !


Ex:
1.
0
5
3
k
k
!
=
" #
$ %
& '
(





2.
0
7
9
k
k
!
=
" #
$ %
& '
(






3.
0
3
4
k
k
!
=
" #
$
% &
' (
)






4.
( )
0
2
k
k
!
=
"
#







General Properties:
If
!
"
=0 k
k
a converges and
!
"
=0 k
k
b converges, then ( )
!
"
=
+
0 k
k k
b a converges
If
!
"
=0 k
k
a converges, then
!
"
=0 k
k
a # converges ( =
0
k
k
a !
"
=
#
)

Thm If
!
"
=0 k
k
a converges then 0 !
k
a as ! " k .
** Basic Divergence Test: If as ! " k then
!
"
=0 k
k
a diverges.

Examples:

1.
( )
0
2 1
k
k
!
=
+
"





2.
1
0
3
4
k
k
k
+ !
=
"





3.
1
2
3
k
k
!
=
" #
$ %
& '
(






4.
0
2
n
n
!
=
"





5.
0
1
k
k
!
=
"




6.
( )
2
.9
k
k
!
=
"









7.
( )( )
0
1
1 3
k
k k
!
=
+ +
"



































LecPop11_1

2. Which of the following shows both correct sigma notations for


a) b)

c) d)



3. Find the sum of the series.


a) b) c) d) e)






















11.2 The Integral Test, Comparison Test and P-Series

Thm A series with nonnegative terms converges iff the sequence of partial sums is
bounded.

The Integral Test:
If f is continuous, decreasing and positive on [ ) ! , 1 then
!
"
=1
) (
k
x f converges iff
!
"
1
) ( dx x f converges.

Example: Show
!
"
=1
1
k
k
diverges (Harmonic Series)















The P-Series:
!
"
=1
1
k
p
k
converges iff p > 1










Notation -



Basic Comparison Test
Let
! k
a be a series with nonnegative terms
i.
! k
a converges if there exists
! k
c with nonnegative terms that converges and
k k
c a ! for all large k
ii.
! k
a diverges if there exists a divergent series
! k
d with nonnegative terms and
k k
a d !

Ex:
3
1
2 1 k +
!








Limit Comparison Test
Let
! k
a and
! k
b have positive terms. If L
b
a
k
k
! (positive), then
! k
a converges iff
! k
b converges.

Examples:

1.
3
1
2 1 k +
!


















2.
1
4 1
k !
+
"













3.
ln( 3)
4
n
n
+
+
!












4.
5
1
2
k
k k
+
+
!









5.
( 1)( 2)
k
k k + +
!







6.
3
6 3
k
k +
!










7.
4
2
1
4 4
k
k
!
+
"











8.
2
1
(ln ) k k
!











9.
1
(ln ) k k
!









11.3 The Root and Ratio Tests

The Root Test
Let
! k
a be a series with nonnegative terms. Suppose ( ) ! "
k
k
a
1
, then

! k
a converges if 1 < !
! k
a diverges if 1 > !
The test is inconclusive if 1 = !


The Ratio Test
Let
! k
a be a series with positive terms. Suppose ! "
+
k
k
a
a
1
, then
! k
a converges if 1 < !
! k
a diverges if 1 > !
The test is inconclusive if 1 = !

Examples:

1.
1
3
k
k
!












2.
6
12 8
k
k
k
! "
# $
+
% &
'










3.
!
2
k
k
!




















4.
2 !
k
k
k
!























*- .)+) ', /.0( /) 1%-/ ,- &0+2
!
"
=1 n
n
a uiveiges if 0 lim !
" #
n
n
a
!
"
=1
1
n
n
Baimonic Seiies - uiveiges
!
"
=1
1
n
p
n
P-Seiies - conveiges if p>1, uiveiges otheiwise
( )
!
"
=0 n
n
r ueometiic - conveiges if 1 < r to
r ! 1
1
anu uiveiges if 1 ! r
Basic Compaiison Test: 0 ,
1
>
!
"
=
n
n
n
a a
1. If
n n
b a ! anu 0 ,
1
>
!
"
=
n
n
n
b b uiveiges, then
!
"
=1 n
n
a uiveiges
2. If
n n
b a ! anu 0 ,
1
>
!
"
=
n
n
n
b b conveiges, then
!
"
=1 n
n
a conveiges
Limit Compaiison Test: 0 ,
1
!
"
#
=
n
n
n
a a
If you know 0 ,
1
!
"
#
=
n
n
n
b b
1. If
!
"
=1 n
n
b conveiges anu L
b
a
n
n
n
=
! "
lim (" is any finite numbei),then
!
"
=1 n
n
a conveiges
2. If
!
"
=1 n
n
b uiveiges anu 0 lim >
! "
n
n
n
b
a
, then
!
"
=1 n
n
a uiveiges
The Integial Test:
If f is positive, continuous anu uecieasing foi x > 1 anu an = f(n), then
1
0
( )
n
n
a and f x dx
!
!
=
"
#
eithei both conveige oi both uiveige.
The Root Test:
Let
! k
a be a series with nonnegative terms. Suppose ( ) ! "
k
k
a
1
, then
1.
! k
a converges if 1 < !
2.
! k
a diverges if 1 > !
3. The test is inconclusive if 1 = !
The Ratio Test:
Let
! k
a be a series with positive terms. Suppose ! "
+
k
k
a
a
1
, then
1.
! k
a converges if 1 < !
2.
! k
a diverges if 1 > !
3. The test is inconclusive if 1 = !

More Examples:

1.
3 1
n
n +
!







2.
4
2
5
n
! "
# $
% &
'








3.
n
n
!






4.
1.1
1
n
!







5.
2
5
3 6 2
n
n n ! +
"










6.
2
3
k
k
k !
"













7.
( )
3
1 !
n
n +
!
















8.
( )
( )
1 !
4 !
n
n
+
+
!












3)45-6!!7!

4. 0se the Root test to ueteimine if the following aie conveigent oi uiveigent (oi if
test is inconclusive).
1
1
2 1
n
n
n
n
!
=
+ " #
$ %
+
& '
(



a. Conveiges b. Biveiges c. inconclusive

S-9 State whethei each seiies conveiges (A) oi uiveiges (B):

S.
1
6
n
n
n
!
=
"
#


6.
3/ 2
1
1
n
n
!
=
"


7.
1
1
2 1
n
n
!
=
+
"


8.
0
1
2
n
n
!
=
"


9.
1
3
!
n
n
n
!
=
+
"


10. E

Poppers 6-10 are bonus and will be added to other weeks as needed !